Communalities for rates of diaphyseal elongation of short bones of the hand of children with Down syndrome

Communality indices for rates of elongation of diaphyses of short bones of the hand were computed from serial data for children with Down syndrome, 7 to 14 years of age. Communalities were larger for adjacent than for nonadjacent bones and also larger for bones grouped in rows rather than rays of the hand. This pattern is similar to that reported for normal children. Communality indices for rates of diaphyseal elongation for girls with Down syndrome were lower than those of boys with Down syndrome and normal children.     

死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式分析

目的：探讨死胎的病因及终止妊娠的方式。方法：收集我院住院分娩的死胎病例23 例,对孕妇一般资料、死胎发生原因、终 止妊娠方式进行统计分析。结果：①死胎发生孕妇中,年龄＞36 岁者最多,共8 例,占34.8%,孕周在28-36+6 周的孕妇数最多,共 10 例,占43.5%,初产妇17 例,占73.9%,有流产史孕妇9 例,占39.1%;②在所有病因中,脐带因素占比最大,共11 例,占47.8%, 其次为胎盘因素和母体因素,各5 例,各占21.7%,胎儿原因与不明原因各2 例,各占8.7%;③在对终止妊娠方式的选择上,施行 羊膜腔穿刺引产例数最多,共13 例,占56.5%,其次为剖宫产,共5 例,占21.7%,米索流产3 例,占13.0%,自娩患者2 例,占 8.7%。结论：脐带因素为造成死胎发生的主要原因,其次为胎盘因素及母体因素,应对孕妇进行全面的孕期检查及孕期健康教育, 以减少死胎的发生,并选择合适的终止妊娠方式以减轻孕妇痛苦。     

Exact tests of goodness of fit of log-linear models for rates

We propose Metropolis-Hastings sampling methods for estimating the exact conditional p-value for tests of goodness of fit of log-linear models for mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios. We focus on two-way tables, where the required conditional distribution is a multivariate noncentral hypergeometric distribution with known noncentrality parameter. Two examples are presented: a 2 x 3 table, where the exact results, obtained by enumeration, are available for comparison, and a 9 x 7 table, where Monte Carlo methods provide the only feasible approach for exact inference.     

三角梅属植物的生物学研究进展

三角梅属(Bougainvil lea)属于紫茉莉科(Nyctaginaceae), 有14个种。该文综述了三角梅属植物的生物学特性, 展望了该属植物在增进人类健康、丰富精神生活以及保护环境等方面的应用前景。三角梅属植物因其苞片的形态色彩以及植株形态的变化而具有独特的观赏价值。三角梅属植物不仅作为花卉备受关注, 近年来, 有关三角梅其它应用价值的研究使人们对其有了新的认识。从三角梅叶片中分离得到具有类胰岛素功能的松醇(D-pini tol )对替代胰岛素治疗糖尿病以及减轻胰岛素疗法带来的副作用具有重要意义。研究还表明, 三角梅叶片和根中至少含有2种抗病毒蛋白——BAPI和 Bouganin, 它们对于多种植物病毒具有不同程度的抑制作用。这些研究结果对于开发低毒高效的生物农药具有十分积极的意义。三角梅还是研究甜菜色素代谢的重要模式植物之一, 其甜菜色素的种类和含量之丰富为开发安全的天然食用色素开辟了广阔的前景。这些相关研究展示了三角梅作为资源植物的多元价值, 为进一步开发三角梅的观赏、医药、生物农药价值和作为天然食用色素以及发挥环境修复作用提供了充分的科学依据。     

High-throughput quantification of hydroxyproline for determination of collagen

An accurate and high-throughput assay for collagen is essential for collagen research and development of collagen products. Hydroxyproline is routinely assayed to provide a measurement for collagen quantification. The time required for sample preparation using acid hydrolysis and neutralization prior to assay is what limits the current method for determining hydroxyproline. This work describes the conditions of alkali hydrolysis that, when combined with the colorimetric assay defined by Woessner, provide a high-throughput, accurate method for the measurement of hydroxyproline.     

