小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌研究概况

小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌（Yersinia enterocolitica,简称Y．e）是自20世纪80年代以来引起国际上广泛注意的一种人畜共染病原细菌,广泛分布于自然界,已从人、动物、土壤、水和多种食品中分离出来。是能在冷藏温度下生长的少数肠道致病菌之一,全球由该菌引起的食源性疾病爆发已有数十起。该菌虽早在20世纪30年代已被发现,但直至20世纪60年代才逐渐引起国外微生物学、临床医学和流行病学家们的广泛注意,随着其重新分类和免疫学、分子生物学技术的发展,对Y．e菌的研究更进了一步,现将其综述如下。     

小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌血清群的研究II．我国小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌分群菌株的筛选和参考菌株的建立

从我国收集到新分离的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌1120株,经检定符合本菌特征的74 7株(占66．7％),并筛选出其形态、培养特征及生化特性典型的有335株,分成36个不同血清群,并分别找出各群代表株制出抗血清。试验结果证明,用本套菌株制备的群血清,灵敏性和特异性效价都优于国外引进的参考菌株制备的抗血清。通过实际使用,对国内新分离菌株检定能提高定群率2—3％。     

小肠结肠炎耶尔耶尔森氏菌血清群的研究：Ⅱ.我国小肠...

Since 1980, we have collected 1120 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, from the different parts of China. These strains have been obtained from various sources in man, animals and natural environment accompanied by their clinical or ecological information of Yersinia enterocolitica. The results of our tests have shown that the 747 strains have exhibited the clinical morphological and biochemical characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica. Through comparing under the same conditions, out of the 747 strains 335 have been selected out with better antigenicity and have been produced antisera from their representative strains. This set of antisera is very satisfactory for its potency and specificity. This set of antisera is ready to supply and have good efficacy and application facilitated for control strains on identifying strains and their epidemiologic observation.     

小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌依温毒性的研究

本文报告了来自不同国家和地区的人和动物的80株小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的自凝性和血清抵抗性,并与前文报道的依钙性和毒力质粒对比。带毒力质粒的菌株均37℃阳性和25℃阴性,而无毒力质粒的菌株37℃和25℃均阴性。从而指出,带毒力的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌有温度依赖的特性。同时证实,62株地方分离株均为毒力株,具有致病性。本文采用的自凝性和血清抵抗性试验方法具可靠、经济、快速和应用广泛等优点。     

小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌血清群的研究I．“不能定群”菌株抗原性的研究

应用凝集素吸收试验和间接血凝试验,检定国内新分离的耶氏菌血清学试验中,有28株菌同现使用的51种(O：抗原因子为 1(1、2a、3)、2(2a、2b,3)、3、{．32、4．33、5、5．27、6·30、 6-31、 7·8、 8、 9、 lO、 l 0(k1)、 11·23、 11·2{、 l 2·25、 l 2·26、 13-7、 14、 15、l 6、1 6·29、17、1 8、t9·8、20、2l、22、25·3 5、28、35、36、37、38、39、40、41．42、qi．43、4 4、44·45、46、47、48、{9·5l、50·5l、52、52·53、52·5{、55、5 7)参考耶氏菌分群血清 均不呈凝集阳性反应,从中选出8株代表株进行抗原性试验。根据抗原性试验的分析证实,这些代表菌株之间抗原性是不同的,其菌号命名为Bc(1 413)、Bc(88)、Bc(89)、Bc(12)、Bc(18)、Bc(66)、Bc(777)、Bc(F37),并表明与51种群参考菌株的抗原也不相同,初步确认的8林菌属不同。抗原的新血清群菌株。     

依赖粪便材料的大熊猫肠道耶尔森氏菌的检测

It is inevitable to develop noninvasive sampling methods to do studies on giant panda even diagnose the diseases since which is so endangered that it's impossible to carry out invasive sampling. A non-invasive sampling method to detect the intestinal pathogen, Yersirda enterocolitica in feces of pandas based designing PCR primers was established in this study. The main procedures are based on bacteria enrichment and cell lysis before binding the pathogen DNA to silica powder at high concentration of Kalium iodide and neutral pH conditions. Before PCR cycles, the binded DNA is washed with 80% ethanol and eluted with diluted EDTA buffer. Restdts showed that the silica-based feces DNA-purification method could remove the inhibitors of PCR so applicable to detect the target pathogen.     

