熊果酸对糖尿病小鼠心肌病变的作用及其机制

目的：研究熊果酸对高脂饮食结合小剂量链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病小鼠心肌病的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：雄性ICR小鼠30只,随机分为对照组（n=10）和造模组（n=20）,对照组和造模组分别以普通饲料及高脂饲料饲养,连续6周。造模组腹腔注射STZ连续5 d,对照组腹腔注射相应溶剂,9 d后测空腹血糖（FBG）,高于11.1 mmol/L视为糖尿病模型。20只成功造模小鼠随机分为模型组和熊果酸组（n=10）。各组连续灌胃给药（熊果酸100 mg/kg或相应溶剂）8周。测定FBG、体重、全心重和左心室重,计算心脏质量指数（HMI）和左室质量指数（LVMI）;测定血清肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平;测定心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和丙二醛（MDA）含量;HE染色观察心肌病理改变;免疫组化法测定NOD样受体蛋白3（NLRP3）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）的蛋白质表达。结果：与正常组比较,模型组HMI、LVMI、FBG、CK、LDH、MDA水平显著升高;SOD活力显著降低。HE染色显示,模型组小鼠心肌纤维排列紊乱,细胞水肿、肥大,细胞间质大量炎性细胞浸润;免疫组化显示,模型组小鼠心肌组织NLRP3和IL-1β蛋白质表达显著增加;熊果酸组小鼠的上述变化明显改善。结论：熊果酸对高脂饲料结合小剂量链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠心肌损伤有明显的改善作用,其机制与抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化,减少IL-1β生成,减轻心肌组织炎性损伤有关。     

山茱萸总萜对糖尿病小鼠心肌病变的保护作用

目的:研究山茱萸总萜(TFC)对糖尿病小鼠心肌病变的保护作用。方法:雄性小鼠一次性腹腔注射四氧嘧啶220 mg/kg造成糖尿病模型。第15天后将血糖高于13.9 mmol/L的小鼠随机分为模型组和TFC组。药物以生理盐水混悬后灌胃(P.O,80 mg/kg),连续8周。结果:与正常组比较,模型组的心脏脏器系数升高;心肌组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力明显下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显升高,肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNFα-)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)升高;病理学显示模型组心肌细胞排列紊乱、肿胀,细胞间隙增大,可见炎症细胞和成纤维细胞浸润,TFC组明显得到改善。结论:山茱萸总萜对四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病小鼠心肌损伤有明显的改善作用,其机制可能与降血糖、抗氧化及炎症因子有关。     

熊果酸对糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的作用及其可能机制

目的：研究熊果酸对高脂饲料联合链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病小鼠肝损伤的影响,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：随机选取20只小鼠高脂饲料喂养6周后,STZ （30 mg/kg）腹腔注射连续5 d,9 d后测空腹血糖,大于11.1 mmol/L视为糖尿病模型,将其随机分为模型组和熊果酸组（100 mg/kg）（n=10）;另取10只小鼠设为对照组。连续给药8周。小鼠称重,测定空腹血糖（FBG）,血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）含量,谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,丙二醛（MDA）含量,HE染色观察肝组织病理变化。结果：模型组与对照组比较,FBG、血清TC、TG含量,ALT、AST活性、MDA含量明显升高（P<0.05,P<0.01）;SOD活性明显降低（P<0.01）;HE染色显示部分肝细胞水肿,轻度脂肪变性,门管区可见淋巴细胞浸润。熊果酸组与模型组比较,FBG,血清TC、TG含量,ALT、AST活性、MDA含量明显降低（P<0.05,P<0.01）;SOD活性明显升高（P<0.01）;HE染色显示熊果酸组肝细胞排列较为整齐,水肿不明显,淋巴细胞少量存在。结论：熊果酸对高脂饲料联合STZ诱导的糖尿病小鼠肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与降血糖、调节血脂、降低肝组织氧化应激水平,提高肝脏抗氧化能力有关。     

