几种除草剂对薇甘菊的防控效果

【背景】薇甘菊是一种外来入侵的恶性杂草,对当地农、林业造成了严重的危害。【方法】研究了草甘膦、氨氯吡啶酸、甲嘧磺隆、噻吩磺隆、苯磺隆、百草枯、五氟磺草胺、单嘧磺隆和单嘧磺脂9种除草剂对薇甘菊的化学防治,调查各药剂对薇甘菊的植株鲜重抑制率、叶片覆盖度和抑花率。【结果】氨氯吡啶酸25～100gai.hm-2、草甘膦1538～2306gai.hm-2、甲嘧磺隆100～400gai.hm-2、百草枯750、1125gai.hm-2、五氟磺草胺125gai.hm-2、噻吩磺隆11.25～33.75gai.hm-2和单嘧磺脂15～60gai.hm-2对薇甘菊营养生长控制效果较好。其中,百草枯短时间有效,草甘膦、五氟磺草胺、单嘧磺脂、单嘧磺隆、氨氯吡啶酸和甲嘧磺隆对薇甘菊的抑花率较高,苯磺隆和单嘧磺隆基本无效,且9种药剂对橡胶树均未表现出药害。【结论与意义】适当降低氨氯吡啶酸、甲嘧磺隆、草甘膦、五氟磺草胺、噻吩磺隆和单嘧磺脂的浓度可以保持薇甘菊营养生长而扼制种子蔓延。本研究首次发现五氟磺草胺、噻吩磺隆和单嘧磺脂对薇甘菊有良好的抑制效果。     

森草净杀灭薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其安全性

在深圳市内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害的不同群落生境中,设立9块样地81个小样方,用森草净(即70%嘧碘降水溶性粉剂)杀灭样地中的薇甘菊施量为0.0001～0.02g.m-2,结果表明:各浓度的森草净杀灭效果均较好,杀灭率随着用药量的增加而提高;在坡地和溪谷生境中,森草净用药量分别为0.05～0.1g.m-2、>0.2g.m-2能较彻底地杀灭薇甘菊。应用HPLC法检测样地土壤中嘧磺隆残留量,溪谷土壤中嘧磺隆半衰期C=C0.e-0.083T,T1/2=8.4,施药后37d消解95.9%,坡地高浓度级半衰期C=C0.e-0.046T,T1/2=15.1d,施药后37d消解85.0%,坡地低浓度级半衰期C=C0.e-0.090T,T1/2=7.7d,施药后15d消解74.2%。不同浓度森草净处理样地,施药后7、15、37d均可检测到嘧磺隆,并且含量越来越小,但施药后68d的土样,均未检测到嘧磺隆的存在。     

外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)对温度升高的响应

为探讨全球变化温度升高对外来入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)化感作用和入侵能力的影响,研究不同温度(22、26和30℃)处理对其种子萌发、幼苗生长、生物量分配、挥发物成分和化感作用的影响。结果表明,薇甘菊种子在温度为22、26和30℃时的萌发率分别为29.2%、52.4%和75.2%。30℃条件下薇甘菊种子萌发率最高,萌发速度快。温度升高显著增加薇甘菊茎的生长、增加对茎的生物量分配。GC-MS和GC测定显示,温度升高改变了薇甘菊挥发物的化学成分。同时,生物测定表明,温度升高增强薇甘菊挥发物对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)和油菜(Brassica campestris)的化感作用。说明温度升高促进了薇甘菊种子的萌发和生长,同时增强了该植物的化感作用,温度升高可能加速薇甘菊的生物入侵。     

