四磨汤口服液对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响

目的探讨四磨汤对脾虚便秘疗效、肠道微生物和酶活性的影响。方法将18只实验小鼠随机分成模型组、正常对照组和治疗组,每组6只。对模型组和治疗组采用灌胃番泻叶水煎液7 d后控制饮食,饥饱失常8 d,进行小鼠脾虚便秘造模。造模结束后,模型组和正常对照组均用无菌水灌胃,治疗组用四磨汤口服液灌胃,共7 d,然后采集肠道内容物,分析肠道菌群及酶活性。结果模型组自然恢复后,肠道微生物(细菌总数、大肠埃希菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌和真菌)、纤维素酶活性、木聚糖酶活性、淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活性与正常对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05)。治疗组大肠埃希菌数和真菌数与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),达到正常对照组水平。细菌总数显著增加(P0.01),乳酸菌显著减少(P0.05),双歧杆菌数目显著增加(P0.01),治疗组纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性极显著低于正常对照组(P0.01),淀粉酶活性极显著高于正常对照组(P0.01),蛋白酶活性与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论四磨汤通过调控肠道菌群平衡,调整肠道酶活性来治疗脾虚便秘。     

小鼠脾虚便秘造模对肠道微生物及酶活性的影响

目的研究小鼠脾虚便秘造模对肠道微生物及酶活性的影响,为脾虚便秘的治疗提供基础。方法采用灌胃番泻叶水煎液7 d,然后控制饮食,饥饱失常;正常组灌胃等量的无菌水7 d后正常喂养,共15 d,制备小鼠脾虚便秘模型。分析小鼠体重、肠道菌群和酶活性的变化情况。结果模型组小鼠体重、体重变化率均显著小于正常组(P<0.05或P<0.01);肠道细菌总数显著小于正常组(P<0.01),大肠埃希菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌数和真菌均显著大于正常组(P<0.05或P<0.01);肠道淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性显著低于正常组(P<0.05或P<0.01),木聚糖酶和纤维素酶则显著高于正常组(P<0.01)。结论小鼠脾虚便秘造模影响小鼠的体重,破坏了肠道微生物的平衡,并影响肠道酶活性。     

超微铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活的影响

目的探讨超微铁皮石斛对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响。方法采用灌胃番泻叶水煎液7 d后控制饮食,饥饱失常8 d,进行小鼠脾虚便秘造模。设模型组、正常组和治疗组,模型组和正常组灌胃无菌水,治疗组分别灌胃给药铁皮石斛传统汤剂、超微全量汤剂、超微50%量汤剂和超微25%量汤剂,共7 d,然后采集肠道内容物分析肠道菌群及酶活。结果模型组五类可培养微生物（细菌总数、大肠埃希菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌和真菌）数量与正常组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;铁皮石斛传统汤剂组大肠埃希菌数,铁皮石斛超微50%量汤剂组细菌总数、大肠埃希菌和真菌数,超微25%量汤剂组细菌总数和大肠埃希菌数均达到正常组水平（P〉0.05）;铁皮石斛超微全量汤剂组和超微50%量汤剂组对纤维素酶的影响作用相当,均达到正常组水平（P〉0.05）,铁皮石斛三种不同剂量的超微汤剂对木聚糖酶活性的影响作用相当（P〉0.05）,铁皮石斛超微全量汤剂组淀粉酶活性与正常组相当（P〉0.05）。结论铁皮石斛传统汤剂、超微全量汤剂和超微50%量汤剂对脾虚便秘均有很好的疗效,能够调控肠道微生态平衡及肠道酶活性。     

铁皮石斛多糖对脾虚便秘小鼠免疫、肠道微生物及酶活性的影响

为了探讨铁皮石斛多糖对脾虚便秘小鼠免疫、肠道微生物及酶活性的影响,明确多糖对脾虚便秘的治疗作用,通过灌胃番泻叶水煎液7 d后控制饮食,饥饱失常8 d,建立小鼠脾虚便秘模型。造模成功后,正常组和模型组灌胃等量无菌水,治疗组灌胃铁皮石斛多糖溶液,分析小鼠体重、脾脏系数、胸腺系数、肠道菌群和酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,模型组的小鼠体重、体重变化率、脾脏指数、胸腺指数、五类可培养微生物(细菌总数、大肠杆菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌和真菌)数量与正常组比较差异显著(P0.01或P0.05)。治疗完成后,小鼠体重和体重变化率显著增高,高于正常组(P0.05);小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数均有不同程度恢复,接近正常组(P0.05);大肠杆菌大量得到恢复,但远没有达到正常组水平(P0.01);乳酸菌和双歧杆菌明显地减少,但总数显著超过正常组(P0.01);木聚糖酶和蛋白酶接近正常组,淀粉酶显著增加,纤维素酶显著减少(P0.01)。说明铁皮石斛多糖对增强机体免疫力、调控肠道微生态平衡和肠道酶活性方面有一定的促进作用,能优化肠道环境,改善脾虚便秘症状。     

