小鼠破骨细胞诱导及成纤维生长因子受体表达检测

目的:检测成纤维生长因子受体(fibroblast growth factor receptors,FGFRs)在小鼠破骨细胞中的表达情况,为探讨FGFRs时破骨细胞的直接调控作用奠定基础.方法:采用巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony stimulating factor,M-CSF)和破骨细胞分化因子(receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand,RANKL)诱导小鼠骨髓单核细胞分化为破骨细胞.提取细胞总RNA后经逆转录获得小鼠破骨细胞cDNA,根据FGFRs基因编码区序列设计的引物进行PCR扩增并对PCR扩增产物进行测序.为进一步验证转录水平的结果,提取细胞总蛋白电泳后进行免疫印迹实验.结果:诱导5d后可见TRAP( )多核细胞出现,小鼠破骨细胞在转录水平和翻译水平均只可检测到FGFR1和FGFR3基因的表达产物.结论:M=CSF和RANKL可成功诱导出小鼠破骨细胞,FGFR1和FGFR3基因在小鼠破骨细胞中均有表达.     

丹参素抑制RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化

目的：研究丹参素对RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化的影响。方法：运用冲洗法从股骨、胫骨中获得小鼠骨髓源性单核巨噬细 胞用于体外RANKL 诱导的破骨细胞分化,同时,施加不同剂量的丹参素干预,经TRAP染色法在形态学上观察观,蛋白印迹法检 测蛋白水平的变化,实时定量PCR 检测mRNA 水平变化来研究丹参素对RANKL诱导的骨髓源单核巨噬细胞破骨分化的影响。 结果：①不同剂量丹参素干预组与对照组相比,TRAP 阳性破骨细胞数量得到了明显抑制（P<0.05）。②不同剂量丹参素干预组与 对照组相比,磷酸化Akt的上调量被明显的降低。磷酸化p38 MAPK,JNK和ERK 的变化则不明显。③不同剂量丹参素干预组与 对照组相比,c-fos,TRAP,CTSK 等参与破骨细胞分化的重要基因表达减少,NFATc1 变化不明显。结论：丹参素通过下调磷酸化 Akt水平的途径抑制了RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化。     

MiR-216b通过靶向ABCG1促进破骨细胞形成并减少胆固醇流出

目的 研究miR-216b在破骨细胞分化中的功能和靶基因,探讨其对破骨细胞胆固醇外流的影响.方法 建立RANKL刺激诱导RAW 264.7破骨细胞前体细胞分化的细胞模型.进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色测定以评估破骨细胞分化.通过生物信息学分析和双荧光素酶报告基因预测和分析miR-216b与其靶基因ABCG13'...     

苏木对粪肠球菌体外抑菌试验及其对毒力因子cylA、efaA、gelE转录表达抑制作用的初探

目的研究苏木体外对粪肠球菌的抑菌效果,并初步研究其抑菌作用是否为通过影响或干扰某些毒力因子的表达而实现的。方法采用常量肉汤稀释法确定苏木体外对粪肠球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),以此判断抑菌效果,然后用RT-PCR方法检测粪肠球菌毒力因子cylA、gelE和efaA受苏木作用后的表达水平的变化。结果苏木对粪肠球菌的最小抑菌浓度为5 mg/mL,RT-PCR结果表明,毒力因子efaA、gelE的表达水平随着药物浓度的梯度增加而降低,在浓度为5 mg/mL及更高时mRNA的表达水平受到完全抑制。结论苏木体外对粪肠球菌起到了抑制作用,并对本实验所选毒力因子efaA、gelE的表达过程产生了抑制作用。     

粪肠球菌脂磷壁酸通过 激活NF-κB活化NLRP3炎性体

目的检测粪肠球菌脂磷壁酸(LTA)对NLRP3炎性体的活化机制。方法粪肠球菌LTA及NF-κB抑制剂作用于小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7上,运用Western blot及ELISA法检测NLRP3炎性体相关因子mRNA及蛋白的表达,检验LTA对NLRP3的活化是否借助NF-κB信号通路,免疫荧光染色检测NF-κB的核转位。结果LTA可直接活化RAW264.7细胞的NLRP3炎性体。LTA作用于细胞后NLRP3、Caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白的表达明显高于对照组(P0.05)。NF-κB抑制剂可有效抑制NF-κB P65的核转位,而一旦NF-κB信号通路被抑制,NLRP3炎性体蛋白的表达均明显降低。结论 LTA能直接激活小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7的NLRP3炎性体的表达,NF-κB信号通路参与此过程。     

