siRNA沉默过度内质网应激下DⅨ基因在缺血／再灌注肺损伤中的作用

目的：探讨siRNA沉默过度内质网应激（ERS）下C．Jun氨基末端激酶（州K）通路在缺血／再灌注肺凋亡中的作用。方法：采用C57BIM6J小鼠左侧肺原位缺血／再灌注（IVR）损伤模型。实验随机分为7组（／7,=10）,包括假手术组（Sham组）,缺．tk／再灌注组（I／R组）,PBS＋Lipofectamine2000TM转染试剂组（VR＋PBS＋Lipo组）,阴性对照组（VR＋SCR组）,JNK-siRNA~g（VR＋siRNAJNl（1组、I／R＋siRNAJ眦组、I／R＋si时忱JNl。组）。各组实验结束后处死小鼠,留取左肺,分别检测肺湿干重比（W／D）和总肺水含量（TLW）;光镜观察肺组织形态结构变化,并进行肺组织损伤评估（IQA）;RT-PCR、检测JNK和葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）的基因表达;Westernblot检测磷酸化JNK（p-JNK）和GRP78的蛋白表达;原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL法）检测肺细胞凋亡指数（AU。结果：与Sham组相比,I／R＋PBS＋Lipo组和SCR组各组W／D、’ILw、IQA、JNK与GRP78mRNA和p-JNK、GRP78蛋白质表达量及AJ均明显升高（P〈0．01）,光镜显示肺组织结构出现明显损伤性变化,且各组两两比较,上述各指标均无统计学差异;与I／R＋PBS＋Lipo组和SCR组相比,JNK-siRNA各组GRP78表达水平无明显变化,余各指标均降低（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）且肺组织损伤减轻。结论：I／R引起肺组织细胞发生过度的ERS,并通过JNK通路引起细胞凋亡,损伤肺组织。     

内质网应激预处理条件下大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立

目的:通过建立了内质网应激预处理条件下的大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,探讨内质网应激预处理在体内的应用.方法:以衣霉素为内质网应激诱导剂,采用大鼠肝脏70%缺血再灌注损伤模型.按照不同给药剂量分为50μ g/kg组、100μ g,kg组、200μ g/kg组、对照组,观察不同给药剂量条件下,血清转氨酶水平的变化.结果:给药100μ g/kg体重、诱导5天条件下大鼠术后转氨酶水平显著低于对照组.其它组与对照组无统计学差异.肝组织病理切片证实该预处理条件对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有显著保护作用.结论:在特定的给药剂量条件下,衣霉素诱导的内质网应激预处理对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有显著的保护作用.     

右美托咪定对肺缺血/再灌注损伤小鼠内质网应激相关分子Caspase-12表达的影响

目的：探讨右美托咪定（DEX）对肺缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤小鼠内质网应激（ERS）相关分子天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-12（Caspase-12）表达的影响。方法：选用C57BL/6J小鼠复制在体左肺原位I/R损伤模型。随机将40只小鼠分为4组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）,I/R损伤组（I/R组）,生理盐水对照组（NS组）,右美托咪定干预缺血/再灌注组（DEX组）。DEX组在夹闭小鼠左肺门30 min前经腹腔注射DEX 25 μg/kg,NS组为用同DEX组等体积的生理盐水替代DEX,其余操作同DEX组。3 h肺再灌注结束后,留取左肺。测定肺组织湿/干重比（W/D）及总肺含水量（TLW）,光镜观察肺组织形态学改变,对肺组织进行损伤评估（IQA）。原位末端标记（TUNEL）法检测组织细胞凋亡指数（AI）,蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）和逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）分别检测Caspase-12、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（grp78）蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果：与sham组比,I/R组和NS组肺W/D、TLW、IQA、AI均明显升高（P<0.01）,肺组织形态结构破坏明显,Caspase-12、grp78蛋白和mRNA表达量增加（P<0.01）;I/R组与NS组相比,两组Caspase-12、grp78蛋白和mRNA表达量无明显差异（P>0.05）。DEX组与I/R组比,W/D、TLW、IQA和AI均有下降（P<0.01或P<0.05）,肺组织形态学改变明显减轻,Caspase-12和grp78蛋白和mRNA表达量下降（P<0.01）。结论：DEX可有效缓解小鼠肺缺血/再灌注性损伤,其机制可能与其对抗ERS中Caspase-12引起的细胞凋亡有关。     