黑翅痂蝗血细胞形态学的研究

【目的】蝗虫血细胞的研究以及不同血细胞类型间的演化关系,是蝗虫细胞免疫学的依据,也是防蝗治蝗的重要依据。【方法】本研究通过Wright-Giemsa对黑翅痂蝗Bryodema nigroptera Zheng血细胞进行了混合染色,并使用光学显微镜进行了观察。【结果】发现黑翅痂蝗血细胞包括原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、类绛色血细胞、囊血胞、脂血胞、蠕形细胞和巨核血细胞8种类型。【结论】在成虫体内,原血胞占细胞总数的1%,浆血胞占32.2%,粒血胞占57.3%,类绛色血细胞占1%,囊血胞占6%,脂血胞占1%,蠕形细胞占1%,巨核细胞占细胞总数的0.5%,粒血胞数量最多,巨核细胞最少。     

Construct Validity of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Questionnaire

KOLOTKIN, RONETTE L, SUSAN HEAD, ALAN BROOKHART. Construct validity of the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire. The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire (IWQOL) is a 74-item self-report, condition-specific instrument that (1) assesses the effect of weight on quality of life in eight key areas, and (2) may be used as a treatment outcome measure and/or an evaluation tool for healthcare policy makers and third-party payers. This study explores IWQOL construct validity and provides new information on internal consistency, treatment effects, and differences between men and women. IWQOL total scores correlated highly with other measures of overall quality of life, and subscale scores correlated well with counterparts in the assessment battery. Internal consistency estimates for the IWQOL scales generally were high. For the women, 4-week participants, and the total sample, pretreatment-posttreatment differences were significant for all IWQOL scales and total score. For men, treatment differences were significant for the total score and all subscales except for Work and Mobility. Treatment differences for 2-week participants were significant for all scales except for Work. Consistent with previous IWQOL study results, the Comfort With Food scale scores reflected more discomfort at posttreatment as compared with pretreatment. The IWQOL, already translated into French and Italian, currently is demonstrating clinical and research utility as a quality-of-life outcome measure for clinical trials of antiobesity drugs and surgical treatments for patients with obesity.     

三角梅属植物的生物学研究进展

三角梅属（Bougainvillea）属于紫茉莉科（Nyctaginaceae）,有14个种。该文综述了三角梅属植物的生物学特性,展望了该属植物在增进人类健康、丰富精神生活以及保护环境等方面的应用前景。三角梅属植物因其苞片的形态色彩以及植株形态的变化而具有独特的观赏价值。三角梅属植物不仅作为花卉备受关注,近年来,有关三角梅其它应用价值的研究使人们对其有了新的认识。从三角梅叶片中分离得到具有类胰岛素功能的松醇（D-pinitol）对替代胰岛素治疗糖尿病以及减轻胰岛素疗法带来的副作用具有重要意义。研究还表明,三角梅叶片和根中至少含有2种抗病毒蛋白——BAPI和Bouganin,它们对于多种植物病毒具有不同程度的抑制作用。这些研究结果对于开发低毒高效的生物农药具有十分积极的意义。三角梅还是研究甜菜色素代谢的重要模式植物之一,其甜菜色素的种类和含量之丰富为开发安全的天然食用色素开辟了广阔的前景。这些相关研究展示了三角梅作为资源植物的多元价值,为进一步开发三角梅的观赏、医药、生物农药价值和作为天然食用色素以及发挥环境修复作用提供了充分的科学依据。     

Electrophoretic evaluation of the taxonomic status of two species of sea anemone

Puerto Rican populations of two species of sea anemones (Bunodosoma cavernata and B. granulifera) which had previously been considered one were assayed electrophoretically for enzymes encoded by 12 loci. The two species shared no common allozymes at 6 of the 12 loci. Genetic distance and identity values based on these allozymes were computed for the Puerto Rican populations and for B. cavernata from Florida and B. granulifera from Panama. The Puerto Rican populations of both species had much higher genetic identities for their geographically distant conspecifics than for each other. These results indicate that the two species are reproductively isolated and should be considered as separate valid species. Average heterozygosities are presented which are the first published for coelenterate species.     

