基于光谱特征的棉花苗期耐涝性鉴定

耐涝性是一个复杂农艺性状,采用传统方法大规模鉴定难度大。高光谱成像在作物表型检测方面具有无损、高效的优点,可望实现作物耐涝性的快速鉴定。本研究以27个陆地棉品种为供试材料,测定低氧胁迫与正常供氧条件下的株高、茎粗、叶面积、总根长,利用便携式光谱仪获取光谱图像,分析涝渍特征曲线并提取与色素、水分及氮素相关的6个光谱特征指数,采用主成分、逐步回归、系统聚类、相关性等多元分析方法,构建了基于光谱特征的棉花苗期耐涝性鉴定模型。利用主成分分析将10个耐涝单项指标简化为4个主成分。根据主成分贡献率和权重,将4个主成分简化为耐涝综合评价系数D值。逐步回归分析建立D值与10个单项指标耐涝性系数最优线性回归方程：D=0.161+0.220 SD+0.068 LA+0.358 PSSRa+0.404 I1+0.292 NDSI(R2=0.9849,式中SD为茎粗,LA为叶面积,PSSRa为色素比值指数a,I1为红外指数1,NDSI为归一化差值胁迫指数)。聚类分析将27份供试材料耐涝性划分为4个等级,即强耐涝、耐涝、中等耐涝、涝渍敏感。相关性分析结果显示,茎粗与色素比值指数a、色素比值指数b、植物氮光谱指数...     

菊花及其近缘种属植物耐涝评价体系建立及耐涝性鉴定

为发掘耐涝种质资源,建立了菊花近缘种属植物苗期耐涝性评价体系.根据盆栽淹水处理过程菊花近缘种属植物表型变化,将涝害指数划分为7级;采用叶色、叶形态、茎色、茎形态4个外观形态指标,并将其定量分级,制定等级得分标准及评价方案,然后以各指标得分的总和对耐涝性进行综合评价,建立评价体系.对57个菊花近缘种属植物进行了苗期耐涝性鉴定,结果表明,耐涝性鉴定时间以淹水6d为宜;菊花近缘种属植物对水涝较为敏感,大部分材料属于较不耐涝级,同种不同种源存在耐涝性差异;初步筛选出8份耐涝性强的菊花优异种质.     

3个玉兰材料对水涝胁迫的响应与耐涝性评价

为评价星花玉兰及其实生选育品种‘菊花’以及其与柳叶玉兰的杂交品种‘皮鲁埃特’的耐涝性强弱,并为后续星花玉兰耐涝品种选育提供理论依据。通过14 d的水涝胁迫,研究3种玉兰叶片生理、内源激素和光合特性等相关的14个指标变化。利用主成分分析法,比较超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、脱落酸(ABA)和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)这5个作为评价耐涝性指标的重要性以及评价耐涝性,同时利用隶属函数分析法对5个指标进行耐涝性评价。结果表明:(1)3种玉兰在水涝胁迫后叶片的净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、叶绿素含量、初始荧光(F_(o))、最大荧光(F_(m))、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Yield)和可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低,MDA、ABA含量和SOD活性均有不同的增加幅度。‘菊花’和星花玉兰处理组的C_(i)、ACC显著增加,而‘皮鲁埃特’的显著降低。(2)评价3种玉兰耐涝性的生理及内源激素指标重要性依次为ACC、SOD、ABA、可溶性蛋白和MDA。(3)通过主成分分析法和隶属函数分析法对3种玉兰进行综合评价,耐涝性强弱依次为‘皮鲁埃特’、星花玉兰和‘菊花’。     