西格列汀对糖尿病小鼠心肌重构和自噬的影响及其机制

目的: 探讨西格列汀对糖尿病小鼠心肌重构和自噬的影响和可能的机制。方法: 10周龄的C57小鼠腹腔注射STZ 50 mg/(kg·d),连续注射5 d,7 d测血糖浓度＞16.7 mmol/L视为糖尿病小鼠造模成功,造模成功4周后给与药物干预。本实验分四组,对照组(control, 腹腔注射等体积的缓冲液, n=10)、模型组(Streptozocin, STZ腹腔注射诱导糖尿病模型,n=8)、处理组(在模型组基础上给与西格列汀灌胃10 mg/(kg·d),n=8)、抑制剂组(在处理组的基础上给与腹腔注射Compound C (AMPK通路抑制剂,10 mg/(kg·d),n=8),对照组腹腔注射等体积缓冲液,6周后称体重,处死,取小鼠心脏并分离心室称重,计算心室/体重比,HE染色观察心肌细胞形态,Masson染色观察纤维化程度,Western blot 检测心肌脑钠肽(BNP)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)、AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPK)、LC3B蛋白表达。结果: 给药6周后,与对照组相比,模型组小鼠体重没有明显改变,心室/体重比明显增加(P＜0.05),苏木素-伊红(HE)染色显示细胞增大,Masson染色显示心肌间隙纤维化增多,BNP、TGF-β蛋白明显升高,Cx43、LC3B、AMPK蛋白下降(P＜0.05)。与模型组相比,西格列汀组BNP、TGF-β蛋白明显下降,Cx43、LC3B、AMPK蛋白增多(P＜0.05)。然而Compound C会抑制Cx43、LC3B、AMPK蛋白表达的上调(P＜ 0.05)。结论: 西格列汀可以改善糖尿病小鼠心肌肥厚和纤维化,并且可以通过AMPK相关通路调节Cx43和自噬。     

格列齐特对糖尿病大鼠心肌的保护作用及其机制*

目的: 观察格列齐特对糖尿病大鼠心肌保护作用及其可能的机制。方法: 将60只健康SD大鼠随机分为正常组(NC,n=10),造模组(n=50)给予高糖高脂饲料4周后,腹腔注射STZ(45 mg/kg)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随机抽取以FBG≥16.7 mmol/L作为糖尿病模型建立成功。将造模成功的38只糖尿病大鼠随机分为模型组(MC,n=9)、格列齐特组(Glic,80 mg/kg,n=10)、格列本脲组(Glib,2.5 mg/kg,n=10)、法舒地尔组(Fas,10 mg/kg,n=9);NC组和MC组灌胃等容积蒸馏水,Glic组和Glib组灌胃给药,Fas组采用腹腔注射。各组大鼠每天给药一次,每周记录体质量及空腹血糖(FBG),持续8周。实验结束时取血并测定心脏质量,计算心脏质量指数(HWI);测定各组糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)含量以及血清丙二醛(MDA)水平和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;通过HE和Masson染色,观察心肌病理变化和组织胶原纤维水平;TUNEL染色观察并计算心肌细胞凋亡率;Western blot法检测心肌组织中RhoA、ROCK1、eNOS、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果: 与NC组比较,MC组FBG、HWI、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、MDA水平,心肌组织胶原沉积和心肌细胞凋亡率以及心肌组织中RhoA、ROCK1、Bax蛋白明显升高,SOD活性及HDL-C、eNOS、Bcl-2和体重显著降低(P＜0.01);与MC组相比,Glic组FBG、HWI、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C和MDA等指标明显下降,心肌组织胶原沉积及心肌细胞凋亡减轻,心肌组织RhoA、ROCK1、Bax蛋白表达下调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),大鼠体重和血清中SOD活性,HDL-C升高,eNOS、Bcl-2蛋白水平升高(P＜0.01或P＜0.05)。与Glic组相比,Glib组与Fas组体重、血脂、FBG、HWI、MDA以及心肌纤维化和心肌细胞凋亡水平升高,SOD和Bcl-2降低,Glib组心肌组织RhoA、ROCK1、Bax蛋白表达上调(P＜0.01或P＜0.05)。结论: 格列齐特可改善糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤并减轻心肌细胞凋亡水平,其机制可能与降低血糖,改善氧化应激状态,调控RhoA/ROCK1/eNOS信号通路有关。     

