Effects of size and sex on the social organization of reef-associated hogfishes,Bodianus spp.

Synopsis Three species of wrasses (Labridae) were examined in the field to determine the relative importance of size and sex in structuring social organization. The Spanish hogfish, Bodianus rufus, was characterized by stable dominance hierarchies that were linearly organized according to sex and relative size. Males were the largest and most-dominant individuals within discrete social groups of females (harems) whose dominance increased with body size. Dominance rank also increased with body size among both males and females of the Mexican hogfish, B. diplotaenia. Most encounters occurred between the sexes and males were clearly dominant over females. The vieja, B. eclancheri, differed from the other congeners since social interactions were not strongly patterned by either relative body size or sex. Hogfish dominance relationships appear to develop according to the manner in which males compete for females, including the formation of harems in permanent territories with single-male pairspawns (B. rufus), defense of temporary reproductive territories with single-male pairspawns (B. diplotaenia) or maximizing sperm production in multi-male group spawns (B. eclancheri).     

再引入黑颈长尾雉育雏行为和育雏地选择

2004～2005年在广西岑王老山自然保护区对再引进黑颈长尾雉的育雏行为和育雏地选择进行了研究.结果表明:雏鸟活动能力随时间明显增强,1～3日活动面积在300 m2以内.育雏初期为地栖,后期开始为树栖.育雏地有3种类型:人工西南桦幼林、针叶林、针阔混交林.3种生境的乔木盖度分别是75%、90%、85%;草本盖度分别是80%、60%、65%.Mann-Whitney U分析表明草本层盖度,水源距离,林缘距离,林间小路距离是影响黑颈长尾雉育雏地选择的主要因子.     

棕背黑头鸫繁殖习性初步观察

2008年和2009年的4～8月,在四川省雅江县帕姆岭对棕背黑头鸫Turdus kessleri的繁殖生态进行了初步观察.该鸟繁殖期在4月下旬至7月上旬,营树上巢,营巢树种为高山栎Quercus aquifolioides和鳞皮冷杉Abies squamata.窝卵数为2~3枚(n=7),平均卵重(7.96±0.03)g(n=8),卵长径(32.7±0.17)mm,短径(21.9±0.13)mm(n=13),雌雄共同孵卵,以雌性为主,孵化期为15~17 d(n=2),孵化率为83.3%(n=18).雌雄共同育雏,以雄性为主,雏鸟出飞后主要在巢周围的林下或灌从活动,这时亲鸟仍会对幼鸟喂食.在同一繁殖季对巢有重复利用的现象.     

狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为

根据国内外研究进展,对狼蛛科蜘蛛的繁殖行为进行了简要综述,内容涉及狼蛛科蜘蛛的求偶、交配、产卵和携卵、携幼等4方面的行为研究。     

An acoustic tracking of a megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios: a crepuscular vertical migrator

A 4.9 m TL megamouth shark, only the sixth specimen known to science, was tracked continuously for 50.5 h, during which it exhibited distinct vertical migrations at the dawn and dusk transitions. The male shark was captured on 21 October 1990 in a drift gill net off Dana Point, California, restrained overnight in a harbor, and released at sea the next afternoon. Horizontally, the shark moved slowly southward, covering 62 km on a relatively straight path with no significant diel changes. For the major part of the tracking, its rate of movement was 1.15 km h^–1, as determined from positions at 15 min intervals. Considering a probable head current of 10–25 cm sec^–1, its estimated through-the-water swimming speed was more likely 1.5–2.1 km h^–1 (X¯ = 1.8, representing 0.1 body lengths sec^–1). Vertically, the shark stayed shallow at night (12–25 m depth range, X¯ = 17) and deep during the days (120–166 m, X¯ = 149) but still well above the bottom at 700–850 m. The four twilight depth-change events were very distinct and always spanned the times of sunset or sunrise. The ascent and descent profiles are a reasonble match to isolumes on the order of 0.4 lux for an extinction coefficient (0.07) calculated from water transparency measurements. Furthermore, the steepest parts of the shark's profiles correspond closely to the times of maximum rate-of-change of illumination. These findings suggest that, except during nights, the shark's chosen depth was to a large degree determined by light level.     