葛根芩连汤对肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠肠道微生物的影响

目的探讨葛根芩连汤对肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠肠道微生物的影响。方法造模:10只KM雄性小鼠随机分为正常组5只和模型组5只,采用"高糖高脂+高温高湿+白酒复合灌胃冰水"的方法制备肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠模型。治疗:15只KM雄性小鼠随机分为正常组5只和模型组10只,造模成功后将模型组小鼠分为自愈组和治疗组,治疗组小鼠运用葛根芩连汤进行治疗,分别在造模和治疗后无菌采集小鼠肠道内容物进行微生物培养。结果造模后,小鼠出现懒动、肛温升高、体重增长缓慢、黄褐色稀便、肛门污秽等湿热泄泻症状,肠道乳杆菌数高于正常组,而细菌总数、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、B/E值降低,其中细菌总数以及双歧杆菌数与正常组相比差异有统计学意义(t=14.182,P0.001;t=2.797,P=0.049)。经葛根芩连汤治疗后,小鼠肠道乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数高于正常组,而细菌总数、肠杆菌数低于正常组,且乳杆菌数和肠杆菌数与正常组相比差异有统计学意义(t=-5.210,P=0.033;t=-11.160,P=0.008),B/E值与正常组差异无统计学意义(t=-1.427,P=0.227)。结论造模使小鼠肠道双歧杆菌数显著降低,B/E值下降;葛根芩连汤可促进肠道湿热证泄泻小鼠肠道乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的增生,提高B/E值。     

针刺应激对小鼠肠道微生物、酶活性及血常规的影响

目的探究针刺应激对小鼠肠道微生物、酶活性及血常规的影响。方法设正常组和针刺组,针刺组用银针扎小鼠尾部,使其疼痛、紧张,共21d;所有小鼠均自由采食饮水。分析小鼠肠道菌群、酶活性及血常规的变化情况。结果针刺组小鼠肠道木聚糖酶和纤维素酶活性显著低于正常组(t=17.8470,P=0.0000;t=67.3900,P=0.0000),淀粉酶和蛋白酶则显著高于正常组(t=-33.4280,P=0.0000;t=-6.9810,P=0.0020)。针刺组四类可培养微生物(细菌总数、乳酸菌、大肠埃希菌和双歧杆菌)(t=2.3580,P=0.1420;t=-0.4350,P=0.6860;t=-0.5300,P=0.6470;t=-1.3640,P=0.3040)以及血常规各项指标与正常组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 21d的针刺应激能显著提高肠道淀粉酶和蛋白酶的活性,降低木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的活性,而对小鼠肠道微生物和血常规无明显影响。     

养胃四君子茶对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物、酶活性及胃动力的影响

目的探讨养胃四君子茶对脾虚便秘小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响。方法将40只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、治疗组[养胃四君子茶(低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组)],每组8只。对模型组和治疗组采用灌胃番泻叶水提液7 d后,改用饮食不节+缺水燥结+过度疲劳喂养8 d等方法。造模结束后,模型组和正常对照组采用无菌水灌胃,治疗组用养胃四君子茶灌胃,0.8 mL/d连续6 d。然后采集肠道内容物,分析肠道菌群及酶活性。结果与正常对照组小鼠肠道细菌总数比较,模型组显著上升(P<0.05),治疗组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);大肠埃希菌数量各组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);小鼠肠道乳酸菌数量养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组均较正常对照组、模型组显著升高(均P<0.01);双歧杆菌数量养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组与正常对照组、模型组相比均显著升高(均P<0.01);与正常对照组比较,其余各组小鼠肠道酶活总体呈上升趋势,尤其肠道淀粉酶(P<0.01);养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组蛋白酶活性均显著上升(均P<0.05);与正常对照组比较,模型组及养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组木聚糖酶活性显著上升(P<0.01或P<0.05),其余组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与正常对照组比较,模型组及养胃四君子茶低、中剂量组纤维素酶活性均显著上升(均P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,模型组、养胃四君子茶低剂量组的血清D 木糖含量显著下降(均P<0.01)。结论养胃四君子茶可抑制细菌过度增长、扶植有益菌生长,改善肠道酶活性、增强胃肠蠕动,从而改善脾虚便秘。     

