1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系生长和结实性状的评价

为进一步优化1.5代杉木种子园的质量,通过对福建漳平杉木种子园内21个杉木无性系生长和球果特征的调查,分析不同无性系生长和结实性状的差异及其相互关系,采用层次分析法对不同无性系的生长性状和结实性状进行综合评价。结果表明:1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系之间的生长和结实性状存在明显差异;不同无性系的结实量、球果体积、球果鲜重与其种子产量显著相关,生长性状与结实量、结实量与种子发芽率的相关性不显著。根据不同无性系生长性状和结实性状的综合评价结果,有6个无性系具有生长快且结实量高的特性,可作为重建1.5代杉木种子园的材料。     

长白落叶松种子园亲本生长与结实性状综合评价

生长与结实性状是种子园亲本重要的评价标准,本研究以长白落叶松种子园58个亲本无性系为试验材料,对其生长与结实性状进行测定及分析。方差分析结果表明,除通直度、节间距、0和1.3 m树皮厚度外,各性状在无性系间均存在显著差异,其表型变异系数变化范围为8.05%~54.97%,重复力变化范围为0.102 3~0.744 2。高变异、高重复力有利于优良无性系选育。利用主成分分析将各性状分为4个主成分（Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4）,不同无性系各主成分值差异较大。以生长与结实性状为评价指标,利用多性状综合评价法,以10%的入选率,L59、L56、L77、L90、L92和L87等6个选为优良无性系,其主成分Y1值均较大,树高、胸径和材积的平均遗传增益分别为15.43%、8.25%和29.73%。本研究可为长白落叶松无性系种子园优良亲本建园材料选择提供理论基础。     

菊花自交衰退现象初步研究

为揭示菊花的自交衰退现象,对菊花品种'rm1-3'(Dendranthema morifolium 'rm1-3' )和'02-42-6'(D. morifolium '02-42-6' )亲本及其自交后代(I_1代、I_2代和I_3代)的生长性状及部分表型性状进行了比较分析.结果表明,品种'rm1-3' I_1代和I_2代的单花结实数分别比亲本减少89.5%和97.2%,品种 '02-42-6'I_1代和I_2代的单花结实数分别比亲本减少91.2%和92.0%,差异极显著(P<0.01).2个品种自交后代的平均出苗率呈现随自交世代的增加逐渐降低的趋势, 其中品种'rm1-3'自交后代各世代间的平均出苗率均有极显著差异(P< 0.01);品种'02-42-6'的I_3代平均出苗率极显著低于I_1代和I_2代(P<0.01).2个品种亲本与其自交后代间叶片长度没有显著差异,但亲本的存活率、株高、开花率和花径均显著高于自交后代,且在自交后代中,I_1代的存活率、株高、开花率和花径均高于I_2代和I_3代.2个品种自交后代的冠幅和单株花数也低于各自的亲本,但I_1代的冠幅和单株花数与亲本无显著差异.品种'rm1-3'的I_1代、I_2代、I_3代和品种'02-42-6'的I_1代、I_2代的开花时间较亲本分别推迟了9.4、8.9、5.9、11.9和7.6 d,且随自交世代的增加逐渐缩短;但品种'02-42-6' 的I_3代开花时间却较亲本提前了10.7 d.研究结果说明菊花自交后代存在严重的衰退现象.     

遗传改良对杉木针叶和种实性状的影响

为揭示遗传改良对主要造林用材树种叶和种实性状的影响,阐明性状的变异趋势,该研究以杉木第4轮育种的精选树(改良群体)、四省五地的表型优树与古树(未改良群体)为对象,调查了218个无性系的针叶和种实性状指标,采用方差分析和多重对比方法研究遗传改良对杉木及不同类型杉木的表型差异,并通过相关性分析探究遗传改良对杉木针叶和球果部分表型性状的影响,以及利用主成分分析和聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:(1)未改良群体的针叶长、针叶宽和出籽率分别比改良群体小13.28%、10.81%和33.90%,其他性状表现为未改良群体大于改良群体,差异在10.90%～27.03%之间。未改良群体球果长、球果宽和出籽率的变异系数,分别比改良群体大9.14%、12.73%和15.38%。(2)球果长、球果宽、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽4个性状,在未改良群体中仅有球果长和球果宽(0.931)、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽(0.622)之间呈极显著正相关,经遗传改良后,该4个性状两两之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。(3)四川雅安(SCYA)的球果长和球果宽的性状比改良群体大48.83%和53.26%,安徽黄山(AHHS)的百粒重比改良群体大16.92%。(4)遗传改良导致松张型球果的杉木比例降低,紧包型和反翘型球果的杉木比例增加。综上认为,杉木的遗传改良导致球果大小下降,改变了不同针叶和球果类型的比例,同时会改变针叶性状和种实性状的相关性,将为杉木种质资源评价和未来多目标育种提供依据。     

刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii自交S1代若干性状的遗传分化

本文选用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii 24号(广杏)为自交材料,对其自交S1代群体的质量性状(颜色、畸形、生长特性)和数量性状(形状、产量、大小、数目)进行了综合分析.分析结果表明:自交后代的出菇率为70%,自交导致后代群体菌丝平均生长速度和平均产量都低于亲本,16%的后代菌株单产高于亲本,最高单产达204.0g,高出亲本45.7%.木屑培养基上菌丝日均生长速度与产量无显著相关性(R=-0.028).均菇数目与单产成显著正相关性(R=0.543).大部分菌株(52%)菌盖颜色为亲本颜色(灰色),自交后代出现20%非亲本形状(棒状)菌株,畸形菇占19%.后代群体盖径、柄径、柄长的变异程度相当,差异性不显著.可根据育种目标对自交子代的较优菌株进行定向选择利用.     