深圳地区8种园林地被植物耐涝性综合评价

为高效筛选雨水花园适用植物,以香彩雀Angelonia salicariifolia等8种园林地被植物为试材,采用盆栽模拟涝渍的方法,研究不同时间淹水胁迫处理后8种植物的观赏性状及生理指标,通过主成分分析与隶属函数法对其耐涝性进行综合评价,并筛选评价植物耐涝性的有效指标。结果表明,8种园林地被植物的耐涝性强弱依次为香彩雀、水鬼蕉Hymenocallislittoralis、龙船花Ixorachinensis、朱槿Hibiscusrosa-sinensis、大花马齿苋Portulacagrandiflora、朱蕉Cordylinefruticosa、巴西野牡丹Tibouchinasemidecandra、四季海棠Begoniasemperflorens;植物叶片的相对含水量、MDA含量、相对电导率与Fv/Fm值是反映植物耐涝性的重要指标。     

水稻耐淹涝性状的遗传分析和SSR标记的研究

淹涝胁迫对水稻生产造成了严重影响, 发掘可应用于耐淹涝辅助选择的分子标记(MAS), 将有助于水稻耐淹涝性状的遗传改良。应用耐淹涝材料FR13A和淹涝敏感材料IR39595-503-2-1-2为亲本做正反交获得F₁和F₂代群体。对正反交的F₁群体的耐淹涝性状进行遗传分析, 发现正反交的F₁代群体在耐淹涝性状上没有显著差异, 说明耐淹涝性状是核基因控制。从两次淹涝处理中F₂代群体的分离情况来看, 来源于FR13A的耐淹特性表现出数量-质量性状遗传的特点。当淹涝胁迫压力比较轻时表现为数量性状遗传, 具有微效多基因的作用。当淹涝胁迫压力增大时, 表现为主效基因控制的质量性状。在SSR分析中, 187对SSR引物中有73对引物在两亲本间有明显的差异, 差异率为39%。用这73对差异引物, 对F2群体进行多态筛选, 结果筛选到一个与耐淹涝性状连锁的标记RM219, 验证了耐淹涝性状确实由主效基因Sub1控制, 因此, RM219在水稻耐淹涝育种中具有利用价值。     

玉米品种耐阴性指标的筛选与评价

采用大田试验,研究了24个玉米品种在50%遮光处理下的形态、生理与产量性状的变化.结果表明：与自然光照相比,遮光处理后,玉米的株高降低,茎粗减小,雌雄间隔期延长,净光合速率减小,比叶重减小,地上部干物质量减少,果穗缩短变细,穗轴直径减小,行粒数减少,籽粒产量显著降低,其中雌雄间隔期、净光合速率、比叶重和行粒数变化的百分率与地上部干物质量和籽粒产量减少的百分率之间呈显著或极显著相关,可作为田间鉴定玉米耐阴性的有效指标.采用综合耐阴性状作为评价参数,经聚类分析表明,郑单958、浚单20、登海602等14个品种属耐阴型品种,安玉12、豫玉22等10个品种属非耐阴型品种.表明以形态、生理指标结合产量性状来评价玉米耐阴性较为客观,且简单易行.     

不同番茄种质的耐涝能力评价

为了筛选出耐涝能力良好的番茄(Solanum)种质,以50份番茄种质作为研究对象,比较其在半淹及全淹处理后的成活率和各项生理指标,筛选出12个在7 d全淹处理后存活率为100%的耐涝型番茄种质,发现耐涝型番茄种质在普通番茄(S. lycopersicum)、樱桃番茄(S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)和醋栗番茄(S. pimpinellifolium)中均有分布;进一步对耐涝型番茄TK017和淹水敏感型番茄TK039的分析表明耐涝型番茄TK017在全淹胁迫下能够更有效地控制体内活性氧含量,从而提高番茄的耐涝能力。     