深圳大鹏半岛薇甘菊的空间发生规律

【目的】研究薇甘菊的入侵与地形、人为干扰间的关系,量化不同干扰因素对薇甘菊发生的影响,进一步揭示薇甘菊的发生规律,为薇甘菊的系统防治与管控提供技术支持。【方法】使用无人机遥感系统所获取的高分辨率航片作为数据源,通过目视解译方法确定薇甘菊的发生区域后结合3S技术手段,对深圳大鹏半岛210000 m²研究区内的薇甘菊发生状况与地形因子及人为干扰度间的关系进行系统分析。【结果】研究区内薇甘菊在低海拔区和阳坡分布居多,86.80%的薇甘菊入侵发生在人类轻中度干扰区,20°~40°坡度位置是薇甘菊的重点发生区。研究网格单元内薇甘菊的发生面积与坡度、高程显著负相关(P<0.01),与坡向相关性较差。【结论】在人为干扰较小的自然条件下,制约薇甘菊扩散发生的主要因子是入侵地的群落结构,而在人为干扰较为严重的地区,薇甘菊入侵的发生与人类活动消失后产生的空白生态位密切相关。     

薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲生长发育的影响

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha的利用价值, 及其在棕榈害虫二疣犀甲Oryctes rhinoceros生态防控中的应用前景。【方法】采用浸渍法和室内饲喂法, 研究了薇甘菊甲醇提取物对二疣犀甲取食量、 卵孵化、 化蛹、 羽化及幼虫发育等的影响。【结果】薇甘菊提取物对二疣犀甲具有很好的生长发育调节活性。拒食活性研究结果表明, 在不同供试浓度下, 其对二疣犀甲3龄幼虫均表现拒食活性, 且拒食率与处理浓度呈正相关。薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲的卵后, 孵化率明显降低, 且孵化期延长, 10 mg/mL提取物处理后孵化率仅达66.66%, 孵化期比对照延迟3 d, 同时初孵幼虫死亡率也高达40.43%。采用添加薇甘菊提取物的饲料饲喂1龄幼虫后, 幼虫体重增长减缓, 在处理浓度为10和5 mg/g时, 处理后90 d体重增加量分别为3.83 g和4.53 g, 而对照组体重增加量达到6.87 g。薇甘菊提取物处理老熟幼虫后, 对其化蛹具有抑制作用, 造成化蛹率降低, 化蛹时间延长及蛹的畸形。经薇甘菊提取物处理二疣犀甲蛹后, 成虫羽化率降低, 羽化时间明显延长, 且畸形成虫数量增加, 主要表现为翅无法正常伸展、 虫体瘦小、 无法正常爬行等。【结论】薇甘菊具有开发为生物源昆虫生长调节剂、 并在二疣犀甲防控中应用的潜力。     

薇甘菊化感物质对土壤氮素矿化的影响及其化感利己作用

【目的】研究入侵植物薇甘菊提取物对土壤氮素矿化的影响及化感利己作用,为薇甘菊通过释放化感物质促进自身生长并排斥本地植物生长提供实验证据,为揭示薇甘菊的入侵机制提供理论依据。【方法】采用经典的化感生测实验、化感物质添加实验以及盆栽控制实验,对比研究薇甘菊及其本地伴生植物水提液和粗提物的化感生测效应、水提液和粗提物添加对土壤氮素的影响以及水提液添加对薇甘菊生长的影响。【结果】与本地伴生种相比,薇甘菊水提液的化感抑制作用较强且促进了土壤硝态氮的生成;而薇甘菊粗提物的化感作用较弱且抑制了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的生成。水提液盆栽控制实验结果表明,与本地伴生种火炭母相比,薇甘菊水提液具有显著的化感利己作用,这与薇甘菊水提液处理后薇甘菊生长土壤中的蛋白酶活性增强和有效氮含量增加相一致。【结论】薇甘菊可通过水溶性化感物质促进有效氮的生成来实现化感利己作用。     

薇甘菊提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避及杀卵作用

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha对棕榈害虫红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena的产卵忌避活性。【方法】采用室内生物测定法,研究薇甘菊不同溶剂提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避作用和杀卵活性。【结果】产卵忌避试验结果表明,薇甘菊各提取物中,以正己烷和三氯甲烷提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避效果最好,两者的选择性忌避率分别为43.64%和44.20%,非选择性忌避率分别为51.60%和59.20%。对卵孵化率的影响显示,各溶剂提取物均对红脉穗螟具有一定的杀卵活性,其中三氯甲烷提取物对卵孵化率的影响最大,校正孵化率最低,仅为53.39%,而且三氯甲烷提取物引起的1龄幼虫的死亡率最高,可达42.64%。在薇甘菊三氯甲烷提取物的不同溶剂萃取物中,正丁醇萃取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避和杀卵活性均显著高于其他溶剂萃取物。【结论】薇甘菊提取物具有一定的产卵忌避和杀卵活性,具有用于红脉穗螟的生态防控的潜力。     

