酪酸梭菌活菌对防治婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻安全性和有效性的Meta分析CSCD

目的 系统评价酪酸梭菌活菌对预防和治疗婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的安全性和有效性,为临床用药提供参考。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Wanfang Data和CNKI,搜集有关酪酸梭菌活菌对预防和治疗婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻的随机对照试验(RCTs),检索时限均从建库至2021年6月。由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取文献并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3和Stata 14.0进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入29篇RCTs,包括4 096例患儿。Meta分析结果显示:与对照组相比,酪酸梭菌活菌组患儿抗生素相关性腹泻发生率降低了71%[RR=0.29,95%CI(0.25,0.34),P<0.01],腹泻持续时间减少了1.87 d[WMD=-1.87,95%CI(-2.11,-1.63)],住院时间减少了1.96 d[RR=-1.96,95%CI(-2.22,-1.70)],差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两组患儿极少数出现轻微不良反应,主要是恶心呕吐、四肢酸软、皮疹。结论 当前证据表明,酪酸梭菌活菌可以有效治疗和预防婴幼儿抗生素相关性腹泻,安全性好,不良反应少。受纳入质量限制,上述结论尚待更多高质量研究予以验证。     

生命早期益生菌干预预防儿童过敏性疾病的Meta分析CSCD

目的 系统评价生命早期益生菌干预预防儿童过敏性疾病的疗效。方法 采用计算机检索万方、中国知网、CBM、PubMed、Cochrane library、Embase和Web of science数据库有关生命早期益生菌干预对儿童过敏性疾病预防作用的随机对照试验研究,检索时间为建库至2020年9月,应用Stata 11.0软件对纳入研究进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入36篇随机对照试验文献。Meta分析结果显示,生命早期益生菌干预对预防湿疹(RR=0.84,95%CI:0.73~0.98,P=0.022)和食物过敏(RR=0.82,95%CI:0.68~0.98,P=0.028)作用显著,但对预防哮喘(RR=0.92,95%CI:0.80~1.06,P=0.231)、喘息(RR=0.98,95%CI:0.89~1.07,P=0.635)、过敏性鼻炎(RR=0.99,95%CI:0.78~1.26,P=0.945)和过敏性鼻结膜炎(RR=1.13,95%CI:0.86~1.49,P=0.376)无显著作用。结论 生命早期益生菌干预对儿童湿疹、食物过敏具有预防作用,但对哮喘、喘息、过敏性鼻炎和过敏性鼻结膜炎无预防作用,对于其机制仍需进一步研究。     

布拉酵母菌制剂辅助治疗艰难拟梭菌相关腹泻有效性和安全性的系统评价

目的 评估布拉酵母菌（Saccharomyces boulardii,S. boulardii）制剂辅助治疗艰难拟梭菌相关腹泻（Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea,CDAD）的有效性和安全性。方法 首先通过计算机检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library数据库中发表的有关布拉酵母菌治疗CDAD的临床随机对照试验;然后按照纳入及排除标准进行文献筛选、质量评价和数据提取,并根据干预措施的不同将纳入研究对象分为试验组（抗生素联合口服布拉酵母菌制剂治疗）和对照组（抗生素联用或不联用安慰剂治疗）,利用Review Manager 5.4软件对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析,最后利用Stata 12.0软件对纳入文献各结局指标的发表偏倚进行定量评估。结果 共纳入9篇文献,包含2 036例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组患者CDAD的整体患病率降低,差异有统计学意义（RR=0.47,95%CI:0.27～0.81,P=0.007）。亚组分析发现...     

酪酸梭菌辅助根除幽门螺杆菌感染的Meta分析

目的系统评价酪酸梭菌辅助根除幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)感染的疗效和安全性。方法计算机检索PubMed、CENTRAL(2016年7期)、CBM、CNKI、万方数据库、维普数据库,同时追溯纳入文献和相关综述的参考文献,收集关于酪酸梭菌辅助根除H.pylori感染的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时间均从建库至2016年7月30日。由两名评价员根据纳入排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、评价纳入研究的偏倚风险,采取RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入13个RCT,共1 372例患者(其中试验组742例,对照组630例)。Meta分析结果显示:与标准根除方案相比,酪酸梭菌辅助治疗组有利于提高H.pylori的根除率(RR=1.26,95%CI:1.18~1.34,P0.00001),并且降低总不良反应(RR=0.41,95%CI:0.32~0.52,P0.00001)、腹泻(RR=0.31,95%CI:0.16~0.58,P=0.0003)、味觉紊乱的发生率(RR=0.35,95%CI:0.17~0.73,P=0.005);然而,在腹胀、恶心的发生率上,酪酸梭菌辅助治疗组虽低于标准方案组,但差异无统计学意义。结论当前证据显示酪酸梭菌联合标准方案不仅可提高H.pylori的根除率,还能降低总不良反应、腹泻及味觉紊乱的发生。受纳入研究的质量和数量的限制,上述结论有待更多高质量的研究予以验证。     