云南省新平县家鼠鼠疫疫原地小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的调查分析

目的了解新平县家鼠鼠疫疫源地小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的分布及病原学特征。方法采集家鼠盲肠、舌头和猪粪便、咽喉粘液以及腹泻患者粪便标本进行小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的检测与分析。结果检测家鼠盲肠、鼠舌头、猪粪便、猪咽喉粘液物、腹泻患者粪便的标本数分别为722、722、467、237和107份,共分离到61株小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌,总检出率为2. 71%,5种标本的检出率分别为2. 63%、1. 39%、3. 85%、2.53%和7. 48%,差异有统计学意义（x^2= 16. 422,P = 0. 003）;分离株包括致病株10株、非致病株51株,有1A、2、3三种生物型和0：3、0：5、0：8等多种血清型,以及六种毒力基因型。猪、鼠、腹泻患者标本检出致病菌株数分别为9、1、0株。结论新平县家鼠鼠疫自然疫源地猪、鼠、腹泻患者是小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的重要宿主,分离菌株具有遗传多样性,猪、鼠是小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌病的主要传染源。     

小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌对多粘菌素B的压力应答

【背景】小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)是重要的人畜共患食源性病原菌。由于其生存环境与传染性生活方式,小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌暴露在各种生存压力中,而胞膜压力应答能力对维持其环境耐受性和毒力发挥着重要作用。【目的】探究小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌在胞膜压力应答中的调节机制。【方法】通过使用多粘菌素B破坏小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌细胞膜的稳定性,并从生长能力、运动能力、生物被膜形成能力以及相关基因表达的变化探讨Rcs (Regulator of Capsule Synthesis)系统对多粘菌素B产生的胞膜压力的应答。【结果】多粘菌素B引起的细胞胞膜压力抑制了小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的运动和生物被膜形成能力;而阻断Rcs信号途径后,小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的运动和生物被膜形成能力有所恢复。对flhC、hmsS、hmsT等关键下游表型基因的表达水平的分析结果表明Rcs双组分系统对由多粘菌素B诱导的胞膜压力作出响应,通过感知胞膜胁迫向胞内传递信号,积极地调控细菌增强对抗菌肽的抗性。【结论】明确了Rcs双组分系统在响应多粘菌素B压力胁迫中的特异性调控作用,加深了对小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌环境应答机制...     

致病性耶尔森菌强毒力岛的结构和功能研究进展

耶尔森菌属中鼠疫耶尔森菌,假结核耶尔森菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌与人类致病关系密切,其鼠毒力是由染色体上存在的强毒力岛（HPI）决定,本文综述了由3种致病性耶尔森菌形成的2个HPI进化系Yen HPI和Yps HPI的结构和功能的研究进展。     

小肠结肠炎耶氏菌Vi抗原的研究

从小肠结肠炎耶氏菌发现ⅵ抗原,这是首次报道。用ⅵ抗原的抗血清测定菌株的毒力,与vw抗原和毒力因子血清测定的结果完全一致,即仅毒力株有ⅵ抗原,无毒株则无。故可肯定ⅵ抗原是小肠结肠炎耶氏菌的一种毒力抗原。利用ⅵ抗血清测定菌株的毒力,是非常简便的。     

