表现为脂溢性皮炎样的儿童头癣1例

报道临床表现类似脂溢性皮炎的头癣1例。患儿5岁,因头皮丘疹半年、鳞屑增多并脱落半个月就诊。刮取皮屑、病发直接镜检查见菌丝和发内孢子,对鳞屑、病发培养有紫色菌落生长,转种作小培养后光镜下观察见菌丝粗细不一,分隔、分支多,并有不规则突起,间生厚壁孢子多见,鉴定为紫色毛癣菌。经内服和外用特比萘芬治疗3周后痊愈。     

Tinea Capitis in Southeastern China: A 16-Year Survey

This survey was a retrospective of a 16-year (1993–2008) study on the incidence, clinical features, and etiological agents of tinea capitis mainly representing the Southeastern China. The diagnosis was confirmed by direct microscopic examination. Eight hundred and sixty-six patients with tinea capitis, 381 males (44%) and 485 females (56%), were enrolled in this study. Patients were between 20 days and 84 years old with an average of 10.5 years and the peak incidence was in the age group of 6–10 (48.5%). Five hundred and sixty-two patients (64.9%) were ectothrix and 303 patients (35.0%) were endothrix with only one patient was favus. The incidence of tinea capitis from 1993 was gradually increasing and reaching to its peak in 2001. Positive cultures of dermatophytes were obtained in 715 patients: Microsporum canis (62.4%) was predominant, followed by Trichophyton violaceum (19.0%), Trichophyton tousurans (9.8%). M. canis was the major pathogen for ectothrix infection, while T. violaceum and T. tousurans contributed to the most endothrix form. M. canis, T. violaceum, and T. rubrum were the major pathogens for kerion.     

Dermatophytosis of tiger caused by microsporum canis

Microsporum canis was isolated from the inflammatory skin lesions of a Bengal tiger in April, 1979. In clinical findings rounded area of alopecia, 3 to 8 cm in size was observed on the right haúnch and the tail. The skin lesions were covered with thin scales, but the inflammatory changes were not severe. Findings, on physical examination, were unremarkable and the animal appeared healthy except for the skin lesions. The infected hairs were invaded by the fungal elements and arthroconidia were around the hair shaft. Cuticles and cortex of the infected hairs were brittle. They were evidently digested and were easily pulled out from the hair follicles. In mycological findings numerous and typical macroconidia were observed. By cross mating of a isolate from tiger andNannizzia otae(–) strain, cleistothecia were produced. Both organic iodide and undecylenic acid ointment were effective for therapy. In this paper the dermatophytosis of tiger caused byM. canis is described.     

Tinea Capitis Due to Microsporum vanbreuseghemii: Report of Two Cases

Two cases of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum vanbreuseghemii are reported. A 7-year-old boy and his brother were examined for tinea capitis. Hair samples and skin scrapings were collected from each patient to microscopy and culture. Direct microscopic examination of the hairs using lactophenol revealed an ectothrix invasion. Cultures inoculated with portions of clinical material yielded M. vanbreuseghemii after 2?weeks. The identification of the fungi were based on colony morphology on mycobiotic agar, microscopic characteristic on slide cultures, biochemical reactions and hair perforation tests.     

Immunization of mice with an avirulent pseudohyphal form of Cryptococcus neoformans

Pathogenicity tests with one dysgonic and six atypical strains of Microsporum canis were carried out on guineapigs. Five of the atypical strains were laboratory mutants from dysgonic strains isolated from living hosts. As sporulation and viability varied greatly between the strains, inocula consisted of suspensions of fungal fragments of known viable count. When a sufficiently active inoculum was used, lesions and fluorescent hairs were induced in the guinea-pigs by all but one of the strains tested. In each case the strain inoculated was reisolated from the lesions in pure culture. The significance of the results is discussed in the light of the unusual nature and origin of the strains.     

Microscopic observation of human hairs infected with Microsporum ferrugineum

Human hairs infected with Microsporum ferrugineum were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy to obtain information on the parasitic form. The fungus invaded the hair filaments and developed hyphae between the hair cuticles and cortex. Spheroids of arthroconidia were frequently observed to invade the hair follicle. A mosaic sheath of massive spheroids was observed around the hair filaments. The smooth-walled arthroconidia with chitinous surfaces were single, spherical or subspherical particles of 2.0-2.5 X 2.5-3.5 microns, and 2-celled, gourd-shaped (constricted at the septum) particles of 2.5-3.0 X 5.0-7.0 microns.     