白桦半同胞家系纸浆材优良家系选择及选择方法评价

通过对白桦(Betula platyphylla)半同胞家系生长和纸浆材性状的遗传变异规律研究,筛选出优良的纸浆材家系,为白桦材性遗传改良提供理论基础。以7年生32个白桦半同胞家系为试材,对各个家系生长和木材性状进行方差分析、计算遗传参数,并估算配合力,采用多种选择方法进行优良家系选择并且评价优良亲本。结果表明:家系间的生长和木材性状均达到了极显著差异水平(P<0.01),且家系遗传力处于0.71～1.00,单株遗传力在2.0～3.0,表型变异系数处于5.88%～49.84%。胸径、树高、材积3个性状之间达到了极显著强正相关关系(r值:0.70～0.97),纤维长宽比与纤维长度之间存在极显著强正相关关系(r值:0.69),与纤维宽度存在极显著强负相关关系(r值:-0.76)。利用一般配合力进行优良亲本评价,材积、基本密度、纤维长度的一般配合力分别是-0.001 1～0.001 0、-0.04～0.07、-112.09～77.36,选择出A13、A12、A21、A24四个家系的母本属于优良亲本。通过布雷金多性状综合分析法、主成分分析法和育种值评价法进行优良家系评价,比较3个方法的优...     

红松优树半同胞子代家系生长、结实及抗病虫能力的变异特征

以吉林省露水河宏伟种子园的551个优株29年生红松半同胞子代家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、胸径、冠幅)、结实性状(连续7个结实年份的球果总数)和抗病虫能力进行调查,利用多性状综合评价的方法,结合生长、结实和抗病虫能力等6个性状,优选出优良家系和单株.结果表明: 各性状在不同家系间和区组间的差异均达到极显著水平;各性状的表型变异系数变化范围为13.9%～61.0%,极显著的差异与高的变异系数有利于优良家系的评价和选择;材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的家系遗传力(分别为0.47、0.52和0.48)均大于单株遗传力(分别为0.37、0.07和0.10);红松家系生长性状、结实性状和抗病虫能力之间呈极显著正相关关系.以5%的入选率初步选出28个优良家系,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为16.8%、71.4%和0.5%;以2%的入选率在优良家系中初步选出7个优良单株,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为66.8%、80.9%和0.7%.这些初选的优良家系和单株表现出明显优势,可指导无性系种子园去劣疏伐,并为高世代种子园的营建提供繁殖材料.     

刺芹侧耳自交S1代若干性状的遗传分化

本文选用刺芹侧耳Pleurotus eryngii24号(广杏)为自交材料,对其自交S1代群体的质量性状(颜色、畸形、生长特性)和数量性状(形状、产量、大小、数目)进行了综合分析。分析结果表明:自交后代的出菇率为70%,自交导致后代群体菌丝平均生长速度和平均产量都低于亲本,16%的后代菌株单产高于亲本,最高单产达204.0g,高出亲本45.7%。木屑培养基上菌丝日均生长速度与产量无显著相关性(R=-0.028)。均菇数目与单产成显著正相关性(R=0.543)。大部分菌株(52%)菌盖颜色为亲本颜色(灰色),自交后代出现20%非亲本形状(棒状)菌株,畸形菇占19%。后代群体盖径、柄径、柄长的变异程度相当,差异性不显著。可根据育种目标对自交子代的较优菌株进行定向选择利用。     

栗属杂交F1代生长与枝条性状遗传变异及杂种优势分析

为探索栗属杂交F₁代幼林期生长、枝条性状遗传变异规律及杂种优势,并为栗属育种亲本选配及早期选择指标筛选奠定理论基础,该研究以锥栗、板栗种内和种间9个杂交组合子代及其亲本为材料,在分析F₁代幼林期生长、枝条性状遗传变异规律及杂种优势的基础上,利用SSR分子标记检测7个亲本的遗传距离,进而分析栗属杂交子代生长、枝条性状杂种优势与亲本遗传距离间的关系。结果显示：(1)栗属杂交F₁代生长、枝条性状均存在较高的遗传变异,各性状组合间F值的变动范围为5.08~22.03,组合内的变异系数范围为6.60%~27.69%;各性状广义遗传力均在0.5以上,性状受遗传影响较大;除地径外,其他性状遗传传递力均大于100%,性状遗传稳定性较高;各性状中亲优势率为-6.01%~44.40%,且F₁代生长、枝条性状存在普遍的超亲分离现象。(2)28对引物在7个亲本中共检测出115个多态性等位位点,每对引物的等位基因数3~5个不等,平均每对引物等位基因数为4.1个,多态性程度较高;Shannons 指数(I)、多态性信息含量(PIC)的平均值分别为1.25、0.674,亲本遗传多样性较为丰富。(3)相关分析表明,杂交子代一年生枝长、一年生枝粗及节间距的杂种优势与亲本遗传距离均存在显著的线性关系,并随遗传距离增大杂种优势增强。     

香菇半亲和双单杂交研究初报

选用一栽培株苏香两种孢子单核体自交后代作双核体亲本,与相应的孢子单核体进行半亲和双单杂交,得到6个杂交后代,均具有结实能力,说明半亲和双单杂交后代可以用于育种研究。大多数杂交菌株(核基因相同)在菌丝生长速率与CMC酶活方面显示出不同程度遗传差异,其中3号与4号菌株在菌丝生长速率与CMC酶活方面呈现明显杂种优势。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Acidophilic and acid-tolerant fungi and yeasts

Fungi have not been systematically studied from mines and mine drainage waters, even though they are often encountered there. This paper provides a key from literature sources and lists morphological characteristics and habitat information for the 81 fungal species that have been collected or identified in pH <4 environments.