T淋巴细胞在小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的研究T淋巴细胞在肾缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)导致的急性肾损害中的作用。方法BALB/c小鼠和BALB/c裸小鼠各24只,分别随机分为A1-4组和B1-4组,每组6只。双肾蒂阻断45 min后恢复血流建立肾IRI模型,假手术对照组I、RI后24、48和72 h时检测Scr、尿蛋白定量及肾病理学,A组检测脾T细胞亚群;对比BALB/c小鼠和BALB/c裸小鼠的肾功能下降、组织学损害程度以及脾T淋巴细胞亚群变化。结果A2-4组和B2-4组均有Scr和尿蛋白定量明显升高(P<0.05),且A组损害程度明显重于B组(P<0.05);A2-4组出现典型的IRI组织损害表现(P<0.05),B2-4组无明显IRI组织损害(P>0.05);A2-3组脾CD3 T细胞百分比较A1组升高(P<0.05),而CD4 /CD8 比值无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论T淋巴细胞是小鼠肾IRI导致急性肾损害的重要病理生理学因素。     

钠泵功能改变及内质网应激在大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的：探讨钠泵活性改变及内质网应激（ERS）在大鼠离体心脏再灌损伤中的作用及其机制。方法：将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组（n=10）：正常对照组（NC组）、缺血/再灌损伤组（I/R组）、哇巴因-缺血/再灌损伤组（OUA-I/R组）、地高辛抗血清-缺血/再灌损伤组（Anti-Dig-I/R组）、Src抑制剂PP2-哇巴因-缺血/再灌损伤组（PP2-OUA-I/R组）、PLC抑制剂U73122-哇巴因-缺血/再灌损伤组（U73122-OUA-I/R组）。建立全心缺血30 min,再灌注120min的Langendorff大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌损伤模型。检测各组相同时间点心功能恢复率、冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和肌酸激酶（CK）活性,心肌中Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性和钙离子水平。流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测心肌钠泵α1亚基、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）及凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax的表达。结果：与I/R组相比,给予哇巴因预处理可使心功能恢复率明显下降,心肌酶漏出增多,Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶的活性降低,心肌细胞内钙水平升高,细胞凋亡率增多,心肌钠泵α1亚基和Bcl-2表达降低,GRP78、CHOP和Bax表达升高;而Anti-Dig-I/R组与I/R组相比各指标均明显改善;给予Src抑制剂PP2或PLC抑制剂U73122后,哇巴因对心肌的损伤作用被部分阻断,表现为心功能恢复率升高,心肌酶漏出减少,Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶的活性明显恢复,Ca²⁺水平下降,细胞凋亡率下降,心肌钠泵α₁亚基和Bcl-2表达增多,GRP78和Bax表达减少。结论：钠泵功能改变和内质网应激共同参与大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌损伤,钠泵通路（Src和PLC）介导内质网应激是引起大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌损伤细胞凋亡机制之一。     

心肌肌质网钙转运障碍在缺血—再灌注损伤中的意义

心肌缺血-再灌注后,细胞内钙超负荷是促使细胞发生不可逆损伤的重要原因。心肌肌质网(SR)对细胞内[Ca~(2+)]的调控起重要作用。缺血-再灌注过程中,由于细胞内酸中毒、ATP耗竭、脂质过氧化等因素,SR出现严重的功能障碍,尤其是SR的钙转运严重抑制,而钙释放却增加,其次还有SR膜的通透性改变,Ca~(2+)漏入胞质,这些对钙超负荷的发生均有重要意义。     