Glandular Hairs of Salvia officinalis: New Data on Morphology, Localization and Histochemistry in Relation to Function

The structure, site and histochemistry of glandular hairs onthe vegetative and reproductive parts ofSalvia officinalis wereinvestigated by UV and conventional light microscopy and byscanning electron microscopy. Five distinct types of glandularhair (one peltate and four capitate) with different sites, secretorymodes and secretions, were identified, and a functional rolepostulated for each type. All the hair types show mixed secretions,i.e., hydrophilic and lipophilic, except type I capitate hairs,which have hydrophilic secretions only. In peltate hairs andin type II capitate hairs hydrophilic secretion prevails; inthe remaining types, lipophilic secretion dominates. The manner,time and role of erection of peltate hairs on the reproductiveorgans and the role of non-glandular hairs are also considered.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Salvia officinalis, Labiatae, rising of peltate hairs, capitate hairs, secretion, plant/insect interaction.     

脓癣的发病情况和病原菌变迁:上海地区19年的回顾性研究

目的了解近19年间上海地区脓癣的发病情况、病原菌及其变迁。方法选取头皮屑及头发真菌直接镜检阳性和(或)真菌培养为皮肤癣菌者,记录其临床表现、感染方式及动物接触史等。结果头癣患者1 009例,其中男性437例,女性572例;年龄20 d～93岁,平均10.44岁;脓癣114例(11.30%),其中男性44例,女性70例。年龄20 d～68岁,平均10.60岁,5～10岁最多见(45.61%),其次为5岁以下儿童(31.58%)。感染方式:发内型48例,发外型66例。真菌培养阳性的脓癣95例,其中犬小孢子菌29例(30.53%)、紫色毛癣菌21例(22.11%)、须癣毛癣菌19例(20.00%)、红色毛癣菌15例(15.79%)、断发毛癣菌7例(7.37%)、石膏样小孢子菌4例(4.21%)。脓癣的发病呈上升趋势,须癣毛癣菌脓癣尤为显著。结论上海地区脓癣主要发生于10岁以内儿童,犬小孢子菌是最常见的致病菌,发外型感染较发内型多见。     

Kerion-like tinea capitis and barbae caused by microsporum gypseum in Israel

Summary Four cases of hair invasion by Microsporum gypseum are reported. In three the scalp was involved and in one, the beard. All presented a kerion type of invasion. In 3 cases hair penetration was of the ectothrix type, while in one case the kerion of the scalp resembled the type of invasion seen in T. schönleini infection. None of the invaded hairs showed fluorescence in Wood's light. The soil was the source of infection in 3 patients, the fungus having been isolated from soil samples collected in the vicinity of the houses of these patients through the hair bait method. In one case the source of contamination was the family dog, in which scaly, alopecic, follicularlike lesions caused by the same agent were found.

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Résumé Quatres cas avec l'invasion des cheveux par Microsporum gypseum sont ici rapportés. Dans trois cas le cuir chevelu a été afecté, dans un cas la barbe.Tous les cas présentaient l'aspect clinique du Kérion de Celse. Le type ectothrix de l'invasion a été observé dans 3 cas, tandisque le quatrième — un Kérion du cuir chevelu — le type de l'invasion ressemblait de très près celui trouvé dans l'infection par T. schönleini. Les poils invadés n'étaient pas fluorescents dans la lumière de Wood. Le sol a été la source d'infection pour 3 malades, l'agent étant isolé à partir des échantillons de terre collectés en voisinage des maisons des malades. Dans un cas la source de contamination a été le chien de la famille, qui présentait des lésions alopéciques, a type de folliculite, causées par le même organisme.

     

Keratinolytic Fungi in Egyptian Soils

The frequency of occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in seventy soil samples, collected from different sites in Upper Egypt and in the coastal area of the Mediterranean, was determined by baiting with human and animal hairs and pigeon feathers. Twenty-one species, in addition to an unidentified species, which belong to sixteen genera were collected. Chrysosporium indicum, C. tropicum, C. keratinophilum, and Microsporum gypseum were the most frequent fungal species recovered from the baited soils. The soil samples collected from the salt marshes of the coastal Mediterranean area were completely free from any keratinolytic fungi, whereas the soil samples collected from cultivated soils contributed species, ranging from one to four species.     

Seasonal patterns of parasitism and differential susceptibility among species in macrolepidopteran assemblages on Salix nigra (Marsh) and Acer negundo L.