外源性H2S对糖尿病小鼠肝纤维化的作用及其机制*

目的: 探讨外源性硫化氢(H₂S)对糖尿病小鼠肝纤维化作用及其相关机制。方法: 将 C57 雄性体重为(22±2)g 24只小鼠随机分为3组(n=8):①正常对照组(Control):小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,注射时间同实验组;②糖尿病模型组(HG):按体重(150 mg/kg)一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导小鼠建立糖尿病模型;③NaHS 处理组(HG + NaHS):方法同组别②,只是糖尿病模型建立后,腹腔注射NaHS(100 μmol/L·kg·d),每天一次,连续12周。HE染色检测肝细胞损伤;Masson染色检测肝纤维化;Western blot检测相关蛋白胱硫醚-β-合成酶(CBS,内源性H₂S产生的关键酶)、胶原I (Col-I)、胶原III (Col-III)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达。结果: 与对照组比较,糖尿病模型组肝细胞损伤及肝纤维化均显著加重,CBS 蛋白表达显著减少(P＜0.01),Col-I、Col-III和MMP-9蛋白表达均显著增加(P＜0.01)。与糖尿病模型组比较,NaHS处理组肝细胞损伤及肝纤维化均显著减轻、CBS 蛋白表达显著增加、Col-I、Col-III和MMP-9蛋白表达均减少(P＜0.01)。结论: 外源性H₂S可抑制糖尿病小鼠肝纤维化,其机制与降低胶原含量和基质金属蛋白酶-9的表达相关。     

外源性精胺对糖尿病肾病小鼠肾纤维化的影响及其机制

目的: 观察外源性精胺对糖尿病肾病(DN)肾纤维化的保护作用,并探讨其机制。方法: 24 只雄性 C57 小鼠随机分为正常组(Control)、糖尿病组(T1D)和精胺预处理组(T1D+Sp,每组 n=8)。一次性注射 STZ(60 mg/kg)复制 1 型糖尿病小鼠模型,精胺预处理组在 STZ 注射前两周每天腹腔注射精胺(Sp,5 mg/(kg·d)),随后隔天注射精胺,第 12 周处死小鼠,检测血清肌酐、尿素氮判断肾功能变化,HE、PAS 和 Masson 染色观察肾组织损伤和纤维化水平。Western blot 法检测小鼠肾组织中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2、MMP-9)、IV型胶原(Coll-IV)蛋白的表达。结果: 与 Control 相比,T1D 组血糖(5.67±0.22 vs 28.40±0.57 mmol/L)、肌酐(14.33±1.22 vs 30.67±4.73 μmol/L)、尿素氮(6.93±4.94 vs 22.00±1.04 mmol/L)明显升高(P＜0.05),肾组织基底膜增厚,胶原含量明显增加,MMP-2、MMP-9 和 Coll-IV 蛋白表达均升高(分别为 0.57±0.07 vs 1.06±0.20、47.00±0.04 vs 1.29±0.09和0.42±0.16 vs 0.95±0.18,P＜0.05),精胺预处理明显减轻上述变化。结论: 外源性精胺预处理通过调节 MMPs 与胶原的平衡减轻 DN 小鼠的肾纤维化。     

精胺对高糖引起的大鼠心肌纤维化的影响及其机制

目的: 观察精胺对糖尿病心肌病(DCM)及高糖处理的心肌成纤维细胞(CFs)的保护作用并探讨其机制。方法: ①动物实验:24 只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组(Control),糖尿病组(T1D)和精胺组(T1D+Sp),每组8只。采用一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,60 mg/kg)复制 1 型糖尿病大鼠模型,精胺组在 STZ 注射前两周每天腹腔注射精胺(Sp,5 mg/(kg·d)),随后隔天注射,饲养至 12 周。检测各组大鼠血糖、胰岛素水平、射血分数(EF)和缩短分数(FS),并对大鼠心脏组织进行 Masson 染色和 Sirius red 染色。②细胞实验:出生1～3 d的大鼠心脏提取原代 CFs,随机分为正常组(Control),高糖组(HG)和精胺组(HG+Sp,每组 n=6)。高糖(HG,40 mmol/L)处理 CFs 复制细胞模型,精胺组在高糖处理前给予Sp(5 μmol/L)预处理30 min。CCK8检测细胞活性,ELISA法检测培养基中胶原含量,Western blot 测定细胞周期相关蛋白(PCNA、CyclinD1 及 P27)的表达。结果: 与 Control 组相比,T1D 大鼠血糖显著上升,胰岛素水平和心脏功能降低;染色结果显示心肌胶原含量增加。同时,HG 组细胞活力与培养基中胶原含量明显增加,PCNA、CyclinD1 表达上调,而 P27 表达下调。精胺能减轻上述变化,表现为改善心脏功能,调节细胞周期蛋白表达和减轻心肌纤维化水平。结论: 精胺可减轻糖尿病心肌病心肌纤维化的发生,其机制可能与调节细胞周期有关。     