木犀草素对粪肠球菌毒力因子作用机制的研究

目的探讨木犀草素对粪肠球菌生物被膜的抑制效果,并进一步研究木犀草素对粪肠球菌毒力因子转录表达水平的影响。方法建立粪肠球菌的体外生物被膜模型,5组实验组分别加入浓度为0.5、1、2、4和8mg/mL的木犀草素,同步培养24h后,通过MTT检测各组的抑菌率。利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察不同浓度的木犀草素作用24h后的抑菌效果。最后选取适宜的浓度(2、4、8mg/mL)的木犀草素与粪肠球菌共同培养24h后,通过RT-PCR观察各组粪肠球菌毒力因子gelE、esp、ebpA的转录表达水平。结果 MTT和CLSM结果显示:随着浓度的增加,木犀草素对粪肠球菌生物被膜的抑制效果越来越好(P0.05)。其中以8mg/mL组的抑菌效果最好;浓度为2、4、8mg/mL的木犀草素对其毒力因子gelE、esp、ebpA的mRNA的表达均有较好的抑制作用,并且随着药物浓度的增加木犀草素对其毒力因子的抑制效果也越来越好(P0.05)。当药物浓度为8mg/mL时,可完全抑制gelE、esp、ebpA的mRNA的转录表达。结论木犀草素对粪肠球菌生物被膜有抑制作用,与此同时还能不同程度的抑制其毒力因子gelE、esp、ebpA的转录表达水平。     

热作用下成骨细胞HSP70 mRNA的表达变化及其对破骨细胞增殖的影响

目的:研究不同温度热作用对小鼠成骨细胞系中HSP70 mRNA表达水平的影响及其培养液对小鼠破骨细胞增殖的影响.方法:取小鼠成骨细胞系MC3T3,不同温度(37℃-39℃-41℃-42.5℃)作用其一周,RT PCR方法观察其HSP70表达水平变化,同时取其培养液上清与小鼠破骨前体细胞RAW264.7共培养,MTT法观察其增殖情况.结果:经不同温度热(37℃-39℃-41℃-42.5℃)处理后,MC3T3细胞系中HSP70表达水平明显增加,并且呈现与温度梯度依赖性,其处理后的上清液分别与小鼠破故前体细胞系RAW264.7共培养,MTT法测定其增值水平,结果其增殖受到抑制,且抑制水平与温度呈梯度依赖关系.结论:热刺激可以促进成骨细胞中HSP70的表达,促使成骨细胞抑制破骨细胞增殖,HSP70可能是参与调控成骨细胞与破骨细胞平衡的重要因子.     

紫草素抑制破骨细胞分化及改善去卵巢诱导的小鼠骨质疏松

目的:研究紫草素对破骨细胞体外分化的影响,并探讨其对去卵巢(ovariectomized,OVX)诱导的骨质疏松模型小鼠的骨保护作用。方法:体外细胞生物学实验,采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度紫草素对C57BL/6J小鼠骨髓源性单核巨噬细胞的毒性;采用RANKL和M-CSF诱导单核巨噬细胞破骨分化模型,给予不同浓度的紫草素干预后,经TRAP染色对破骨细胞进行形态学观察,并通过Real-Time PCR技术检测破骨细胞特异性基因TRAP、c-Fos和NFATc1的表达。动物体内实验,随机将15只小鼠平均分为假手术组、OVX组、治疗组。造模成功后治疗组给予紫草素干预,假手术组和OVX组以等体积生理盐水处理。连续处理30天后取胫骨,用Micro CT扫描重建观察胫骨近端骨丢失状况。结果:(1)高于250 nmol/L的紫草素显著抑制小鼠单核巨噬细胞生长(P0.01)。(2)不同浓度的紫草素干预能显著抑制体外破骨细胞形成(P0.01)。(3)不同浓度的紫草素干预能显著抑制TRAP,c-Fos和NFATc1等参与破骨细胞分化的重要基因表达(P0.01)。(4)紫草素干预能显著改善去卵巢诱导的骨质疏松模型小鼠的骨丢失(P0.05)。结论:紫草素能在体外抑制破骨细胞分化并在体内改善去卵巢诱导的小鼠骨质疏松。     