长江下游不同类型水稻分蘖期耐淹能力比较

在分蘖期对长江下游稻作区主栽的9个水稻品种进行大田模拟没顶淹涝处理,研究淹涝胁迫对水稻植株农艺性状、生理指标和产量性状的影响,比较分析了常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和杂交粳稻对淹水胁迫环境适应性的差异.结果表明:淹水胁迫4d后,水稻株高及顶部全展3片叶长均比对照有不同程度的增加,伸长程度为杂交粳稻＞杂交籼稻＞常规粳稻.杂交粳稻的茎蘖数、绿叶数和地上部干质量损失率分别为18.0％、41.4％、13.2％,显著小于常规粳稻;杂交籼稻则介于杂交粳稻和常规粳稻之间,且整株死亡率显著低于常规粳稻.常规粳稻叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量比对照增加1.91 μmol·g-1 FM,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显降低;杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻MDA含量分别降低2.32和2.10 μmol·g-1 FM,SOD和CAT活性显著提高.不同类型品种的减产程度差异显著,常规粳稻的产量损失率达到38.5％,显著高于杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻,杂交粳稻产量损失率仅为4.1％.长江下游水稻分蘖期的耐淹涝能力为杂交粳稻强于杂交籼稻,常规粳稻的耐淹能力最低.     

成都地区19个木芙蓉品种的孢粉学研究及其分类学意义

为了解成都地区木芙蓉(Hibiscus mutabilis)品种间的亲缘关系,采用扫描电镜观察了19个木芙蓉品种的花粉显微结构,并探讨其分类学意义.结果表明,19个木芙蓉品种的花粉均为大粒,主要为圆球形,具散孔,外壁纹饰均为刺状纹饰,表面具有颗粒状突起.木芙蓉品种间在花粉粒大小、外壁纹饰上具有一定差异,可以作为品种分类...     

涝渍逆境下玉米根系苹果酸代谢与耐涝性的关系

耐涝玉米品种根系淹水后可各累一定量的苹果酸,与水稻结果相似;而不耐涝品种则不能积累苹果酸,淹水对玉米根系草酰乙酸和内酮酸的影响与品种的耐涝性无关。淹水的玉米根系苹果酸酶和乙醇脱氢酶活性增加,线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性降低,耐涝品种增减幅度较小。     

Waterlogging responses of Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth.

Summary Flooding responses in Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth., a perennial C₄ grass, propagated from plants collected on the fringes of a mangrove swamp, were examined in a glasshouse study over 42 days. Flooding significantly reduced soil redox potential, induced adventitious root development, shifted resource allocation from below- to above-ground components without affecting total biomass accumulation and significantly decreased below-ground/above-ground biomass ratios. Although soil waterlogging significantly increased alcohol dehydrogenase activity (ADH) after 30 h, significant increase in central air space by 45–50% of the cross-sectional stem area eliminated root hypoxia, and ADH activity decreased to levels equivalent to drained controls after 42 days. In addition, flooded plants exhibited significantly higher carbon dioxide assimilation rates but similar relative growth rates (RGR) to drained controls. The results indicate that S. virginicus responds to water-logging by a combination of metabolic, morphological and anatomical mechanisms, which may account for its widespread distribution in coastal lagoons, estuaries and marshes.     

甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜属间杂种后代的苗期耐湿性综合评价

以生产上应用的耐湿性存在差异的3个甘蓝型油菜品种为对照,采用盆栽模拟湿害胁迫的方法,对15份源自甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜属间杂交获得的遗传稳定的创新种质进行苗期耐湿性鉴定和综合评价。结果显示:(1)湿害抑制根系生长,导致植株变矮,叶片发黄,生物量降低,湿害对根系影响最为严重,其次是植株总生物量积累和地上部分的生长。(2)通过主成分分析和隶属函数法,将全展叶数、绿叶率、苗高、根长、地上部分鲜重、根鲜重、植株总鲜重、地上部分干重、根干重和植株总干重等10个性状指标值转化成单一的综合评价值(D值),客观、科学、准确地对参试的18份材料进行了综合评价,为甘蓝型油菜苗期耐湿性评价提供了方法参考。(3)15份创新种质除绿叶率外的9个测定指标的耐湿性系数均高于对照品种,耐湿性综合评价结果显示,15份创新种质的D值均高于渝黄2号,13份创新种质的D值高于综合抗耐性俱佳的中油821,3份创新种质的D值高于高耐湿品种中双9号,聚类得到的高耐湿类群的7份材料中创新种质占6份(85.71%)。可见,创新种质的耐湿性平均要优于对照品种,说明通过远缘杂交获得的创新种质对甘蓝型油菜的耐湿性有了较为明显的改良和提高。     