Measurement of body segment mass,center of gravity,and determination of moments of inertia by double pendulum in Lemur fulvus

The collection of data on physical parameters of body segments is a preliminary critical step in studying the biomechanics of locomotion. Little data on nonhuman body segment parameters has been published. The lack of standardization of techniques for data collection and presentation has made the comparative use of these data difficult and at times impossible. This study offers an approach for collecting data on center of gravity and moments of inertia for standardized body segments. The double swing pendulum approach is proposed as a solution for difficulties previously encountered in calculating moments of inertia for body segments. A format for prompting a computer to perform these calculations is offered, and the resulting segment mass data for Lemur fulvus is presented.     

蓖麻粗毒的获取及草原灭鼠的应用研究

本研究修改了蓖麻脱脂方法,获取蓖麻种子的粗毒,进而研究了粗毒的灭鼠功效。蓖麻粗毒对小鼠灌胃实验测得LD50为11．494mg／kg。实验室有毒饵料饲喂小鼠结果显示,小鼠对蓖麻粗毒混合饵料无明显拒食现象。野外实验结果显示,粗毒饵料对高原鼠兔的灭洞率在81．6％到90．1％之间。研究结果表明蓖麻粗毒具有很好的应用于生物防治的潜力。     

Simultaneous determination of plasma levels of fluvoxamine and of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method is presented which allows the simultaneous determination of the plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine and of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine after derivatization with the chiral reagent, (S)-(-)-N-trifluoroacetylprolyl chloride. No interference was observed from endogenous compounds following the extraction of plasma samples from six different human subjects. The standard curves were linear over a working range of 10 to 750 ng/ml for racemic fluoxetine and norfluoxetine and of 50 to 500 ng/ml for fluvoxamine. Recoveries ranged from 50 to 66% for the three compounds. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation ranged from 4 to 10% for fluvoxamine and from 4 to 13% for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. The limits of quantitation of the method were found to be 2 ng/ml for fluvoxamine and 1 ng/ml for the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, hence allowing its use for single dose pharmacokinetics. Finally, by using a steeper gradient of temperature, much shorter analysis times are obtained if one is interested in the concentrations of fluvoxamine alone.     

8种致病真菌在5种材料上的存活时间研究

目的了解实验所用常见致病真菌能否在常用医用原材料上生存及生存时间。方法选择8种常见致病真菌,活化后将它们分别接种在5种常用的医用原材料上,接种后及以后的每24h将接种有真菌的医用材料放入巯基乙酸盐液体培养基中并观察能否生存,记录存活时间。结果红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮、玻璃表面存活25～28d,在地板胶表面存活14～15d;新生隐球菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮表面存活24～27d,在玻璃和地板胶表面存活14～18d;茄病镰刀菌在上述5种材料上存活22～27d;石膏样小孢子菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮和玻璃表面存活20～27d,在地板胶表面存活8d;申克孢子丝菌在棉布、纸板、玻璃和地板胶表面存活17～24d,在铁皮表面存活10d;白念珠菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮和地板胶表面存活15～20d,在玻璃表面存活4d;犬小孢子菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮、玻璃和地板胶上存活时间分别为10d、9d、3d、2d和1d。结论实验所用各种真菌在医用原材料上都能存活,其时间长短不仅与菌种有关,还与所存在的材料有关。真菌在吸水性强、表面粗糙的材料(棉布、纸板)上的平均存活时间长于在吸水性差、表面光滑的材料(玻璃、铁皮和地板胶)。     

