基于Photoshop 和计数软件精准计数平板上菌落的新方法

正"菌落总数"是农业、食品、医药卫生等行业进行质量检测的重要指标之一,目前常规的菌落计数方法是肉眼观察平皿逐个计数,需要花费较多的时间和精力[1-2]。本文推荐一种简便的平板菌落计数方法,经过使用和验证,与目测直接计数法相比,其计数结果更加准确,且效果明显优于菌落自动计数仪计数结果。现将方法介绍如下。     

生殖支原体在泌尿生殖道中感染的研究

目的 :采用培养、电镜技术 ,对吉林地区部分非淋菌性尿道 (宫颈 )炎 (NGU)高危人群泌尿生殖道分泌物标本进行分离鉴定 ,以探讨MG感染在STD的作用和地位。方法 :吉林地区NGU高危人群受检者 14 1例 ,宫颈或尿道口内拭子分泌物标本接种于 5mlSP 4培养基 37℃培养 ,对初代分离阳性株再行电镜负染 ,观察其形态特征 ,并与正常对照组 6 5例进行比较。结果 :14 1例标本中培养出 6株MG ,分离率为4 2 6 % ,正常对照组 6 5例 ,培养出 1株 ,分离率为 1 5 3% (1/ 6 5 ) ,差异无显著性 (χ2 =0 3439P =0 0 5 8>0 0 5 )。结论 :采用培养方法可在NGU高危人群和正常人群中分离出MG株 ,其分离株具有生长时间长(30～ 5 0d) ,需特殊培养基 ,分离培养生长条件高 ,分离率低。     

基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法

【目的】通过菌落测试片提取菌落并计数,在农业、食品业、医疗卫生等领域中是一项常用且重要的工作。目前,菌落自动计数算法大都是以菌落培养皿为主要工作对象,对菌落测试片适用性较差。另外,目前相关技术在常规的粘连物体分割中有着较好的效果,但在菌落分割计数中,由于菌落本身的形态特征,对粘连菌落分割计数的效果尚不够精准。【方法】为解决此类问题,本文提出一种基于目标颜色基及梯度方向匹配的菌落分割计数算法。首先利用图像中菌落的颜色特征作为基,将图像转换到基空间内,以增强菌落与背景之间的差异,其次利用菌落图像的梯度幅值特征对梯度方向进行滤波,然后通过梯度方向进行匹配,进而将粘连的菌落分割,最后利用非极大值抑制的方法筛选出菌落并计数。【结果】经试验,本研究算法的计数精度可达98.00%,能够满足实际需求。【结论】在针对菌落的目标分割计数中,本研究算法不仅计数精度高,而且具有较好的鲁棒性,在对不同厂家的菌落总数测试片菌落分割计数中均有优异效果;然而在对大面积目标的检测分割中算法的准确率会有所下降,因此,该算法更适合于菌落等小目标的检测分割。     

PCR技术检测性病病原体在男性泌尿生殖系感染中的意义

用ＰＣＲ技术对我院５８８例男性生殖泌尿系感染患进行淋病双球菌（ＮＧＦ）沙眼衣原体及解脲支原体检测,结果淋球菌感染者７５例（１２．７６％）;沙眼衣原体感染者８４例（１４．２９％）,解脲支原体感染者５１例（８．６７％）,淋球民沙眼衣原体混和感染者２５（４．２５％）;淋球菌与解脲支原体昆合感染者９例（１．５３％）,沙眼支原体与解脲支原体混合感染者１２例（２．０４％）,未发现有三种病原全同时感染者,并对Ｐ     

菌落PCR在大规模基因组测序中的应用

一种利用菌落直接PCR扩增DNA并用于测序的实验方法.通过对引物的设计和菌液浓度控制,使PCR反应后的内容物对测序干扰减到最小.与传统的测序过程比较,它省去了抽提模板DNA一步,节省了大量时间和实验成本.另外此方法可对BAC亚克隆库构建时由连接转化过程中导致的假阳性起筛选和鉴定作用.采用该法成功测定了籼稻（Oryza sativa indica）广陆矮4号的L3173号BAC DNA全长序列（约100 kb）,GenBank登录号：AL512542.     