小鼠心肌纤维化模型的制备及其胶原沉积的机制

目的 建立缺血性心肌纤维化小鼠模型并探讨其胶原沉积机制.方法 将BALB/c小鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组10只.实验组予以腹部皮下注射异丙肾上腺素50 ms/kg,每天2次,连续10 d.对照组同法注射生理盐水.对比体表心电图,45 d后处死小鼠,天狼猩红染色观察心脏Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原纤维含量,荧光定量PCR检测心脏基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂一1(TIMP-1)基因表达,免疫组化染色分析心、肝、肾组织层粘连蛋白(LN)的表达.结果 实验组小鼠室性心律失常增多,心率加快(P<0.05);心脏胶原沉积较多,MMP-9、TIMP-1、LN表达上调(P<0.05),肝、肾组织LN无明显改变(P>0.05).结论 异丙肾上腺素能制备缺血性心肌纤维化小鼠模型,其机制与MMP-TIMP失衡有关.     

糖尿病心肌病发病机制的研究进展

糖尿病心肌病是一种特异性心肌病,病理表现为心肌肥厚和心肌纤维化。其发病机制复杂,可能涉及代谢紊乱(如葡萄糖转运子活性下降、游离脂肪酸增加、钙平衡调节异常、铜代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗)、心肌纤维化(与高血糖、心肌细胞凋亡、血管紧张素Ⅱ、胰岛素样生长因子-1、炎性细胞因子和基质金属蛋白酶等有关)、心脏自主神经病变和干细胞等多种因素。本文对近年来国内外有关糖尿病心肌病机制研究的进展予以综述,以期为临床有效防治提供依据。     

阿魏酸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白表达的影响

目的：研究阿魏酸（FA）对链脲佐菌素（STZ）致糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞损伤的影响,并探讨其可能的机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠尾静脉一次性注射STZ （40 mg/kg,i.v.）,72 h后将血糖高于16.7 mmol/L者视为糖尿病造模成功,将其随机分为模型组、阿魏酸组,每组10只;另取10只雄性SD大鼠作为对照组;阿魏酸组（100 mg/kg,i.g.,qd）,从大鼠血糖升高第5周开始给药,连续8周。测定空腹血糖、体重、肾脏脏器系数、血清尿素氮、肌酐含量;HE染色观察肾组织病理变化;免疫组化测定肾组织nephrin、podocin蛋白表达。结果：与对照组比较,模型组肾脏脏器系数增大,肾功能下降;病理学显示肾脏细胞萎缩,排列不整齐,并伴有间质增生;足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白表达明显减少,阿魏酸组明显改善上述指标。结论：阿魏酸具有改善STZ致糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能的作用,其机制可能与上调肾脏足细胞nephrin、podocin蛋白表达有关。     

Decoding telomere protein Rap1: Its telomeric and nontelomeric functions and potential implications in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Mammalian Rap1, the most conserved telomere-interacting protein, beyond its role within nucleus for the maintenance of telomeric functions, is also well known for its pleiotropic functions in various physiological and pathological conditions associated with metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress. For all these, nowadays Rap1 is the subject of critical investigations aimed to unveil its molecular signaling pathways and to scrutinize the applicability of its modulation as a promising therapeutic strategy with clinical relevance. However, the underlying intimate mechanisms of Rap1 are not extensively studied, but any modulation of this protein level has been associated with pathologies like inflammation, oxidative stress and deregulated metabolism. This is considerably important in light of the recent discovery of Rap1 modulation in diseases like cancer and cardiac metabolic disorders. In this review, we focus on both the telomeric and nontelomeric functions of Rap1 and its modulation in various health risks, especially on the heart.     