流感病毒毒力评价指标的研究

为了在流感防治的研究中确立可靠、有效的流感病毒毒力评价指标 ,实验对鼠肺敏感株的EID50 和LD50 进行了测定和比较。结果可见 ,EID50 较LD50 更能反映病毒的感染力。因此 ,可用EID50 作为流感病毒的毒力评价指标 ,并建议将动物的平均死亡时间作为一个重要的毒力指标。     

Ecological predictors of extinction risks of endemic mammals of China

In this brief report, we analyzed ecological correlates of risk of extinction for mammals endemic to China using phylogenetic eigenvector methods to control for the effect of phylogenetic inertia. Extinction risks were based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) Red List and ecological explanatory attributes that include range size and climatic variables. When the effect of phylogenetic inertia were controlled, climate became the best predictor for quantifying and evaluating extinction risks of endemic mammals in China, accounting for 13% of the total variation. Range size seems to play a trivial role, explaining ~1% of total variation; however, when non-phylogenetic variation partitioning analysis was done, the role of range size then explained 7.4% of total variation. Consequently, phylogenetic inertia plays a substantial role in increasing the explanatory power of range size on the extinction risks of mammals endemic to China. Limitations of the present study are discussed, with a focus on under-represented sampling of endemic mammalian species.     

Simulation of images of CDMAM phantom and the estimation of measurement uncertainties of threshold gold thickness

PurposeTo demonstrate a method of simulating mammography images of the CDMAM phantom and to investigate the coefficient of variation (CoV) in the threshold gold thickness (t_T) measurements associated with use of the phantom.MethodsThe noise and sharpness of Hologic Dimensions and GE Essential mammography systems were characterized to provide data for the simulation. The simulation method was validated by comparing the t_T results of real and simulated images of the CDMAM phantom for three different doses and the two systems. The detection matrices produced from each of 64 images using CDCOM software were randomly resampled to create 512 sets of 8, 16 and 32 images to estimate the CoV of t_T. Sets of simulated images for a range of doses were used to estimate the CoVs for a range of diameters and threshold thicknesses.ResultsNo significant differences were found for t_T or the CoV between real and simulated CDMAM images. It was shown that resampling from 256 images was required for estimating the CoV. The CoV was around 4% using 16 images for most of the phantom but is over double that for details near the edge of the phantom.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated a method to simulate images of the CDMAM phantom for different systems at a range of doses. We provide data for calculating uncertainties in t_T. Any future review of the European guidelines should take into consideration the calculated uncertainties for the 0.1 mm detail.     

3D modeling of the activated states of constitutively active mutants of rhodopsin

The activated (R*) states in constitutively active mutants (CAMs) of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are presumably characterized by lower energies than the resting (R) states. If specific configurations of TM helices differing by rotations along the long transmembrane axes possess energies lower than that in the R state for pronounced CAMs, but not for non-CAMs, these particular configurations of TM helices are candidate 3D models for the R* state. The hypothesis was studied in the case of rhodopsin, the only GPCR for which experimentally determined 3D models of the R and R* states are currently available. Indeed, relative energies of the R* state were significantly lower than that of the R state for the rhodopsin mutants G90D/M257Y and E113Q/M257Y (strong CAMs), but not for G90D, E113Q, and M257Y (not CAMs). Next, the developed build-up procedure successfully identified few similar configurations of the TM helical bundle of G90D/M257Y and E113Q/M257Y as possible candidates for the 3D model of the R* state of rhodopsin, all of them being in good agreement with the model suggested by experiment. Since constitutively active mutants are known for many of GPCRs belonging to the large rhodopsin-like family, this approach provides a way for predicting possible 3D structures corresponding to the activated states of the TM regions of many GPCRs for which CAMs have been identified.     

Effects of dominance on the probability of fixation of a mutant allele

We consider whether the fixation probability of an allele in a two-allele diploid system is always a monotonic function of the selective advantage of the allele. We show that while this conjecture is correct for intermediate dominance, it is not correct in general for either overdominant or underdominant alleles, and that for some parameter ranges the fixation probability can initially decrease and then increase as a function of the amount of selection. We have partial results that characterize the ranges of parameters for which this happens.