Abstract 1. Previous research has demonstrated that parasitism of larval macrolepidoptera on Acer negundo (box elder) is greater than that of larvae on Salix nigra. 2. In this study, percentage larval parasitism of species on box elder and black willow was calculated for distinct portions of the season, to determine if the higher levels of parasitism on box elder resulted from greater parasitism during a particular portion of the season. 3. Larval parasitism was higher on box elder regardless of the portion of the season; however, the seasonal pattern of parasitism differed for each tree species, i.e. late-season box elder parasitism increased and late-season black willow parasitism decreased relative to early- and mid-season parasitism. 4. The degree to which higher levels of parasitism were associated with host and parasitoid traits such as average larval abundance, number of species, type of host, and parasitoid species load of macrolepidoptera, as well as average number of species of parasitoids during each portion of the season was determined. 5. In addition, the possibility that differences in the pattern of parasitism on box elder and black willow were caused by the presence of a greater number of numerically dominant parasitoid species in late-season box elder was investigated. 6. None of the variables, other than type of host species, were associated with higher levels of parasitism in late-season box elder. 7. Late-season, single-tree species on box elder (i.e. species that occurred only on box elder) were more heavily parasitised, compared with dual-tree species. This difference was not observed earlier in the season nor on black willow. 8. Further, single-tree species on late-season box elder included three numerically dominant species that suffered significantly greater larval parasitism than any other type of species on either of the two trees. 9. This study supported previous predictions, that suggested the importance of larval coloration: there was a higher proportion of green larvae among the most highly parasitised host species, i.e. single-tree, numerically dominant species.     

杭州部分地区头癣73例类型及病原菌分析

目的 了解近2年来杭州部分地区头癣类型及其病原菌分布情况。方法 采用回顾性方法对2003年5月～2005年4月在杭州市第三人民医院皮肤科门诊诊治的头癣患者进行分析。结果 73例头癣患者中白癣41例（56．16％）、黑癣23例（31．5％）、脓癣9例（12．33％）,未发现黄癣。51例行真菌培养。主要病原菌为犬小孢子菌22例（43．14％）、紫色毛癣菌17例（33．33％）、须癣毛癣菌8例（15．69％）、断发毛癣菌4例（7．84％）。结论 杭州地区头癣患者中白癣发病率占首位,犬小孢子菌为主要致病菌。     

Tinea capitis by Microsporon gypseum

Summary Scalp involvement byM. gypseum was found in 22 children (15 boys and 7 girls), ranging from 1 till 12 years of age, most cases coming from urban areas. Kerion-like manifestation was observed in 9 cases, the rest presenting the superficial form of tinea capitis infection. The main type of hair invasion was ecto-endothrix, but endothrix type was also observed in 4 cases with favus-like aspect. The parasitised hair exhibited no fluorescence. The soil was proved to be the source of contamination in 40 % of the cases, where a trauma had favoured the transmission of the causative agent.     

Enzymatic activities of Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum strains.

The presence of 11 enzymatic activities, detected by qualitative methods, and 19 enzymes, semi-quantitatively detected by API ZYM system, in strains belonging to Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum has been studied. No pronounced differences were noted between Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum, although Microsporum gypseum presented in some cases more intense enzymatic activities than Microsporum canis.     

Glandular hairs in the genusDrosera (Droseraceae)

On the leaves and sepals of 52 species, representing all sections of the genusDrosera except one, 14 different types of glandular hairs were found: two-celled papillae, peltate scales, several types with unbranched, bi- or multiseriate stalk with a two- or multicellular gland, and one type with a multiseriate stalk and a two-armed gland. The combination of these hairs and the presence of non-glandular hairs confirm the actual classification of the genus. In combination with simple morphological characters (e.g., the type of insertion of the petiole) glandular hairs facilitate the identification of species even in the pharmaceutically important cut crude drug.     

Analytical isoelectric focusing of secreted dermatophyte proteins applied to taxonomic differentiation of Microsporum and Trichophyton species (preliminary studies)

Culture filtrates were prepared from dermatophytes under standard conditions and adapted for analytical isoelectric focusing in thin layer polyacrylamide gels over the pH range 3.5-9.5. Dermatophytes grown in trypticase soy broth secreted a large number of proteins displaying a wide range of isoelectric points (pIs). Trichophyton megninii extracts contained a triplet of proteins focusing in the pH 8.0-8.5 range that were absent in taxonomically related T. kuryangei isolates. Single ascospore isolates and standard tester strains of Nannizzia otae (+) mating type were differentiated from the (-) mating type by proteins focusing at pH 6.5 and 8.4. These were markedly reduced in the (+) type. The isofocused pattern of Microsporum canis conformed closely to the (-) mating type of N. otae. The protein patterns of T. megninii and T. kuryangei were distinct from those obtained with M. canis and M. equinum because of an intense-staining broad protein band, pI 7.2, and three periodic acid-Schiff-positive glycoproteins focusing in the acidic range which were absent in the Microsporum species. A characteristic protein or doublet (pI 8.7) was present in the Microsporum species and absent in the Trichophyton species. Analytical isoelectric focusing is a potentially useful method to distinguish inter- and intra-species differences in the pattern of secreted dermatophyte proteins present in culture filtrates and in trichophytins. The information derived may be useful in the classification of species.     

