香荚兰根腐病研究——Ⅰ.病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

香英兰根腐病是为害香荚兰的严重病害之一,世界上很多香荚兰产区均有发生,在波多黎各发生特别严重,已成为该地区发展香荚兰生产的阻碍因素^[10,11]。近年来,马达加斯加^[9]、印度^[6]、乌干达^[5]均报道过本病。     

不同生香阶段香荚兰豆荚中糖甙水解成份研究

B-葡糖甙酶处理香荚兰青荚,HPLC测定酶处理豆荚和空白对照样中香兰素、香兰酸、对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸4个糖甙水解成份的含量。对不同生香阶段的香荚兰豆荚进行上述水解成份的定性,定量分析度监测其在豆荚完整陈化过程中含量的变化。研究结果可为完善生香加工技术,提高豆荚质量提供依据。     

香荚兰豆提取物

随着香荚兰提取物愈来愈广泛地应用于医药工业和食品工业中,天然香料将成为香料工业的主流,这一事实已愈来愈清楚了。尽管天然香荚兰豆提取物的价格远远高于合成香兰素。香兰素集中体现了天然香荚兰夏与化学合成香兰素之间的明显差别。据分析,用化学方法制造的香兰素所含的香味成份只是天然香荚兰豆提取物的20％。香荚兰豆中含有200多种     

香荚兰炭疽病病原菌的鉴定及其有效杀菌剂筛选

香荚兰作为食品香料植物在热带地区普遍种植以来,许多产区发生炭疽病。该病是香荚兰最严重的病害,而且分布十分广泛^[4,7]。它侵染香荚兰叶片、茎蔓、根以及果荚,严重时造成死株和落果,影响香荚兰生产。本所地处厦门地区,于1960年前后,从国外引种香荚兰,种植后不久,就发生炭疽病,当时曾初步报道该病是Colletotrichumsp.所致。但到目前为止,对于该病原菌种的鉴定及有效杀菌剂的筛选在国内尚未见报道。本文旨在报道这方面研究所获得的结果。     

香荚兰根腐病的研究Ⅱ.病害发生规律

香荚兰根腐病是香荚兰(Vanilla frangrans)的严重病害之一。据报道^[4-6]世界上许多产区的香荚兰根腐病均为Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vanillae(tucker) Gordon所致。已经证实,厦门地区室内种植的香荚兰根腐病亦为该菌所致^[1],为害严重。国外许多文献^[2-7]报道过本病,但对其发生规律尚缺乏系统研究。在我国也未见报道。本文所报是作者近年来在这方面研究的结果。     

香荚兰花粉萌发与贮藏试验

香荚兰[Vanilla fragrans(Salisb.)Ames(V. planifolia Andr.)]是热带雨林中一种兰科的藤本植物。其果荚经加工后成为高级的食品香料,早在十六世纪初就引起欧亚一些国家的重视。我国于六十年代初,由厦门华侨亚热带植物引种场首次引进试种,但香荚兰在厦门地区还需栽培于温室方能安全越冬。因此,除研究温室栽培的综合措施外,培育抗寒高产品种也是十分重要的任务。所以,对其花粉萌发条件与贮藏方法的研究,不仅为研究香荚兰的花粉生理积累资料,而且为栽培的香荚兰与我省野生的香荚兰杂交的可能性提供依据。     

培养液中不同pH值对香荚兰生长的影响(初报)

热带香荚兰[Vanilla fragrans(Salisb.)Ames syn.V.planifolia Andr.]由于是食品工业上一种极为理想的天然香料植物资源,果荚经加工芳香独特而被人们所重视,有“食品香料之王”的盛誉,价格昂贵。它在国民经济中对于促进食品和香料工业的发展,特别是对促进商品经济的发展,减少外汇支出,增加财源收入是有很大的经济意义的。因此,有关部门对香荚兰的引种、栽培及其有关问题的研究一直很重视。据国     

香荚兰的药疗作用

香荚兰属(Vanilla)被西方国家发现作为一种食用香料之后,其用途不断扩大并传播到世界各地。在香荚兰发展的历史过程中,曾获得极好的声誉,可是,作为一种药物和催欲药,现在几乎不再为人所知,而在十六世纪时,人们是很相信其药疗作用的。 早在1794年,Barham就报道:“香荚兰果荚具有强心、补恼、健胃、驱风作用,并能排凃梗阻、降低体液粘性、利尿、利于排经”。这说明了人们对香荚兰的药疗作用所给予的评价。     

香荚兰果荚的加工及生香机理(译编)

香荚兰为兰科(Orchidaceae)香荚兰属(Vanilla)肉质、多年生蔓性草本植物。体细胞染色体数2n=32(x=16)。原产于墨西哥、危地马拉、洪都拉斯和哥斯达黎加。 香荚兰属有110个种,其中有经济价值、为人类所利用的只有三个,即真香荚兰(Vanilla fragrans)、西印度香荚兰或瓜德罗普香荚兰(Vanilla pompona) (又叫大花香荚兰)和塔希提香荚兰(V. tahitensis),而以真香荚兰栽培面积最大,在商业上所占位置最为重要。 全世界年产成品香荚兰果荚1000—1600吨,生产的国家或地区有:马达加斯加、科摩罗群岛、印度尼西亚、留尼汪岛、墨西哥、波里尼西亚、瓜德罗普岛、塔希提、马来     