Molecular epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica infections

Yersinia enterocolitica is an important food-borne pathogen that can cause yersiniosis in humans and animals. The epidemiology of Y. enterocolitica infections is complex and remains poorly understood. Most cases of yersiniosis occur sporadically without an apparent source. The main sources of human infection are assumed to be pork and pork products, as pigs are a major reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. However, no clear evidence shows that such a transmission route exists. Using PCR, the detection rate of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in raw pork products is high, which reinforces the assumption that these products are a transmission link between pigs and humans. Several different DNA-based methods have been used to characterize Y. enterocolitica strains. However, the high genetic similarity between strains and the predominating genotypes within the bio- and serotype have limited the benefit of these methods in epidemiological studies. Similar DNA patterns have been obtained among human and pig strains of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, corroborating the view that pigs are an important source of human yersiniosis. Indistinguishable genotypes have also been found between human strains and dog, cat, sheep and wild rodent strains, indicating that these animals are other possible infection sources for humans.     

The serodiagnosis of human infections with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

The techniques of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting were evaluated for the serodiagnosis of human infections with Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was prepared from strains comprising four serogroups of Y. enterocolitica and five serogroups of Y. pseudotuberculosis, tested against 200 sera submitted to the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens for routine serodiagnosis, and shown to contain antibodies to Yersinia LPS by agglutination. Forty four sera were found to contain antibodies that bound to one of the LPS preparations used in the immunoassay. Thirty five of the sera contained antibodies to the LPS of Y. enterocolitica O3, whilst three contained antibodies to the LPS of Y. enterocolitica O5, 27 and Y. enterocolitica O9 LPS respectively. Two sera had antibodies to the LPS of Y. pseudotuberculosis II and a single serum contained antibodies to Y. pseudotuberculosis IV. The SDS-PAGE-immunoblotting procedure described proved to be a reliable procedure for the serodiagnosis of infections with Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis.     

Investigation of virulence genes in clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica

In this study, we aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence genes in clinical isolates of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. Two thousand six hundred stool samples were collected from 2600 patients with diarrhea, and were tested using the culture method and real-time PCR. Then, all isolates of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica cultured from the culture method were examined for virulence genes (inv, ail, ystA, ystB, ystC, yadA, virF) by PCR and for the presence of plasmid by four phenotypic tests. As a result, 160 pathogenic strains were successfully detected by the culture method, including bio/serotype 1A/unknown (4), 1B/unknown (8), 2/O:9 (39), 2/unknown (7), 3/O:3 (22), 3/unknown (6), 4/O:3 (55), 4/unknown (10) and 5/unknown (9). The positive rate of virulence genes tested in 160 isolates was inv (100%), ail (94%), ystA (93%), ystB (7.5%), ystC (5%), yadA (89%) and virF (82%) while the phenotypic test included autoagglutination (87%), binding of crystal violet (89%), calcium-dependent growth (74%) and Congo red absorption (78%), respectively. Finally, we found that not all pathogenic Y. enterocolitica necessarily carry all traditional virulence genes in both chromosomes and plasmids to cause illness. Perhaps, some of them, lacking some traditional virulence genes, contain other unknown virulence markers that interact with each other and play an important role in the diverse pathogenesis of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica.     

Characterization of IS1541-like elements in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

We characterized Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis insertion sequences related to insertion sequence 1541, recently identified in Yersinia pestis. For each of the two species, two insertion sequence copies were cloned and sequenced. Genetic elements from Y. pseudotuberculosis were almost identical to insertion sequence 1541, whereas these from Y. enterocolitica were less related. Phylogenetic analysis of the putative transposases encoded by insertion sequences from the three pathogenic members of the genus Yersinia showed that they clustered with those encoded by Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica elements belonging to the insertion sequence 200/insertion sequence 605 group. Insertion sequences originating from Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis constitute a monophyletic lineage distinct from that of Y. enterocolitica.     