水稻短根毛突变体Ossrh2的表型分析与基因定位

在粳稻品种中花11为遗传背景的T-DNA突变体库中筛选获得一个遗传稳定的水稻（Oryzasativa）短根毛突变体Ossrh2（Oryza sativa short root hair2）。突变体在苗期表现为根毛数量减少,为野生型的61.4%,根毛长度明显变短,只有野生型的22.8%,同时根毛增粗,根毛形态也发生了变异,局部扭曲膨胀和分叉,除此之外突变体的地上部和根部生长情况与野生型相比没有显著差异。遗传分析表明,该突变性状受1对隐性单基因控制。通过对突变体T2和F2代的分子检测发现,该突变体表型非T-DNA插入引起。利用Ossrh2纯合体和籼稻品种Kasalath杂交构建的F2群体对OsSRH2进行基因定位,发现其与第10号染色体短臂上的SSR（simple sequence repeat）标记RM6370和RM474连锁,遗传距离分别为1.1cM和3.0cM。通过在两标记间发展3个新的STS（sequence-taggedsite）标记,将OsSRH2基因定位于标记S1227和S1531之间,物理距离约为304kb,为进一步克隆OsSRH2打下了基础。     

Variable responses of tuber moth to the leaf trichomes of wild potatoes

This study examines the response of tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), during the initial stages of attack, to variability in trichome density and composition on foliage of Solanum berthaultii (Hawkes) and Solanum tarijense (Hawkes) (Solanaceae). Solanum berthaultii bears two types of glandular trichome (type A and type B) that together reduced oviposition by the moth. Females were often completely deterred from ovipositing on foliage with >300 trichomes per cm². In contrast, neonate establishment on S. berthaultii was generally positively related to trichome densities, indicating that trichomes may be a poor defense against P. operculella when the moth oviposits in soil and neonate larvae select the host plant. Solanum tarijense has only one type of glandular trichome (type A) and eglandular hairs. Most eggs were deposited on the adaxial leaf surfaces that had lower trichome densities. Although the density of type A trichomes was negatively related to oviposition, high densities of hairs on the abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces appeared to stimulate oviposition, leading to stronger positive relations between hair densities and oviposition. Larvae generally established on the abaxial surface where hair densities were greatest. Relationships between the abaxial densities of leaf hairs and neonate establishment on S. tarijense were positive. The results indicate that the responses by P. operculella to the types and density of trichomes are complex. Whereas type A and type B trichomes may act synergistically to reduce oviposition by the moth, leaf hairs do not defend against oviposition and neither leaf hairs nor type A and B trichomes reduce neonate establishment by this herbivore species.     

Proteomic analysis of soybean root hairs after infection by Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Infection of soybean root hairs by Bradyrhizobium japonicum is the first of several complex events leading to nodulation. In the current proteomic study, soybean root hairs after inoculation with B. japonicum were separated from roots. Total proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In one experiment, 96 protein spots were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) to compare protein profiles between uninoculated roots and root hairs. Another 37 spots, derived from inoculated root hairs over different timepoints, were also analyzed by tandem MS (MS/MS). As expected, some proteins were differentially expressed in root hairs compared with roots (e.g., a chitinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase). Out of 37 spots analyzed by MS/MS, 27 candidate proteins were identified by database comparisons. These included several proteins known to respond to rhizobial inoculation (e.g., peroxidase and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase). However, novel proteins were also identified (e.g., phospholipase D and phosphoglucomutase). This research establishes an excellent system for the study of root-hair infection by rhizobia and, in a more general sense, the functional genomics of a single, plant cell type. The results obtained also indicate that proteomic studies with soybean, lacking a complete genome sequence, are practical.     

Comparative analysis of ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in two Nepeta cataria chemotypes (N. cataria and N. catena var. citriodora)

Glandular trichomes from the leaf surface of Nepeta cataria and N. cataria vai.citriodora have been examined using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Peltate glands and capitate hairs type I were found on leaves of N. cataria. Both types had single stalk cells. Leaves of N. cataria var. citriodora bore peltate glands with unicellular or bicellular stalk, capitate hairs type I (with unicellular stalk) and capitate hairs type II (with unicellular or bicellular stalk). Peltate glands of N. cataria and of N. cataria var. citriodora were characterized by numerous leucoplasts sheathed by smooth reticular tubules and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; they are proposed to synthesize terpenes. The secretory cells of capitate hairs type I of N. cataria and those of N. cataria var. citriodora had well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes. They had plastids with protein inclusions. These glands are supposed to produce slime. Capitate hairs type II of N. cataria var. citriodora had no analogs in N. cataria. Their secretory cells exhibited abundance of tubular endoplasmic reticulum and had unsheathed plastids with starch grains. Probably, these glands synthesize terpenes. The results of the study indicate that there is an obvious difference both in morphology and in ultrastructure of glandular trichomes in different chemotypes of N. cataria.