香荚兰成熟荚果中三种酶的活性测定

不同级别的香荚兰 (Vanillaplanifolia)成熟荚果以及其中的种子和肉质果壳中的 β -葡萄糖甙酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性研究结果表明高等级的果荚中过氧化物酶活性高于低等级的果荚 ,种子中的 β -葡萄糖苷酶活性几乎达到肉质果荚的 2倍 ;过氧化物酶的活性主要分布在果壳中 ,没有在种子中测过氧化物酶的活性 ;多酚氧化酶的活性在测定样品极低 ,未能测出。     

天麻生长地土壤微生物群落的初步分析

目的考察天麻生长地局部微生物群落的生态特征,探索可能会影响天麻品质的土壤微生态因素。方法选择天麻采收期采集不同产地的野生和栽培天麻生长地土壤样本,主要采用平板稀释法检测土壤中真菌、细菌、放线菌总数及优势菌的构成状况,初步分析天麻生长地土壤微生物群落的组成状况。结果所采集天麻生长地土壤样本中,来自不同产地的野生天麻细菌总数和细菌／真菌比值明显低于栽培天麻（P〈0．05）,其他指标基本一致;野生天麻生长地局部土壤中优势菌的种类比栽培天麻复杂,且许多种类为非共有。结论不同产地野生和栽培天麻生长地土壤微生物的组成存在差异,可能是影响天麻品质的重要生态因子。     

De novo biosynthesis of Gastrodin in Escherichia coli

Gastrodin, a phenolic glycoside, is the key ingredient of Gastrodia elata, a notable herbal plant that has been used to treat various conditions in oriental countries for centuries. Gastrodin is extensively used clinically for its sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsive and neuroprotective properties in China. Gastrodin is usually produced by plant extraction or chemical synthesis, which has many disadvantages. Herein, we report unprecedented microbial synthesis of gastrodin via an artificial pathway. A Nocardia carboxylic acid reductase, endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases and a Rhodiola glycosyltransferase UGT73B6 transformed 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, an intermediate of ubiquinone biosynthesis, into gastrodin in Escherichia coli. Pathway genes were overexpressed to enhance metabolic flux toward precursor 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of the UGT73B6 toward phenolic alcohols were improved through directed evolution. The finally engineered strain produced 545 mg l⁻¹ gastrodin in 48 h. This work creates a new route to produce gastrodin, instead of plant extractions and chemical synthesis.     

湖北天麻GAP基地不同品种天麻最佳采收期研究

对湖北两个天麻GAP(good agricu ltural practice)基地不同品种的天麻进行了天麻素含量的动态检测和生态条件及产量的考察。结果表明,天麻在5~9月份生长迅速,从10月下旬开始逐渐停止生长,进入11月份天麻产量达到最大;采用RP-HPLC法测定,11~12月份采收的样本天麻素含量最高。据此,确定了湖北GAP基地天麻的最佳采收期:兴山基地的乌天麻、红乌天麻和乌红天麻,广水基地的红天麻均以11月份采收为宜;兴山基地的红天麻以12月份采收为宜。     

Effect of iridoid glucoside on plasma lipid profile, tissue fatty acid changes, inflammatory cytokines, and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The present study was designed to examine the antihyperlipidaemic potential of iridoid glucoside isolated from Vitex negundo leaves in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The levels of cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, lipoproteins, free fatty acids, phospholipids, fatty acid composition, proinflammatory cytokines, muscle glycogen content, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression were estimated in control and diabetic rats. Oral administration of iridoid glucoside at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight per day to STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 30 days resulted in a significant reduction in plasma and tissue (liver and kidney) cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids. In addition, the decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increased plasma levels of low density lipoprotein- and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in diabetic rats were restored to near normal levels following treatment with iridoid glucoside. The fatty acid composition of the liver and kidney was analyzed by gas chromatography. The altered fatty acid composition in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats was also restored upon treatment with iridoid glucoside. Moreover, the elevated plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of muscle glycogen and GLUT4 expression in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats were reinstated to their normal levels via enhanced secretion of insulin from the remnant β cells of pancreas by the administration of iridoid glucoside. The effect produced by iridoid glucoside on various parameters was comparable with that of glibenclamide, a well-known antihyperglycemic drug.     