腺苷受体激动剂对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠内质网应激的影响及其作用机制研究

目的:探讨腺苷受体激动剂对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)大鼠内质网应激(ERS)的影响及其作用机制。方法:选取雄性成年Wistar大鼠56只,利用Langendorff装置制成大鼠离体心脏MIRI模型。随机分为四组(n=14):假手术组(Sham组)、心肌缺血再灌注组(MIRI组)、腺苷受体激动剂组(NECA组)和内质网应激抑制剂组(TUDCA组)。利用透射电镜观察四组心肌超微结构的变化;免疫组化观察心肌肌醇依赖酶1α(IRE1α)的表达情况;Western blot方法检测心肌ERS中IRE1-XBP1信号通路标志蛋白IRE1α、X盒结合蛋白1s(XBP1s)的表达水平;TUNEL检测心肌细胞凋亡情况。结果:透射电镜结果显示,Sham组肌丝排列规则致密,嵴排列整齐,外膜和肌节形态完整;MIRI组大部分肌丝断裂,肌节挛缩变形,嵴排列稀疏结构破坏,间隙增宽,可见线粒体空泡变性;NECA组及TUDCA组较MIRI组损伤减轻,内质网轻度扩张或者正常,肌丝排列较整齐。免疫组化结果发现,Sham组心肌纤维呈细长圆柱形,形态正常,少量结缔组织存在,基本无IRE1α阳性染色;MIRI组细胞排列紊乱,有许多断裂的细胞出现,IRE1α阳性染色区域显著增加,而NECA和TUDCA组细胞病理的变化较轻,相对于MIRI组,IRE1α阳性染色部位明显减少。Western blot结果显示,与Sham组相比,MIRI组的IRE1α和XBP1s蛋白的表达水平明显上升(P0.05);而与MIRI组相比,TUDCA组及NECA组IRE1α和XBP1s的蛋白表达水平显著降低(P0.05)。TUNEL结果显示,MIRI组细胞凋亡明显,Sham组基本没有发生心肌细胞凋亡,MIRI组较NECA组及TUDCA组的凋亡细胞数更多。结论:NECA可通过抑制IRE1-XBP1信号通路来减轻ERS反应,达到保护心肌组织细胞的目的。     

益气活血通络解毒方对小鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的作用及其机制

目的：探讨益气活血通络解毒方（YHTJF）对小鼠的肺部缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤,及对I/R引起的氧化应激反应的作用。方法：成年雄性10~12周龄C57BL/6J小鼠70只,体重（21~25） g,采用在体左肺门夹闭法复制缺血/再灌注损伤模型。随机分为7组：正常对照组（C）,羧甲基纤维素钠carboxyl methyl cellulose-Na（CMC-Na）+正常对照组（CC）,羧甲基纤维素钠+假手术组（CS）,羧甲基纤维素钠+I/R模型组（CIR）,羧甲基纤维素钠+YHTJF低、中、高浓度干预组（CYL、CYM、CYH）。CN、CS、CIR组术前连续7 d腹腔注射CMC溶液,CYL、CYM、CYH组术前连续7d腹腔注射低、中、高浓度的YHTJF溶液。术毕,取左肺测定肺组织干湿比（W/D）及总肺含水量（TLW）,行肺组织损伤评估（IQA）,光镜观察肺组织形态学结构改变。TUNEL测组织细胞凋亡指数（AI）。检测血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）。结果：相比C组,CC组和CS组所有检测指标均无明显差异,CIR组的W/D、TLW、IQA、AI明显升高（P < 0.01）,肺组织形态学破坏显著;MDA含量、MPO活力明显升高,SOD活性显著降低。与CIR组比较,CYL组、CYM组、CYH组W/D、TLW、IQA、AI的表达均明显下降（P < 0.01）,组织损伤明显减轻,CYM组各项指标数值改善最明显,组织损伤最轻;3个用药组的MDA含量、MPO活力明显下降,SOD活性显著升高,其中中剂量用药组氧化应激指标变化最突出。结论：YHTJF可有效减轻小鼠缺血/再灌注性肺损伤,以中剂量效果为最佳,其机制可能与其抑制体内氧化应激反应、减轻肺组织细胞凋亡有关。     

大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注损伤对心肌L-Arg/NO途径的影响

为探讨大鼠心脏缺血-再灌注损伤(IRI)期间一氧化氮(NO)生成增加的环节和过程。本实验用离体灌流大鼠心脏,预灌流15 min,停灌45 min,取30 ml KH 液循环灌流15 min,观察冠脉流出液中细胞胞浆酶(LDH)、蛋白质、肌红蛋白漏出量和NO     

Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by neuregulin-1 protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), an endogenously produced polypeptide, is the ligand of cardiomyocyte ErbB receptors, with cardiovascular protective effects. In the present study, we explored whether the cardioprotective effect of NRG-1 against I/R injury is mediated by inhibiting myocardial endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In vitro, NRG-1 directly inhibited the upregulation of ER stress markers such as glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein and cleaved caspase-12 induced by the ER stress inducers tunicamycin or dithiothreitol in both neonatal and adult ventricular myocytes. Attenuating ErbB signals by an ErbB inhibitor AG1478 or ErbB4 knockdown and preincubation with phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors all reversed the effect of NRG-1 inhibiting ER stress in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Concurrently, cardiomyocyte ER stress and apoptosis induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation were decreased by NRG-1 treatment in vitro. Furthermore, in an in vivo rat model of myocardium ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), intravenous NRG-1 administration significantly decreased ER stress and myocardial infarct size induced by I/R. NRG-1 could protect the heart against I/R injury by inhibiting myocardial ER stress, which might be mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway.     