Relationship between morphological and physiological responses to waterlogging and salinity in Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth

The effects of waterlogging and salinity on morphological and physiological responses in the marsh grass Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth were investigated in a 4×2 factorial experiment. Plants were subjected to four salinity levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 mol m^–3 NaCl) and two soil inundation conditions (drained and flooded) for 42 days. Flooding at 0 mol m^–3 NaCl caused initiation of adventitious surface roots, increased internal acration and plant height, induced alcohol dehydrogenase activity (ADH), and decreased belowground biomass and the number of culms per plant. Salinity increase from 0 to 400 mol m^–3 NaCl under drained conditions increased leaf and root proline concentrations and decreased photosynthesis, aboveground biomass, number of culms per plant and number of internodes per culm. Concurrent waterlogging and salinity induced ADH activity and adventitious surface roots but decreased plant height and aboveground biomass. Internal air space increased with waterlogging from 0 to 100 mol m^–3 NaCl but further increases in salinity to 400 mol m^–3 reduced air space. Combined waterlogging and salinity stresses, however, had no effect on photosynthesis or on the concentrations of proline in leaves or roots. These results are discussed in relation to the widespread colonization by S. virginicus of a wide range of coastal environments varying in soil salinity and in the frequency and intensity of waterlogging.     

Morpho-anatomical and physiological responses to waterlogging stress in different barley (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hordeum vulgare</Emphasis> L.) genotypes

Waterlogging is one of the major stresses limiting crop production worldwide. The understanding of the mechanisms of plant adaptations to waterlogging stress helps improve plant tolerance to stress. In this study, physiological responses and morpho-anatomical adaptations of seven different barley genotypes were investigated under waterlogging stress. The results showed that the waterlogging-tolerant varieties (TX9425, Yerong, TF58) showed less reduction in plant height, SPAD (soil–plant analyses development analyses) value, tillers, shoot and root biomasses than did the waterlogging-sensitive varieties (Franklin, Naso Nijo, TF57). Under waterlogging stress condition, the tolerant genotypes also showed a much larger number of adventitious roots than did the sensitive genotypes. More intercellular spaces and better integrated chloroplast membrane structures were observed in the leaves of the waterlogging-tolerant cultivars, which is likely due to increased ethylene content, decreased ABA content and less accumulation of O₂^.?. The ability to form new adventitious roots and intercellular spaces in shoots can also be used as selection criteria in breeding barley for waterlogging tolerance.     

柴胡幼苗越冬抗寒性及其相关生理指标筛选

以北柴胡、地产柴胡、三岛柴胡的根为试验材料,以早春植株成活率为越冬抗寒性指标,测定越冬期不同柴胡品种根系生理生化特征,进行柴胡抗寒性综合评价,并对主要抗寒生理指标进行通径分析和相关性分析,以探讨冬季自然低温条件下柴胡生理特性与抗寒性的关系,筛选适合柴胡越冬抗寒性鉴定的生理指标。结果表明:(1)北柴胡、地产柴胡、三岛柴胡返青期的返青率依次为80%、50%、10%,且各品种间差异显著。(2)3个品种柴胡越冬期根系可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力与返青率大小顺序一致,其中北柴胡根系游离脯氨酸平均含量分别为地产柴胡和三岛柴胡的2.44倍和4.49倍,且可溶性蛋白含量显著高于地产柴胡、三岛柴胡,但3个品种柴胡的相对电导率、丙二醛含量水平与返青率大小顺序相反。(3)自然越冬过程中,各柴胡品种的根系活力均呈下降趋势,且以三岛柴胡根系活力下降幅度最大,达80%,而北柴胡根系活力下降幅度最小为52.04%。(4)越冬期3个柴胡品种的越冬抗寒性综合排序为:北柴胡地产柴胡三岛柴胡;柴胡根中脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量与综合评价值呈极显著正相关关系,相对电导率与综合评价值呈显著负相关关系;生理指标决策系数的大小顺序依次为脯氨酸含量可溶性蛋白含量电导率。研究表明,越冬期柴胡根系游离脯氨酸含量是影响其抗寒性的主要影响因素,其含量可作为评价柴胡抗寒性的指标。     