薄层色谱法鉴定天麻胶囊中的天麻素

为了建立天麻胶囊中主要有效成分天麻素的快速鉴定方法,根据天麻素的理化特性,使用乙醇和甲醇提取天麻胶囊中的天麻素,使用薄层色谱法进行鉴定,并与高效液相色谱法的分析结果进行比较。结果表明,薄层色谱法的鉴定结果与高效液相色谱法的检测结果一致,能较准确地鉴别天麻胶囊的真伪。本研究结果表明薄层色谱法能快速简便、准确灵敏地检测天麻胶囊中的有效成分,可作为法定鉴定方法的补充,对天麻胶囊实施快速初筛。     

Enzymatic oxidation of all-trans retinal to retinoic acid in rat tissues

The 100,000 x g supernatant (cytosolic) fraction of rat tissue homogenates catalyzes the oxidation of all-trans retinal to retinoic acid. Kidney, testis, and lung were the most active of the tissues examined. The presence of enzyme activity in liver and intestine could be detected only when a substrate concentration beyond the saturation point for retinal reductase was used. Spleen, brain, and plasma had no activity. Boiled supernatants did not catalyze the reaction. The enzymatic product was chemically and physically identified as retinoic acid. The cytosol of kidney tissue also catalyzed the conversion of retinol to retinoic acid. These data indicate that kidney tissue has the highest retinal oxidase activity and suggest that it may play a major role in the oxidative metabolism of retinol in the body.     

天麻素耳迷根穴位注射联合注射用鼠神经生长因子治疗耳鸣的疗效研究

目的:研究天麻素耳迷根穴位注射联合注射用鼠神经生长因子治疗耳鸣的临床效果及对患者血液流变学和临床症状体征的影响。方法:选择2017年2月～2018年2月我院收治的156例耳鸣患者,随机分为两组。对照组肌肉注射鼠神经生长因子,每次20μg,每天1次;观察组联合耳迷根穴位注射天麻素,每次2 m L,每天1次。两组均治疗4周后,比较两组的治疗有效率,治疗前后的血液流变学指标以及耳鸣对睡眠的影响、发生环境、持续时间、对情绪的影响、对生活和工作的影响以及患者的主观感觉等临床症状体征评分。结果:治疗后,观察组的治疗有效率为89.74%,显高于对照组(71.79%,P0.05)。两组治疗后的全血黏度低切、血细胞比容、全血黏度高切及血浆黏度均较治疗前显著降低,且观察组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。两组治疗后耳鸣对睡眠的影响、发生环境、持续时间、对情绪的影响、对生活和工作的影响以及患者的主观感觉等临床症状体征评分均较治疗前明显降低,且观察组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:天麻素耳迷根穴位注射联合注射用鼠神经生长因子可以提高耳鸣患者的治疗效果,有效改善患者的血液流变学和临床症状。     

Effect of starvation and exercise on actual and total activity of the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in rat tissues.

Starvation does not change the actual activity per g of tissue of the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase in skeletal muscles, but affects the total activity to a different extent, depending on the muscle type. The activity state (proportion of the enzyme present in the active state) does not change in diaphragm and decreases in quadriceps muscle. Liver and kidney show an increase of both activities, without a change of the activity state. In heart and brain no changes were observed. Related to organ wet weights, the actual activity present in the whole-body muscle mass decreases on starvation, whereas the activities present in liver and kidney do not change, or increase slightly. Exercise (treadmill-running) of untrained rats for 15 and 60 min causes a small increase of the actual activity and the activity state of the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in heart and skeletal muscle. Exercise for 1 h, furthermore, increased the actual and the total activity in liver and kidney, without a change of the activity state. In brain no changes were observed. The actual activity per g of tissue in skeletal muscle was less than 2% of that in liver and kidney, both before and after exercise and starvation. Our data indicate that the degradation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids predominantly occurs in liver and to a smaller extent in kidney and skeletal muscle in fed, starved and exercised rats.     

Hydrolysis of pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside by a broad-specificity beta-glucosidase from mammalian tissues

Research was conducted to evaluate the ability of a broad-specificity beta-glucosidase in mammalian tissues to catalyze the hydrolytic release of free pyridoxine from pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside, a naturally occurring form of vitamin B6 in plant-derived foods. Activity was detected in liver and intestinal mucosa using tritiated pyridoxine glucoside as a substrate. In the rat and guinea pig, enzyme activity was greater in intestine than in liver or kidney while even greater activity was detected in human intestinal tissue. Reaction rates were, however, low in all tissues. Hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucoside was also greatest in intestinal tissue. The characteristics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of pyridoxine glucoside to pyridoxine included: (i) most activity in the soluble tissue fraction, (ii) a pH optimum of approximately 6.0, and (iii) inhibition caused by the addition of sodium taurocholate. These characteristics are very similar to those of the broad-specificity beta-glucosidase in mammalian tissues with respect to the hydrolysis of a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic substrates. The apparent Km was greater than 2 mM for pyridoxine glucoside hydrolysis by intestinal preparations of each species, which is much greater than expected intestinal concentrations derived from dietary sources. In vivo studies have indicated that the intestine is involved in the metabolic utilization of dietary pyridoxine glucoside. The results observed here suggest that an alternate process, possibly involving intestinal microorganisms, may also be involved in the in vivo hydrolysis of pyridoxine glucoside.