绝经后骨质疏松症TNF-α通过激活NF-κB促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成

本研究检测了绝经后骨质疏松症妇女的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和雌激素水平,并探讨了TNF-α对破骨前体细胞RAW264.7中破骨细胞标志物核因子κB受体激活因子(nuclear factor kappa-B, RANK)、组织蛋白酶K (Cathepsin K, CTSK)和凝血酶受体激活肽(thrombin receptor activating peptide, TRAP)以及核因子-κB (NF-κB)亚基(p65)和NF-κB抑制蛋白(IκBα)的影响。研究结果表明,绝经后骨质疏松症患者的TNF-α水平显著升高,而雌二醇水平显著降低。核因子κB受体激活因子配体(receptor activator for NF-κBligand, RANKL)处理1周后,破骨前体细胞RAW264.7中破骨细胞标志物RANK、CTSK和TRAP的mRNA和蛋白高度表达。与RANKL对照组相比,TNF-α处理可上调RANK、CTSK和TRAP m RNA的表达。但是,仅TNF-α不能诱导培养的RAW264.7细胞分化为破骨细胞成。TNF-α以剂量依赖性方式诱导NF-κB亚基p65和IκBα磷酸化,而NF-κB抑制剂处理则有效降低了RANK和TRAP的表达。本研究结论表明,绝经后骨质疏松症中TNF-α通过激活NF-κB来促进RANKL诱导的破骨细胞形成。     

OPG／OCIF的结构、表达及功能

OPG/OCIF是一种分泌蛋白,属于TNFR超家族新成员,由受成骨信号刺激的成骨细胞表达和分泌,在破骨细胞分化时起信号传导作用。作为OPGL的伪受体,在破骨细胞分化环路中起负调节作用,抑制破骨细胞形成,促进成骨。OPG转基因模型显示广泛的骨密度增高,全身给药可以防止卵巢切除模型的骨丢失,对OPG的认识揭开了多种调节破骨细胞分化因子的最终作用,也为临床治疗骨代谢疾病提供了新的依据。     

IL-17A suppresses the expression of bone resorption-related proteinases and osteoclast differentiation via IL-17RA or IL-17RC receptors in RAW264.7 cells

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is produced exclusively by activated T cells and neutrophils, and stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption via osteoblasts by inducing the expression of “receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand” (RANKL). However, the direct effects of IL-17 on the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts and on the function of osteoclasts have not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the effects of IL-17A on the differentiation of osteoclast precursors using RAW264.7 cells and also on the expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), RANK, c-fms, and IL-17 receptors in these cells. The cells were cultured with or without 0.1, 1.0, 10 or 50 ng/mL IL-17 in the presence of soluble RANKL for up to 10 days. The CA II, cathepsin K, and MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression levels were examined using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The mRNA expression levels of RANK, c-fms, and IL-17 receptors were monitored by real-time PCR. Osteoclast differentiation was estimated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of the cells. TRAP-positive cells were observed after day 5 of culture, and the number of cells decreased in the presence of 10 and 50 ng/mL IL-17A at days 5 and 7. In the presence of IL-17A, the expressions of cathepsin K, MMP-9 and c-fms decreased markedly on days 5 and/or 7 of culture, whereas the expression of CA II and IL-17 receptor (type A) increased remarkably at days 3 and 7, respectively. The expression of RANK and IL-17 receptor (type C) was not affected by the addition of IL-17A. These results suggest that the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts is suppressed at high concentrations of IL-17A. Furthermore, IL-17A suppresses the hydrolysis of matrix proteins during bone resorption by decreasing the production of cathepsin K and MMP-9 in osteoclasts.     

Osteoprotegerin differentially regulates protease expression in osteoclast cultures

Cysteine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important factors in the degradation of organic matrix components of bone. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is an osteoblast-secreted decoy receptor that inhibits osteoclast differentiation and activation. This study investigated the direct effects of human OPG on cathepsin K, MMP-9, MMP-2, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP1 and TIMP2) expressed by purified rabbit osteoclasts. The expression of two osteoclast markers, namely tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K, was inhibited by 100 ng/mL hOPG, whereas MMP-9 expression was enhanced. Gelatinase activities were measured using a zymographic assay, and hOPG was shown to enhance both pro-MMP-9 and MMP-2 activities. Concomitantly, TIMP1 expression was greatly stimulated by hOPG, whereas TIMP2 mRNA levels were not modulated. Overall, these results show that hOPG regulates the proteases produced by purified osteoclasts differentially, producing a marked inhibitory effect on the expression of cathepsin K, the main enzyme involved in bone resorption.     