快速尿菌计数培养盒的研究

该快速尿菌计数培养盒进行了４种选择性培养基功能试验,共试验２３种９７株细菌,Ｇ－菌１７种７２株,Ｇ＋菌４种１９株,真菌６株。结果表明４种培养基功能特异,即Ⅰ＃为菌落计数,Ⅱ＃只限Ｇ－菌生长,Ⅲ＃只限Ｇ＋菌生长,Ⅳ＃只限真菌生长。该法与微量加样器法进行对比检测１８４份尿菌标本,符合率９６．７％,与日本培养盒平行对比试验１２份,结果一致     

泌尿生殖道非淋菌性感染的病原学以及耐药性分析

目的：探究泌尿生殖道非淋茵性感染的病原学以及耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法：对我院2006年3月．2011年12月确诊的2136例非淋菌性泌尿生殖道感染患者进行标本采集,对病原体及其耐药性进行检测分析。结果：淋茵感染泌尿生殖道病原茵主要为CT及支原体,男性患者CT感染率高于女性患者,女性患者支原体感染率高于男性患者,此外,念珠茵、滴虫及其他难以检出细菌亦属于致病病原茵的一种;在12种抗生素中,多西环素、米诺环素及交沙霉素敏感率较高,均〉80％,罗红霉素、红霉素及环丙沙星敏感度较低,均〈20％。结论：非淋茵感染泌尿生殖道病原菌主要为CT及支原体,男性患者CT感染率高于女性患者,女性患者支原体感染率高于男性患者,病原茵对多西环素、米诺环素及交沙霉素耐药性较低,但不同地域病原茵耐药性亦存在差异,应按照实际情况进行耐药性检测,指导临床合理用药。     

绍兴地区男女泌尿生殖道支原体感染特点及药敏差异分析

目的 了解绍兴地区男女泌尿生殖道支原体属感染的特点,比较男女两性对几种抗菌药物的耐药情况的差异.方法 应用法国生物梅里埃公司MycoplasmaISI试剂盒对2010年1月至201 1年10月男女两性泌尿生殖道标本进行支原体培养及药敏试验,统计解脲脲支原体和人支原体的检出率及耐药情况.结果 共1722例泌尿生殖道感染病例中,支原体属阳性869例,总阳性率50.46％,其中单纯解脲脲原体(Uu)感染702例,单纯人型支原体(Mh)感染29例,Uu及Mh混合感染138例;714例男性中支原体阳性190例,阳性率26.61％,1008例女性中支原体阳性679例,阳性率67.36％;男性单纯Uu感染耐药率较高的主要是:环丙沙星(80.50％)、氧氟沙星(63.60％),女性单纯Uu感染耐药率较高的主要是:环丙沙星(91.97％)、氧氟沙星(73.72％)、红霉素(47.81％).男女两性单纯Uu感染对红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素和交沙霉素的敏感性差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 男女两性泌尿生殖道支原体感染以Uu为主,且两者对多种抗菌药物的敏感性具有显著性差异,临床应根据药敏结果合理选取使用抗菌药物.     

非淋菌性泌尿生殖道炎支原体感染及耐药变迁

目的探讨解脲支原体（Uu）及人型支原体（Mh）在非淋菌性泌尿生殖道炎的感染状况,分析近3年来支原体的感染及耐药变迁。方法采用培养法（Mycoplasma IST）对NGGU的分泌物进行支原体的培养、体外药敏试验及分析。结果支原体阳性率为47．0％,其中Uu阳性率为34．0％,Uu＋Mh阳性率为11．4％,Mh阳性率为1．6％;交沙霉素、强力霉素等药物的敏感率无明显变化,而喹诺酮类的耐药率则呈逐渐上升趋势,环丙沙星及氧氟沙星的耐药率分别从2002年的38．9％及40．0％上升到了2004年的79．2％及66．4％。结论支原体的耐药率正逐步增加,其中喹诺酮类的高耐药率提示其在治疗支原体感染中的地位改变,泌尿生殖道支原体的药物敏感监测对临床治疗具有重要意义。     