白马蝠蛾生殖习性的研究

本文首次报道了白马蝠蛾的生殖系统和生殖习性。白马蝠蛾雌性生殖系统与鳞翅目其他昆虫不同：无粘液腺器官;成虫产卵行为特殊,卵散产,产后有用尾和足扫土盖卵的习性;成虫交配授精以精包方式进行。交配除提供雌蛾精子外,还能刺激产卵。雌蛾生殖力强,生殖期短,产卵最多768粒,最少364粒,一生平均621粒,生殖期平均4.2天;成虫历期平均6.2天;卵平均历期48.5天(温度12.6 ℃)。最适宜成虫交配与产卵的温度为12.5-19.0 ℃,相对湿度75%-90%。     

Quantification of avian parental behavior: what are the minimum necessary sample times?

Methods used to study parental behavior are largely idiosyncratic and are rarely tested to verify that they yield reliable data. In particular, the minimum number and duration of observations used to describe behavior accurately is rarely, if ever, justified. Using data on parental behavior of Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) collected by video in Oregon, we evaluated three questions regarding sampling methods: (1) Is within‐pair behavior sufficiently consistent among days so that observations from a single session are representative of parental behavior? (2) Does a 1‐h sampling window fairly represent parental behavior or is a longer period needed to accurately describe behavior? (3) Assuming that a 1‐h period is sufficient, does the first hour immediately after disturbance to start recordings yield reliable data? We found that among‐pair differences in parental behavior were consistent over different days and that a single hour of observation was representative of parental behavior over a longer (2–3 h) period of observation. However, our data also suggested that the first hour yielded less representative data than the remaining 2–3 h; nonetheless, consistent among‐pair differences were still detectable. The shortcoming of data collected in the first hour appeared to be due to a lingering effect of human disturbance from setting up recording devices rather than a time‐of‐day effect. We suggest that researchers test the appropriateness of their methods, but our kingbird data suggest that observations over relatively brief periods can yield useful and reliable data.     

笼养褐马鸡繁殖行为的研究

1984年我们对褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)的繁殖行为作了观察。了解到它们的一些行为特征,通过这一工作希望有助于促进褐马鸡和其它珍禽的饲养管理和繁殖。 材料与方法 观察的三对褐马鸡,其中两对于1982年获自河北省西部的小五台山,都是当年的幼体;另一对于1983年初取自北京动物园,是1982年该园繁殖的后代。观察期间,褐马鸡圈养在笼舍内,舍内面积约3×2米,舍外架设网以防外逸并作为活动场所,面积约7×2.5米。观察是在距活动场10—15米的室内隐蔽处进行。录相是在活动场的护网外用     

Mound-building and Feeding Behavior of the Twostripe Goby, Valenciennea helsdingenii, in the South Red Sea

The twostripe goby, Valenciennea helsdingenii, lives in pairs that cooperate in building large mounds, up to 60cm diameter, over their burrows. In 10-min observations (N=81), their activities were recorded by SCUBA divers (directly or on video) from 17 April to 6 May 1994 in the Jabal Zuqar and Hanish Islands, Yemen, in the south Red Sea. A pair of gobies moved up to 90 pieces of rubble in 10min (0–45, 8.4 pieces per fish per 10-min observation). Pairs generally stayed close together and alternated in feeding, one watching while the other grabbed a mouthful of sand most of which filtered out the gill openings. A pair fed up to 259 times in one 10-min observation period with an average rate of 3.7 (range 0–13) times per fish per minute. The feeding rate was lower at dusk when the pair's main activity was carrying sand and rubble that closed the entrance of their burrow before plunging through this soft new barrier to retire inside for the night. They emerged from their burrow about 40min after sunrise. Half of one medium-size mound was taken apart and consisted of 4062 pieces of coral rubble and shells. The hypothesis that building large mounds may be related to dominance and competition for mates, as in some cichlid fishes, does not apply to the isolated, stable pairs of V. helsdingenii.     