双链RNA对薇甘菊根基因MmEXPA4的靶向抑制

【目的】结合薇甘菊较强的节节生根能力的生物学特性,研发利用RNAi技术抑制薇甘菊根系生长基因表达的生物防治技术,为进一步开发薇甘菊靶向防控技术奠定基础。【方法】利用同源比对方法,鉴定出调控薇甘菊根系发育的关键基因(MmEXPA4),体外合成该基因的双链RNA (dsMmEXPA4),利用dsMmEXPA4注射薇甘菊根部,研究其对薇甘菊根系生长的作用。【结果】与对照组相比,dsMmEXPA4处理30 d后,所有不定根的数量、鲜重和最长不定根的长度均显著降低。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,在dsMmEXPA4处理后第4和第5天,MmEXPA4基因的表达量显著下调,沉默效率分别为43.96%和52.11%。此外,通过Fluorescent Stereo Microscope Leica M165 FC发现,被荧光标记的dsMmEXPA4能在根系中测检到较强的绿色荧光信号。【结论】MmEXPA4基因可作为抑制薇甘菊根系发育及快速生长的潜在靶点,为利用RNA干扰技术生物防治薇甘菊提供理论基础。     

颈盲蝽取食对薇甘菊叶片营养物质和防御酶的影响

【目的】薇甘菊是世界最具危害性的入侵杂草之一,对我国生态环境和农业、林业生产造成了严重的危害。颈盲蝽是控制薇甘菊的一种潜在的重要天敌昆虫。本研究旨在探讨薇甘菊被颈盲蝽取食后,叶片防御相关酶系活性、营养物质和叶绿素含量的变化,阐明颈盲蝽取食对薇甘菊生理功能的影响,为利用颈盲蝽防控薇甘菊提供依据。【方法】从云南瑞丽野外采集薇甘菊的本地天敌昆虫颈盲蝽,测定了颈盲蝽取食前及取食12、24、48、96 h后,薇甘菊叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及叶绿素含量,以取食前的植株作为对照。【结果】与对照相比,颈盲蝽取食12 h时,薇甘菊叶片中的POD、CAT活性升高,SOD活性降低;之后POD、SOD活性上升,CAT活性降低,取食48 h时,POD和SOD活性达到最高值,CAT活性达到最低值;取食96 h时,POD与SOD活性降低,但仍高于对照,CAT活性与取食48 h时相近。颈盲蝽取食后,薇甘菊叶片中的可溶性糖含量明显上升,取食96 h达到最高值;可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量显著降低,在96 h达到最低值,分别低于对照39.30%和69.94%。【结论】颈盲蝽取食严重破坏了薇甘菊叶片的正常生理功能,并最终导致其叶片萎蔫和坏疽。     

森草净杀灭薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)及其安全性

在深圳市内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害的不同群落生境中,设立9块样地81个小样方,用森草净（即70%嘧碘降水溶性粉剂）杀灭样地中的薇甘菊施量为0.0001~0.02 g•m^-2,结果表明：各浓度的森草净杀灭效果均较好,杀灭率随着用药量的增加而提高;在坡地和溪谷生境中,森草净用药量分别为0.05~0.1 g•m^-2、>0.2 g•m^-2能较彻底地杀灭薇甘菊。应用HPLC法检测样地土壤中嘧磺隆残留量,溪谷土壤中嘧磺隆半衰期C=C₀•e^-0.083T, T_1/2＝8.4,施药后37 d消解95.9％,坡地高浓度级半衰期C=C₀•e^-0.046T, T_1/2＝15.1 d,施药后37 d消解85.0％,坡地低浓度级半衰期C=C₀•e-0.090T, T_1/2＝7.7 d,施药后15 d消解742％。不同浓度森草净处理样地,施药后7、15、37 d均可检测到嘧磺隆,并且含量越来越小,但施药后68 d的土样,均未检测到嘧磺隆的存在。     