益生菌对婴儿期特应性皮炎预防作用的系统评价

目的系统评价益生菌对婴儿期特应性皮炎的预防作用。方法计算机检索中英文数据库,检索时限从建库到2017年12月,收集益生菌对婴儿期特应性皮炎预防的临床随机对照试验的文献,由2名研究员筛选文献及质量评价,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入质量较高的20个研究,共3 701例患儿。结果显示:益生菌组特应性皮炎发生率低于对照组,两组差异具有统计学意义(RR=0.74,95%CI:0.64~0.86,P0.01)。进一步亚组分析后发现仅产前母亲或产后婴儿口服益生菌对婴儿期特应性皮炎无预防作用(RR=0.91,95%CI:0.62~1.33,P=0.62;RR=0.91,95%CI:0.71~1.16,P=0.43),而在两者均服用益生菌的比较中发现单独服用乳酸菌类或与其他益生菌混合服用同安慰剂组比较均具有预防作用(RR=0.70,95%CI:0.52~0.94,P0.05;RR=0.65,95%CI:0.50~0.86,P0.01)。结论孕母及产后婴儿均补充益生菌对婴儿期特应性皮炎具有预防作用,单独服用临床常用的乳酸菌类或与其他益生菌混合服用同样具有保护作用,但由于国内外菌株、种群差异等诸多因素,其对婴儿期特应性皮炎的保护机制在国内尚需进一步研究。     

益生菌制剂治疗2型糖尿病 临床疗效的Meta分析

目的系统评价益生菌制剂对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者空腹血糖、脂质代谢以及应激反应的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、维普期刊数据库和万方数据库。筛选关于糖尿病患者添加益生菌制剂相关性研究的中英文随机对照试验(RCT),进行纳入文献的资料提取和质量评价,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。对比益生菌组与对照组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)和C反应蛋白(CRP)指标。结果共纳入17项符合标准的RCTs,Meta分析结果显示:与对照组患者相比,益生菌制剂可显著降低T2DM患者FPG (SMD=-0.43,95%CI:-0.57～-0.28,P0.00001)、HbA1c (SMD=-0.47,95%CI:-0.82～-0.12,P=0.009)和TG (SMD=-0.31,95%CI:-0.51～-0.11,P=0.002)水平;TC (SMD=-0.63,95%CI:-1.46～0.20,P=0.13)、CRP (SMD=-0.59,95%CI:-1.41～0.22,P=0.15)在两组患者之间差异无统计学意义。结论益生菌制剂可改善T2DM患者血糖、血脂状况。     

益生菌制剂在防治艰难梭菌相关性腹泻上的应用及前景

益生菌制剂(probiotics)通过各种机制调节肠道微生态环境,在维持肠道微生态平衡及防治艰难梭菌相关性腹泻(Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea,CDAD)上有着巨大的潜力。目前各国均有相关产品推出,但其防治CDAD的效果参差不齐。本文就益生菌制剂防治CDAD作一知识性回顾,并对益生菌制剂防治CDAD的前景进行展望。     

国内益生菌制剂预防新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的Meta分析

目的系统评价益生菌制剂在预防新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的临床效果。方法计算机联机检索数据库,应用RevMan 5.3软件,对益生菌制剂治疗预防NEC的随机对照试验(RCT)所收集的数据资料进行Meta分析。结果纳入9篇RCT文献中包涵2 058例新生儿,对预防NEC的发生率进行Meta分析。结果显示益生菌制剂预防NEC的效果优于对照组[OR=0.20,95%CI(0.12,0.33),P0.000 01]。结论给予益生菌制剂治疗,可降低NEC的发生率。     

益生菌对结直肠癌术后 患者炎症因子影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价益生菌对结直肠癌术后患者炎症因子的影响。方法通过计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane、中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库和维普数据库,评价纳入的临床随机对照研究,应用ReMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入8个临床随机对照试验,共597例患者。Meta分析结果显示:与对照组相比,使用益生菌进行术前肠道准备,可以降低结直肠癌术后患者血清IL-6[SMD=-1.67,95%CI(-2.65,-0.68),P0.001]、TNF-α[SMD=-1.39,95%CI(-2.05,-0.73),P0.001]及CRP水平[SMD=-2.12,95%CI(-2.67,-1.56),P0.001]。结论使用益生菌进行术前肠道准备,可减轻结直肠癌术后患者炎症反应,但受纳入研究质量的限制,上述结论有待更多高质量研究验证。     

益生菌制剂对脑卒中患者肠道菌群及肠道功能影响的Meta分析

目的探讨益生菌制剂对脑卒中患者肠道菌群及肠道功能的影响。方法通过检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、CNKI、维普和万方数据库,收集各数据库从建库至2020年3月发表的所有关于脑卒中患者应用益生菌制剂的随机对照试验,由2名研究者独立筛选文献,按照系统评价的要求对文献质量进行评估,使用RevMan 5.3和Stata 14.0统计软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入19篇文献(1 528例患者),Meta分析结果显示,2组患者肠道中肠球菌的数量差异没有统计学意义[SMD=-0.74,95%CI(-1.64,0.17),P=0.110],而益生菌组患者肠道中大肠埃希菌的数量低于对照组[SMD=-1.27,95%CI(-1.81,-0.73),P0.001];益生菌组患者肠道中乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量高于对照组[SMD=1.50,95%CI(0.96,2.03),P0.001;SMD=1.66,95%CI(1.16,2.15),P0.001]。益生菌组患者血清中二胺氧化酶(DAO)和D-乳酸水平低于对照组[SMD=-1.76,95%CI(-2.39,-1.13),P0.001;SMD=-2.21,95%CI(-2.92,-1.51),P0.001];益生菌组患者粪便中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的量高于对照组[SMD=1.76,95%CI(0.84,2.68),P0.001]。结论在肠内营养的基础上添加益生菌制剂对脑卒中患者进行营养治疗,能够有效调节患者肠道菌群,改善患者的肠道功能。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.