圈养小熊猫繁殖行为变化及繁殖行为对策

In order to investigate the change of reproductive behaviors and understand reproductive strategies of both male and female red pandas, one-year behavioral observation was conducted through the focal sampling method in the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from December 1999 to November 2000. Our results indicated that reproductive behaviors showed significant differences between the estrous and non-estrous seasons. Frequencies of the rubbing anogenital, sniffing and licking marking were much higher in estrus than in non-estrus. Bleating only appeared in the estrus and can be regarded as an estrous indicator.The result also demonstrated that both male and females applied different reproductive behavioral strategies. Frequencies of activity, rubbing anogenital, licking and sniffing marking, and bleat were much higher in the male than in the female. However, those of resting and investigating were much lower in the male than in the female. This indicated that the male was more active than the female during the estrus and might imply that the male acts mainly as an estrous message sender, and the female as a message receiver in the estrous season.     

甜菜夜蛾雌蛾求偶行为及性信息素产生的时间节律(英文)

研究了甜菜夜蛾雌蛾求偶行为和腺体中性信息素滴度时日变化的规律。结果表明 ,雌蛾求偶行为和性信息素滴度均呈明显的昼夜节律 ,且均在暗期的中后期达到高峰。比较而言 ,雌蛾的求偶活动期较短 ,在暗期中期开始 ,暗期结束后很快停止 ;但峰期较长 ,从中后期达到高峰后一直保持到暗期结束。而腺体内 4种性信息素组份从暗期前 0 .5h到下一个光期 4.5h均有产生 ;但峰期很短 ,暗期 6.5h显著增加达到高峰后 ,在 8.5h又迅速回落。日变化研究表明 ,甜菜夜蛾当日龄即可求偶 ,3日龄起进入求偶盛期 ,至 7日龄末有明显减退。 0～ 3日龄雌蛾的平均初始求偶时间逐日显著提前 ,以后则稳定在暗期 5h左右。不同日龄间性信息素滴度的变化较小     

广州地区西藏小型猪的繁殖行为学表现

目的对广州地区西藏小型猪的繁殖性能和繁殖行为进行了观察研究。方法以广州地区雌雄西藏小型猪为研究对象,根据其繁殖卡的详细资料进行分类统计。结果雄性西藏小型猪阴茎首次伸出日龄为(39.50±2.63)d,此时体重为(3.26±0.87)kg;其射精日龄为(65.22±3.69)d,体重为(5.34±1.03)kg。雌性西藏小型猪初情日龄为(142±5.3)d,成年母猪发情周期为(20.35±0.72)d,发情持续期(4.2±0.31)d;其妊娠期约为114 d左右。初产雌性西藏小型猪产仔数为(2.30±0.82)头,2月龄断乳存活率为86.5%;而经产雌性西藏小型猪产仔数为(5.70±1.00)头,其2月龄断乳存活率为91.4%。哺乳期雌性西藏小型猪母性强,护仔行为强烈。结论广州地区西藏小型猪生长发育繁殖正常,产仔率和2月龄存活率等繁殖性能指标与原产地一致。     