几种除草剂对薇甘菊的杀灭试验

在广东内伶仃岛保护区东湾和深圳福田红树林自然保护区两地,用2,4－D、草甘膦、25％森泰、森草净4种除草剂对薇甘菊进行杀灭试验,结果表明：50－500倍液的2,4－D和草甘膦均只能杀灭微甘菊地地上营养体,不能杀死根部;用25％森泰水剂注射微甘菊主根,0．1－3mL株的用量,可以在5－7个月内彻底杀灭微甘菊;用森草净水溶性粉剂配制成的溶液,喷洒薇甘菊的茎叶,用药量在1－1000g/hm^2时,可在2－3个月内彻底杀灭微甘菊。     

The sulfonylurea herbicide sulfometuron methyl is an extremely potent and selective inhibitor of acetolactate synthase in Salmonella typhimurium

The sulfonylurea herbicide sulfometuron methyl inhibits the growth of several bacterial species. In the presence of L-valine, sulfometuron methyl inhibits Salmonella typhimurium, this inhibition can be reversed by L-isoleucine. Reversal of growth retardation by L-isoleucine, accumulation of guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (magic spot), and relA mutant hypersensitivity suggest sulfometuron methyl interference with branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Growth inhibition of S. typhimurium is mediated by sulfometuron methyl's inhibition of acetolactate synthase, the first common enzyme in the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Sulfometuron methyl exhibits slow-binding inhibition of acetolactate synthase isozyme II from S. typhimurium with an initial Ki of 660 +/- 60 nM and a final, steady-state Ki of 65 +/- 25 nM. Inhibition of acetolactate synthase by sulfometuron methyl is substantially more rapid (10 times) in the presence of pyruvate with a maximal first-order rate constant for conversion from initial to final steady-state inhibition of 0.25 +/- 0.07 min-1 (minimal half-time of 2.8 min). Mutants of S. typhimurium able to grow in the presence of sulfometuron methyl were obtained. They have acetolactate synthase activity that is insensitive to sulfometuron methyl because of mutations in or near ilvG, the structural gene for acetolactate synthase isozyme II.     

几种除草剂对薇甘菊的杀灭试验

在广东内伶仃岛保护区东湾和深圳福田红树林自然保护区两地,用2,4-D、草甘膦、25%森泰、森草净4种除草剂对薇甘菊进行杀灭试验,结果表明50～500倍液的2,4-D和草甘膦均只能杀灭薇甘菊的地上营养体,不能杀死根部;用25%森泰水剂注射薇甘菊主根,0.1～3mL/株的用量,可以在5～6个月内彻底杀灭薇甘菊;用森草净水溶性粉剂配制成的溶液,喷洒薇甘菊的茎叶,用药量在1～1000g/hm     

Sensitivity of a Salmonella typhimurium aspC mutant to sulfometuron methyl, a potent inhibitor of acetolactate synthase II.

Sulfometuron methyl is a potent and specific inhibitor of acetolactate synthase II in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutant strains sensitive to sulfometuron methyl on minimal medium were isolated following mutagenesis with Tn10. A conditionally auxotrophic insertion mutant, strain SMS409, which required aspartate at high temperatures or in the presence of tyrosine, was found among the 15 mutants isolated. The Tn10 insertion in strain SMS409 was mapped by conjugation and transduction to the region between aroA and pncB at 20 min on the chromosome of S. typhimurium; this location is similar to the genetic location of aspC in Escherichia coli. The specific activity of the aspC product, aspartate aminotransferase, was severely reduced in strain SMS409. This indicated that the Tn10 insertion in strain SMS409 inactivated aspC. An aspC mutant of E. coli was also inhibited by either sulfometuron methyl or tyrosine. We present a hypothesis which relates the observed alpha-ketobutyrate accumulation in sulfometuron methyl-inhibited cultures of strain SMS409 to aspartate starvation.     

ilvB-encoded acetolactate synthase is resistant to the herbicide sulfometuron methyl.