The polymerase chain reaction: an epidemiological tool to differentiate between two clusters of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains

A primer set designed to amplify the enterotoxin (yst) gene of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains generated two different electrophoretic profiles of the target sequence when a collection of strains of worldwide origin was screened. Serovars O:1,3; O:2a,3; O:3; O:5,27 and O:9, known as European strains, produced a 200-bp fragment that matched the size of the target sequence. However, serovars O:4,32; O:8; O:13a,13b; O:20 and O:21, known as American strains, generated two fragments of 1.4 and 1.6 kb. The amplified products of one American strain were sequenced and the presence of the yst gene was confirmed in both fragments. Thus, the potential of the polymerase chain reaction to be used as an epidemiological tool in differentiation between the two clusters of pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica could be demonstrated.     

Evaluation of isolation methods for pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from pig intestinal content

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of four isolation methods for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from pig intestinal content. Methods and Results: The four methods comprised of 15 isolation steps using selective enrichments (irgasan–ticarcillin–potassium chlorate and modified Rappaport broth) and mildly selective enrichments at 4 or 25°C. Salmonella–Shigella‐desoxycholate–calcium chloride agar, cefsulodin–irgasan–novobiocin agar were used as plating media. The most sensitive method detected 78% (53/68) of the positive samples. Individual isolation steps using cold enrichment as the only enrichment or as a pre‐enrichment step with further selective enrichment showed the highest sensitivities (55–66%). All isolation methods resulted in high numbers of suspected colonies not confirmed as pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Conclusions: Cold enrichment should be used in the detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from pig intestinal contents. In addition, more than one parallel isolation step is needed. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study shows that depending on the isolation method used for Y. enterocolitica, the detected prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in pig intestinal contents varies greatly. More selective and sensitive isolation methods need to be developed for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica.     

Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A

Yersinia enterocolitica strains of biotype 1A lack the known virulence determinants of strains in other categories, including the Yersinia virulence plasmid (pYV), and several chromosomal markers of pathogenicity. For this reason, and also because Y. enterocolitica strains of biotype 1A are frequently isolated from the environment or asymptomatic individuals, these bacteria are often assumed to be avirulent. On the other hand, there is a considerable body of clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence to indicate that at least some strains of Y. enterocolitica biotype 1A are able to cause gastrointestinal symptoms which resemble those caused by pYV-bearing strains. The availability of a number of experimental systems, including cell culture and animal models of infection, provides an opportunity to identify and characterise the essential virulence determinants of biotype 1A strains.     

Detection by using monoclonal antibodies of Yersinia enterocolitica in artificially-contaminated pork

Monoclonal antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica were produced by fusion of NS‐1 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells of ICR mice immunized with heat‐killed and heat‐killed plus SDS‐mercaptoethanol treated forms of Y. enterocolitica ATCC 27729 alone or mixed with Y. enterocolitica MU. The twenty‐five MAbs obtained from five fusions were divided into nine groups according to their specificities to different bacterial strains and species, as determined by dot blotting. The first five groups of MAbs were specific only to Y. enterocolitica, but did not recognize all of the isolates tested. MAbs in groups 6 and 7 reacted with all isolates of Y. enterocolitica tested but showed cross‐reaction with some Yersinia spp. and Edwardsiella tarda, especially in the case of group 7. MAbs in groups 8 and 9 reacted with all isolates of Y. enterocolitica and Yersinia spp., as well as other Gram‐negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. These MAbs recognized Y. enterocolitica antigens with apparent molecular weights ranging from 10 – 43 kDa by Western blotting, and could detect Y. enterocolitica from ～10³– 10⁵ colony forming units (CFUs) by dot blotting. The hybridoma clone YE38 was selected for detection of Y. enterocolitica in pork samples which had been artificially‐contaminated by inoculation with Y. enterocolitica ATCC 27729 at concentrations of ～10⁴– 10⁶ CFUs/g and incubation in peptone sorbitol bile broth at 4°C. Samples were collected and applied on a nitrocellulose membrane for dot blotting with trypticase soy and cefsulodin‐Irgasan‐novobiocin agars. After 48 hr of incubation, the detection limit was ～10²– 10³ CFU/g by dot blotting.