Allopurinol reduces oxidative stress and activates Nrf2/p62 to attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats

Allopurinol (ALP) attenuates oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the mechanism is unclear. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) following the disassociation with its repressor Keap1 under oxidative stress can maintain inner redox homeostasis and attenuate DCM with concomitant attenuation of autophagy. We postulated that ALP treatment may activate Nrf2 to mitigate autophagy over‐activation and consequently attenuate DCM. Streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic rats were untreated or treated with ALP (100 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks and terminated after heart function measurements by echocardiography and pressure‐volume conductance system. Cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells infected with Nrf2 siRNA or not were incubated with high glucose (HG, 25 mmol/L) concomitantly with ALP treatment. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured with colorimetric enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. ROS, apoptosis, was assessed by dihydroethidium staining and TUNEL, respectively. The Western blot and qRT‐PCR were used to assess protein and mRNA variations. Diabetic rats showed significant reductions in heart rate (HR), left ventricular eject fraction (LVEF), stroke work (SW) and cardiac output (CO), left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVVs) as compared to non‐diabetic control and ALP improved or normalized HR, LVEF, SW, CO and LVVs in diabetic rats (all P < .05). Hearts of diabetic rats displayed excessive oxidative stress manifested as increased levels of 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide anion production, increased apoptotic cell death and cardiomyocytes autophagy that were concomitant with reduced expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and Keap1. ALP reverted all the above‐mentioned diabetes‐induced biochemical changes except that it did not affect the levels of Keap1. In vitro, ALP increased Nrf2 and reduced the hyperglycaemia‐induced increases of H9C2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, and enhanced cellular viability. Nrf2 gene silence cancelled these protective effects of ALP in H9C2 cells. Activation of Nrf2 subsequent to the suppression of Keap1 and the mitigation of autophagy over‐activation may represent major mechanisms whereby ALP attenuates DCM.     

Attenuation of diabetic cardiomyopathy by relying on kirenol to suppress inflammation in a diabetic rat model

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by diabetes‐induced myocardial abnormalities, accompanied by inflammatory response and alterations in inflammation‐related signalling pathways. Kirenol, isolated from Herba Siegesbeckiae, has potent anti‐inflammatory properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effect of kirenol against DCM and underlying the potential mechanisms in a type 2 diabetes mellitus model. Kirenol treatment significantly decreased high glucose‐induced cardiofibroblasts proliferation and increased the cardiomyocytes viability, prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and further attenuated cardiomyocytes apoptosis, accompanied by a reduction in apoptosis‐related protein expression. Kirenol gavage could affect the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in a dose‐dependent manner but not lower lipid profiles, and only decrease fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin and mean HbA1c levels in high‐dose kirenol‐treated group at some time‐points. Left ventricular dysfunction, hypertrophy, fibrosis and cell apoptosis, as structural and functional abnormalities, were ameliorated by kirenol administration. Moreover, in diabetic hearts, oral kirenol significantly attenuated activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase subfamily and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and Smad2/3 and decreased phosphorylation of IκBα and both fibrosis‐related and apoptosis‐related proteins. In an Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the binding activities of NF‐κB, Smad3/4, SP1 and AP‐1 in the nucleus of diabetic myocardium were significantly down‐regulated by kirenol treatment. Additionally, high dose significantly enhanced myocardial Akt phosphorylation without intraperitoneal injection of insulin. Kirenol may have potent cardioprotective effects on treating for the established diabetic cardiomyopathy, which involves the inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis‐related signalling pathways and is independent of lowering hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia and lipid profiles.     

miR-34a attenuates myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice via targeting Pin-1

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of microRNA (miR)-34a on myocardial fibrosis in DCM and its potential mechanism of targeting Pin-1 signaling. Vimentin and Pin-1 proteins in mouse cardiac tissues were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization was used to measure miR-34a expression in cardiac tissues. Primary mouse cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were transfected with a mimics control/miR-34a mimics or Pin-1 plasmid and cultured in high-glucose (HG) Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The miR-34a levels were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The apoptosis and viability of transfected cells were detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays respectively. A cell migration experiment and dual-luciferase reporter assay were also performed. The body weight and fasting blood glucose of DCM mice were significantly higher than those in the control (CTL) group. In addition, DCM mice had decreased serum insulin levels and impaired cardiac function. The number of CFs in the DCM group was higher than in the CTL group and Pin-1 expression was upregulated. The expression level of miR-34a in the cardiac tissue of mice in the DCM group was obviously downregulated compared with the CTL group. The HG stimulation of CFs for 48 h significantly downregulated the expression level of miR-34a and was associated with increased Type I collagen expression, cell viability, and migration and decreased apoptosis. However, these effects could be reversed by overexpressing miR-34a in HG-induced CFs. Furthermore, we found that Pin-1 was a direct target of miR-34a. Our results suggest that miR-34a can attenuate myocardial fibrosis in DCM by reducing Type I collagen production, cell viability, and migration and increasing the apoptosis of CFs by targeting Pin-1 signaling.