Seed Film Coating with Uniconazole Improves Rape Seedling Growth in Relation to Physiological Changes Under Waterlogging Stress

Waterlogging is an important constraint of global production of rape. The effects of seed film coating with 0.0075% uniconazole on the growth and physiology was investigated using seedlings from three varieties of rape (Brassica napus L.) subjected to waterlogging. While seed coating with uniconazole had no significant effect on germination percentage during waterlogging stress, it enhanced root vigour, increased root length, root volume and root dry weight. It also significantly enhanced leaf dry weight and ratio of root to shoot, but induced a significant decrease in shoot height and stem dry weight. Seed film coating with uniconazole also significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, POD, CAT and SOD, and soluble sugar concentration during waterlogging. Thus, it suggests that seed film coating with uniconazole at a suitable concentration can improve rape seedling growth and increase seedling establishment during waterlogging.     

不同小麦品种(系)耐湿性的综合评价

把小麦各性状的耐湿系数作为衡量各单项耐湿能力大小的指标,用主成分分析将各单项耐湿系数综合成几个新的相互独立的综合指标,再利用隶属函数求出综合指标的隶属值。这样,通过各小麦品种（系）的隶属值可求出各品种（系）耐湿性度量值后,可以较准确地评价各小麦品种（系）的耐湿性。     

花生抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选与评价

为确定鉴定花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种(系)抗旱性指标体系, 综合评价花生品种(系)的抗旱性, 在人工控水条件下, 通过盆栽试验, 测定了29个花生品种(系)苗期和花针期的株高、分枝数、生物累积量、叶片含水量和光合色素含量等与抗旱性有关的13个表观形态性状和生理性状的指标, 采用抗旱系数法和隶属函数值法, 对各指标性状进行了水分胁迫下的抗性评价和鉴定。结果表明, 29个花生品种(系)可划分为抗旱性较强、中等、较弱和不抗旱4类, 其中‘唐科8号’、‘冀花2号’、‘大唐油’、‘花育25号’、‘花育17号’、‘鲁花14号’、‘丰花1号’ 7个品种(系)具有较强的抗旱能力; 苗期同一品种(系)的主茎高、分枝数和生物累积量等形态指标和光合色素等生理指标的隶属函数值均有较大差别, 苗期各指标隶属函数值与品种(系)抗旱性无显著相关关系, 苗期单一形态指标不能作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标; 但苗期抗旱性综合评价值(D)与抗旱系数间存在显著相关关系, D的大小可作为抗旱性的鉴定指标。花针期形态指标和生理指标D值间, 以及各类指标D值与抗旱系数间均存在显著或极显著的相关关系, 此期植株形态指标、生理指标隶属函数值以及综合D值均可作为鉴定品种(系)抗旱性的指标。     

Waterlogging injury in sorghum seedlings and their kinetin effected rapid recovery

Short term waterlogging affected the growth of sorghum seedlings as indicated by a high mortality rate of the seedlings and a decrease in the shoot and root biomass, net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), relative growth rate (RGR), total photosynthetic area and rate of photosynthesis. Plant resistance to the stress was exhibited by decreased stomatal index (SI), rate of transpiration and rate of respiration. When the stressed plants were exposed to normal conditions, the recovery of the seedlings was rapid and was enhanced by foliar application of kinetin at 5 mgl^-1.