Sulodexide attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway

Acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury causes severe arrhythmias with a high rate of lethality. Extensive research focus on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and its dysfunction which leads to cardiac injury in MI/R Our study evaluated the effects of sulodexide (SDX) on MI/R by establishing MI/R mice models and in vitro oxidative stress models in H9C2 cells. We found that SDX decreases cardiac injury during ischaemia reperfusion and decreased myocardial apoptosis and infarct area, which was paralleled by increased superoxide dismutase and reduced malondialdehyde in mice plasm, increased Bcl‐2 expression, decreased BAX expression in a mouse model of MI/R. In vitro, SDX exerted a protective effect by the suppression of the ER stress which induced by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) treatment. Both of the in vivo and in vitro effects were involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway by specific inhibitor, LY294002, partially reduced the protective effect of SDX. In short, our results suggested that the cardioprotective role of SDX was related to the suppression of ER stress in mice MI/R models and TBHP‐induced H9C2 cell injury which was through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.     

Hydrogen alleviates hyperoxic acute lung injury related endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats through upregulation of SIRT1

Hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) is a major clinical problem for patients undergoing supplemental oxygen therapy. Currently in clinical settings there exist no effective means of prevention or treatment methods. Our previous study found that: hydrogen could reduce HALI, as well as oxidative stress. This research will further explore the mechanism underlying the protective effect of hydrogen on oxygen toxicity. Rats were randomly assigned into three experimental groups and were exposed in a oxygen chamber for 60 continuous hours: 100% balanced air (control); 100% oxygen (HALI); 100% oxygen with hydrogen treatment (HALI?+?HRS). We examined lung function by wet to dry ratio of lung, lung pleural effusion and cell apoptosis. We also detected endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) by examining the expression of CHOP, GRP78 and XBP1. We further investigated the role of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in HALI, which contributes to cellular regulation including ERS, by examining its expression after hydrogen treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor. Hydrogen could significantly reduce HALI by reducing lung edema and apoptosis, inhibiting the elevating of ERS and increased SIRT1 expression. By inhibition of SIRT1 expression, the effect of hydrogen on prevention of HALI is significantly weakened, the inhibition of the ERS was also reversed. Our findings indicate that hydrogen could reduce HALI related ERS and the mechanism of hydrogen may be associated with upregulation of SIRT1, this study reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of hydrogen, which provides a new theoretical basis for clinical application of hydrogen.     

bFGF attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial injury on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion via activation of PI3K/Akt/ERK1/2 pathway

Extensive research focused on finding effective strategies to prevent or improve recovery from myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to have therapeutic potential in some heart disorders, including ischaemic injury. In this study, we demonstrate that bFGF administration can inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction induced in the heart in a mouse model of I/R injury. In vitro, bFGF exerts a protective effect by inhibiting the ER stress response and mitochondrial dysfunction proteins that are induced by tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) treatment. Both of these in vivo and in vitro effects are related to the activation of two downstream signalling pathways, PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2. Inhibition of these PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways by specific inhibitors, LY294002 and PD98059, partially reduces the protective effect of bFGF. Taken together, our results indicate that the cardioprotective role of bFGF involves the suppression of ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemic oxidative damage models and oxidative stress‐induced H9C2 cell injury; furthermore, these effects underlie the activation of the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signalling pathways.     

Inhibition of TGFβ‐activated protein kinase 1 ameliorates myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury via endoplasmic reticulum stress suppression

Transforming growth factor β‐activated protein kinase 1 (TAK1) involves in various biological responses and is a key regulator of cell death. However, the role of TAK1 on acute myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is unknown. We observed that TAK1 activation increased significantly after MI/R and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), and we hypothesized that TAK1 has an important role in MI/R injury. Mice (TAK1 inhibiting by 5Z‐7‐oxozeaenol or silencing by AAV9 vector) were exposed to MI/R injury. Primary cardiomyocytes (TAK1 silencing by siRNA; and overexpressing TAK1 by adenovirus vector) were used to induce H/R injury model in vitro. Inhibition of TAK1 significantly decreased MI/R‐induced myocardial infarction area, reduced cell death and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, TAK1 silencing suppressed MI/R‐induced myocardial oxidative stress and attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the inhibition of ROS by NAC partially reversed the damage of TAK1 in vitro. Our study presents the first direct evidence that inhibition of TAK1 mitigated MI/R injury, and TAK1 mediated ROS/ER stress/apoptosis signal pathway is important for the pathogenesis of MI/R injury.