The herbicide sulfometuron methyl is a potent inhibitor of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS) isolated from bacteria, fungi, and plants. However, it did not prevent growth of wild-type Salmonella typhimurium LT2 or Escherichia coli K-12. These species each contain two acetolactate synthase isozymes. Growth of S. typhimurium and E. coli mutants lacking ALS I was prevented by the herbicide, suggesting that activity of the remaining ALS isoenzyme (II or III, respectively) was stopped by sulfometuron methyl. Synthesis of ALS I requires either an relA function or an elevated cyclic AMP level. A relA mutant of S. typhimurium was inhibited by sulfometuron methyl on rich carbon sources that display a basal cyclic AMP level but not on poor carbon sources where the cyclic AMP concentration is elevated. When L-valine, which allosterically inhibits ALS I activity, was added, growth retardation of the relA- strain by sulfometuron methyl was observed on both poor and rich carbon sources. Enzymological analyses indicated that ALS I activities derived from both species were resistant to the herbicide. In contrast, activities of S. typhimurium ALS II and E. coli ALS III were abolished by sulfometuron methyl.     

Differential effects of the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron and sulfometuron methyl on microorganisms

The sulfonylurea herbicides exert their effects on cells via their inhibition of the acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHS) enzymes. Although chlorsulfuron and sulfometuron methyl often affected microbial growth differently their effects on the AHS activities of toluenised cells were similar. Sulfometuron methyl was always a more potent inhibitor than chlorsulfuron. We have postulated that sulfometuron methyl penetrated into microbial cells more readily then did chlorsulfuron. The effect of the herbicides on microbial growth was altered by the composition of the medium and in particular by valine or valine plus isoleucine. Different microorganisms had different complements of AHS isoenzymes which together with differences in permeability were the most likely explanations for the different responses observed. It was pointed out that application of these sulfonylurea herbicides would have significant effects on the microbial ecological balance of soil, and particularly so in alkaline soils. The consequences would be most evident in agricultural situations where the microbial population played an important role in maximising the productivity of crops.     

Toxic accumulation of alpha-ketobutyrate caused by inhibition of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase in Salmonella typhimurium.

Biochemical and genetic analyses of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium suggest that accumulation of alpha-ketobutyrate partially mediates the herbicidal activity of acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Growth inhibition of wild-type bacteria by the herbicide sulfometuron methyl was prevented by supplementing the medium with isoleucine, an allosteric inhibitor of threonine deaminase-catalyzed synthesis of alpha-ketobutyrate. In contrast, isoleucine did not rescue the growth of a mutant containing a threonine deaminase unresponsive to isoleucine. Moreover, the hypersensitivity of seven Tn10 insertion mutants to growth inhibition by sulfometuron methyl and alpha-ketobutyrate correlated with their inability to convert alpha-ketobutyrate to less noxious metabolites. We propose that alpha-ketobutyrate accumulation is an important component of sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide action.     

薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性

【背景】薇甘菊和螺旋粉虱均为我国入侵物种,且二者之间无寄生关系。本研究旨在挖掘薇甘菊的利用价值,为其在螺旋粉虱生态防控中的使用提供依据。【方法】采用药膜法和田间喷雾法,研究了4种提取方法（冷浸法、索氏提取法、冷浸—索氏提取法、温浸法）获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫的室内生物活性和田间防治效果。【结果】在所选择的4种提取方法中,索氏提取法和温浸法的提取率最高,分别为9.90%和9.35%;冷浸—索氏提取法和冷浸法的提取率相对较低,分别为7.73%和4.50%。室内生物测定表明,采用冷浸法、冷浸—索氏提取法、索氏提取法和温浸法所获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫的LC50值分别为8.94、9.03、6.32和7.51 mg·mL-1,但由于95%置信区间存在重合,不同提取物活性之间的差异不显著。田间试验结果则表明,不同提取方法获得的薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫都具有良好的防治效果,100倍液处理7 d后,对螺旋粉虱的校正防效均在75%以上。但是,索氏提取法和温浸法提取物防治效果显著优于冷浸—索氏提取法和冷浸法。【结论与意义】薇甘菊提取物对螺旋粉虱具有生物活性。