女性泌尿生殖道支原体感染及耐药性观察

目的了解女性泌尿生殖道感染患者解脲支原体(Uu)和人支原体(Mh)感染及耐药情况,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法采用法国梅里埃公司生产的IST2支原体培养及药敏试剂盒,对932例女性泌尿生殖道感染患者进行培养及药敏试验。结果 932例患者中支原体阳性426例,总检出率45.7%,其中Uu阳性354例(37.9%),Mh阳性14例(1.5%),Uu+Mh阳性58例(6.2%);药敏结果表明,Uu与Mh对多西环素、交沙霉素、四环素较为敏感,Uu对环丙沙星、氧氟沙星耐药率较高,而Mh对克拉霉素、红霉素、阿奇霉素耐药率较高。结论女性泌尿生殖道支原体检出率较高,主要以Uu为主,Uu和Mh对多种抗菌药物耐药,应引起临床重视。     

Cystitis cystica and recurrent urinary tract infections in children

The pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in preschool children with anatomically correct urinary tract (UT) is rather obscure. In girls, the bladder wall changes of cystitis cystica (CC) may be per se responsible for UTIs recurrence. During the 20-year period, 127 preschool children (125 girls; median age: 6.1 years) with CC, in whom UT anomalies were excluded, were diagnosed. The mean duration of UTIs symptoms prior to diagnosis was 3.31 +/- 2.51 years. Cystoscopical findings were labelled as mild, moderate and severe in 22.8%, 39.4% and 37.8% of patients, respectively. Following the confirmation of CC, long-term chemoprophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin was administered. A one year UTI-free period after chemoprophylaxis discontinuation was defined as therapeutic success. With 2.5 years median duration of regular chemoprophylaxis this goal was achieved in 58 children mainly with mild/ moderate CC. Thirty children from "improved/unchanged" group taking regular prophylaxis had significant reduction of UTIs ("improved"). Only 12 children belonging to the same group taking regular prophylaxis and all children with irregular prophylaxis had approximately the same number of UTIs as before treatment ("unchanged"). The "improved/unchanged" outcomes were predominantly found in children with severe form of CC. Although urodynamic disturbances detected in more than 50% of patients in whom urodynamics was performed were not found influential on the disease outcome, they could be responsible for its development. The results of our study suggest that regular and long-lasting chemoprophylaxis remains a basis for successful treatment for majority of patients with CC, even those with severe forms. If not treated properly with chemoprophylactic agents and without fair compliance in taking drugs, the disease is prone to recurrent UTIs.     

Duration of treatment for urinary tract infections in children.

In a double-blind trial 45 children aged 6 months to 14 years with Escherichia coli infections of the urinary tract were given co-trimoxazole for two weeks and then allotted at random to one of two treatment groups for the remainder of six months; one continued with the active drug and the other with dummy tablets of identical appearance. Of the 24 children who took co-trimoxazole for two weeks and the 21 who took it for six months, 11 and 10, respectively, remained without further infections for at least a year. Over 90% of the reinfections occurred within five months of stopping the antibiotics, and the longer treatment did not cause any delay in their appearance. Thus probably a six-month course of treatment is no more likely to achieve a cure than a two-week course; nevertheless, no infection occurred during treatment, and there may be an advantage in continuing with antibiotics in small dosage.     

Epidemiology of symptomatic infections of the urinary tract in children.

The epidemiology of symptomatic infections of the urinary tract in children and the factors that may alter the risk of infection are not well known. Numbers of children aged under 15 discharged from hospitals because of symptomatic infections of the urinary tract during 1978-84 were obtained from the database kept by the Finnish National Board of Health. Information on continuous treatment for recurrent urinary tract infections was obtained from records kept by the Social Insurance Institution on patients receiving free medicines. The yearly rate of attacks of symptomatic infections/1000 girls decreased significantly from 2.67 (95% confidence interval 2.52 to 2.82) in 1978 to 1.88 (1.76 to 2.01) in 1984. In boys the rate also decreased significantly, from 0.85 (0.77 to 0.93) in 1978 to 0.59 (0.52 to 0.66) in 1984. The period prevalence of free treatment/1000 girls decreased significantly from 7.80 (7.55 to 8.05) in 1978 to 5.30 (5.10 to 5.51) in 1984 but did not change significantly in boys. Although the findings may partly have been caused by changes in policies of admission to hospital, they suggest a decreasing trend in symptomatic urinary tract infections in childhood, which may be associated with changes in the care of infants.