Population variation in spawning current speed selection in the blacktail shiner,Cyprinella venusta (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Synopsis Many stream fishes lay demersal eggs. Some species simply scatter the eggs across the substrate, but many place the eggs in protected sites such as crevices (e.g., Cyprinidae:Cyprinella). Eggs laid in crevices may experience increased development times or lower embryo survival due to reduced water exchange rates compared to more open egg deposition sites. If so, the presence of an appreciable current near the crevice may be important for insuring water exchange. However, currents that are too strong may prevent complete insemination or prevent the eggs from adhering to the substratum before they are washed from the crevice. Thus, current speed preferences for spawning may be under strong stabilizing selection. Representatives of four populations of a crevice spawning stream fish (blacktail shiner,Cyprinella venusta), representing environments ranging from a swift stream to a lake, were studied in stream tanks to evaluate female spawning current use. The observed frequency of use of spawning currents was significantly different from random in all populations. Low current speeds were generally avoided, and a speed of ca. 30 cm sec^–1 was used most often. However, significant differences were observed among populations, and the variation correlated well with the apparent range of current speeds found in the four environments. Although other possible explanations cannot be dismissed, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the populations have become adapted to their local current regimes.Authorship in order of seniority     

Sexual activity of male rhesus monkeys introduced into a heterosexual group.

Unfamiliar males were introduced during the breeding season to a stable heterosexual group of rhesus monkeys to determine how the presence of more dominant resident males affected their mating activity and how their entry was received by resident females. Initially, new males were allowed access to females under controlled conditions both in the presence and absence of resident males, simulating situations which may occur under natural conditions. Results indicated that the sexual activity, including ejaculation rate, of the new males was initially inhibited by the presence of more dominant, resident males, but these inhibiting properties did not carry over to periods when the resident males were absent and were diminished with time. Group females preferentially directed their behavior towards the new males throughout the study. These data suggest that although entry of new males into a stable group is at low rank, their subsequent reproductive success may not be reduced and that the association with resident females may facilitate male rhesus transfer between groups observed during the breeding season.     

The effect of local stock density on social behavior and sex change in the Mediterranean labrid Coris julis

Synopsis Two stocks of Coris julis, a protogynous hermaphrodite labrid fish, were studied in the field in Corsica (France) to observe the effect of stock density variations on the timing of sex change. A higher density was associated with lower terminal phase male's territory size and an earlier sex change whilst the proportion of terminal phase males in the stock increased. As well, the average number of females courted per terminal phase male and the percentage of spawning with non-territorial male interferences remained similar in the two situations. These results indicate that territory availability should be considered as an important cue for wrasse sex change.     

Polymorphism and pair formation in the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki (Pisces: Poeciliidae)

Synopsis Pair formation was studied in a polymorphic population of Gambusia holbrooki in a brackish drainage canal in Southern Florida. All females and the majority of males were gray colored and only 5% of the males were black spotted. A small fraction of the population formed pairs, composed of a female and a male that swam synchronously and close together for several minutes. During pairing the male often achieved gonopodial contact with the female. Black spotted males occurred in pairs ten fold more frequently than expected under random pairing. The major behavioral mechanism accounting for the disproportionate occurrence of spotted males in pairs is, probably, the preference of females for these males.     

Effects of sublethal exposure to copper on diel activity of sea catfish,Arius felis

The effect of sublethal exposure to copper on the diel activity of sea catfish, Arius felis, was examined after 72 h static exposure to copper (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg l^–1 ). The locomotor behavior of 28 individual fish was electronically monitored in a 16-compartment rosette tank. Activity was quantified by the number of entries into compartments per hour. Controls and copper-exposed fish (0.05 mg l^–1) behaved similarly after treatment and displayed no significant effects of handling or copper exposure on diel activity. However, fish exposed to 0.1 and 0.2 mg l^–1 copper were hyperactive immediately following exposure; these fish had significantly greater numbers of entries into compartments per hour for entire 24-h monitoring periods (P < 0.01) and for the 12 h of photophase (P < 0.001) and of scotophase (P < 0.001) than fish in the other two experimental groups. The normal diel activity cycle was abolished. Additionally, exposure of fish to copper at 0.1 and 0.2 mg l^–1 resulted in significantly less variability in activity (P < 0.05) compared to control fish and those exposed to 0.05 mg Cu l^–1.