脾虚便秘造模对小鼠血常规的影响

目的探讨脾虚便秘造模对小鼠血常规的影响,为其治疗提供依据。方法通过灌胃番泻叶水煎液7 d,控制饮食、饥饱失常8 d,建立小鼠脾虚便秘模型;正常组小鼠灌胃等量无菌水7 d后,正常饮水喂食。造模成功后眼球采血,用CA-500血液自动分析仪进行检测。结果脾虚便秘造模使得小鼠血小板数量及平均体积均显著小于正常组(P0.05),白细胞数量显著大于正常组(P0.05),其余各项指标均与正常组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脾虚便秘造模显著影响血小板数量及平均体积、白细胞数量,影响血液系统的功能。     

痛泻要方对“肝气乘脾”泄泻小鼠肠黏膜及肠内容物消化酶活性的影响

目的探讨痛泻要方对"肝气乘脾"泄泻小鼠肠道酶活性的影响。方法采用"番泻叶-离心管束缚夹尾法"进行"肝气乘脾"泄泻造模,造模成功后以痛泻要方治疗,造模和治疗后分别分析小鼠肠道酶活性。结果造模后,模型组小鼠肠道内容物的淀粉酶活性显著降低(t=4.007,P=0.015),纤维素酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性下降不显著。模型组小鼠肠黏膜蛋白酶、淀粉酶、蔗糖酶活性显著下降(t_蛋=5.652,P=0.005;Z_淀=-1.964,P=0.050;t_蔗=4.737,P=0.009)。痛泻要方治疗后,中药干预组小鼠肠道内容物蛋白酶、纤维素酶、乳糖酶和蔗糖酶活性变化不显著;自然恢复组的淀粉酶活性显著高于正常组(t=-7.497,P=0.002)。中药干预组小鼠肠道前段黏膜蛋白酶、乳糖酶、淀粉酶、蔗糖酶活性恢复不显著;中药干预组小鼠肠道黏膜中段乳糖酶、蔗糖酶活性显著低于自然恢复组(t_乳=4.074,P=0.013;t_蔗=8.072,P0.001),而蛋白酶、淀粉酶及纤维素酶活性均高于自然恢复组;中药干预组小鼠肠道后段黏膜乳糖酶、蔗糖酶及淀粉酶活性显著高于正常组(t_乳=-7.962,P0.001;t_蔗=-15.921,P0.001;Z_淀=6.489,P=0.034),蛋白酶与纤维素酶活性均有所升高。结论 "肝气乘脾"泄泻肠道内容物及黏膜淀粉酶活性显著降低,痛泻要方对"肝气乘脾"泄泻小鼠肠黏膜乳糖酶、蔗糖酶及淀粉酶活性作用显著。     

七味白术散对菌群失调腹泻 小鼠肠道蔗糖酶活性的影响

目的探究七味白术散对菌群失调腹泻小鼠肠道蔗糖酶活性的影响,为其临床应用提供依据。方法将132只SPF级KM小鼠分为正常组、模型组、七味白术散组,每组44只,雌雄各半。采用硫酸庆大霉素和头孢拉定混合抗生素制备腹泻小鼠模型,造模成功后,七味白术散组给予七味白术散汤剂进行治疗,正常组和模型组给予等量无菌水进行灌胃,连续治疗6 d。造模结束和治疗期间每天灌胃前进行小鼠肠道取材,分别测定小鼠肠道内容物、肠道黏膜前中后段蔗糖酶活性,观察治疗期间蔗糖酶活性的动态变化。结果造模结束后,小鼠的肠道内容物和肠道黏膜前中后段蔗糖酶活性与正常组比均下降明显(t=23.684,P0.01)。肠道内容物:治疗第1天,模型组、七味白术散组蔗糖酶活性仍低于正常组(t=13.909,P0.01),到治疗第3天,模型组和正常组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),七味白术散组显著高于正常组和模型组(t=14.189,P0.01)。肠道黏膜前段和中段:治疗第1天,模型组和七味白术散组酶活性差异无统计学意义(P0.05),且均低于正常组(t=19.274,P0.01),治疗第3天,模型组和正常组酶活性差异无统计学意义(P0.05),七味白术散组酶活性远远高于正常组和模型组(t=19.467,P0.01)。黏膜后段:治疗第1天,模型组和七味白术散组酶活性差异无统计学意义(P0.05),均显著低于正常组(t=12.783,P0.01),治疗第3天,模型组和正常组酶活性差异无统计学意义(P0.05),七味白术散组酶活性均远远高于正常组和模型组(t=10.942,P0.01)。结论抗生素可引起小鼠腹泻及肠道蔗糖酶活性下降,七味白术散可促进腹泻小鼠肠道黏膜蔗糖酶活性恢复而治疗腹泻。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.