The effect of rotative stress on CAII,FAS, FASL,OSCAR, and TRAP gene expression in osteoclasts

This study was designed to explore the effects of rotative stress on carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), TNF receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS), FAS ligand (FASL), osteoclast‐associated receptor (OSCAR), and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) gene expression in osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were induced from RAW264.7 cells cultured in medium containing recombinant murine soluble receptor activator of NF‐Kβ ligand (sRANKL). The mRNA and protein expression of CAII, FAS, FASL, OSCAR, and TRAP genes in osteoclasts was detected by RT‐PCR and Western blot, respectively, after osteoclasts were loaded at various rotative stress strengths and times. No significant differences in mRNA and protein expression were observed between any of the control groups (P > 0.05). Importantly, rotative stress had a significant effect on the mRNA and protein expression of these genes (P < 0.05). We found a negative relationship between rotative stress strength and prolonged loading time and the expression of FAS/FASL genes in osteoclasts. In addition, there was a positive relationship between rotative stress strength and prolonged loading time and the expression of CAII, OSCAR, or TRAP genes in osteoclasts. Based on these results, rotative stress has a significant effect on CAII, FAS, FASL, OSCAR, and TRAP gene expression in osteoclasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 388–397, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid induce different innate immune responses in bovine mammary epithelial cells

The objective of the present study was to characterize the innate immune responses induced by in vitro stimulation of bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) using gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gram-positive lipoteichoic acid (LTA) bacterial cell wall components. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to examine the mRNA expression of a panel of 22 cytokines, chemokines, beta-defensins and components of the Toll-Like Receptor signaling pathway. Stimulation of bMEC with LPS for 24h elicited a marked increase in mRNA expression for IL-1beta, IL-8, TNFalpha, CXCL6 and beta-defensin while members of the Toll-Like Receptor pathway, although present, were largely unaffected. Surprisingly, stimulation of these cells with LTA for 24 h did not significantly alter the expression of these genes. A time course of the expression of IL-1beta, IL-8, TNFalpha, CXCL6 and beta-defensin was subsequently performed. The mRNA levels of all genes increased rapidly after stimulation for 2-4 h with both LPS and LTA but only the former treatment resulted in sustained responses. In contrast, the increased gene expression for LTA stimulated cells returned to resting levels after 8-16 h with the exception of beta-defensin, which remained up-regulated. The limited and unsustained cytokine response to LTA may explain why mastitis caused by gram-positive bacteria has greater potential for chronic intra-mammary infection than gram-negative infection. It was concluded that bovine mammary epithelial cells have a strong but differential capacity to mount innate immune responses to bacterial cell wall components.     

Sodium hydrogen sulfide inhibits nicotine and lipopolysaccharide‐induced osteoclastic differentiation and reversed osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells

Although previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) stimulated or inhibited osteoclastic differentiation, little is known about the effects of H₂S on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To determine the possible bioactivities of H₂S on bone metabolism, we investigated the in vitro effects of H₂S on cytotoxicity, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic differentiation as well as the underlying mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nicotine‐stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). The H₂S donor, NaHS, protected hPDLCs from nicotine and LPS‐induced cytotoxicity and recovered nicotine‐ and LPS‐downregulated osteoblastic differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of osteoblasts, including ALP, osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), and mineralized nodule formation. Concomitantly, NaHS inhibited the differentiation of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive osteoclasts in mouse bone marrow cells and blocked nicotine‐ and LPS‐induced osteoclastogenesis regulatory molecules, such as RANKL, OPG, M‐CSF, MMP‐9, TRAP, and cathepsin K mRNA. NaHS blocked nicotine and LPS‐induced activation of p38, ERK, MKP‐1, PI3K, PKC, and PKC isoenzymes, and NF‐κB. The effects of H₂S on nicotine‐ and LPS‐induced osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation were remarkably reversed by MKP‐1 enzyme inhibitor (vanadate) and expression inhibitor (triptolide). Taken together, we report for the first time that H₂S inhibited cytotoxicity and osteoclastic differentiation and recovered osteoblastic differentiation in a nicotine‐ and periodontopathogen‐stimulated hPDLCs model, which has potential therapeutic value for treatment of periodontal and inflammatory bone diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 1183–1193, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Altered expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is associated with reduced cardiac function in rats following coronary microembolization

This study was designed to investigate the effect of various strengths and action times of flow stress on mRNA expression of H+-ATPase in osteoclasts. Osteoclasts were obtained through a classical mechanical–anatomical technique. They were identified by their morphology, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and by a test of their ability to form resorption lacunae. Osteoclasts were mechanically loaded by flow stress using a cell-loading system. The stress-loading experiments were divided into various strength groups and action time groups. The morphological changes of osteoclasts after application of loading stress were analyzed using an image analysis system and Image-Pro Plus software. Expression of H+-ATPase mRNA in osteoclasts was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The existence of significant differences between experimental groups was analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software. The cytoplasm of osteoclasts with positive TRAP staining appeared with a characteristic claret-red color. Cells were able to form resorption pits in the surface of dentine slices. Morphological changes of osteoclasts with applied stress assumed an early increasing tendency before reaching a peak value and following a decreasing tendency. A significant difference of H+-ATPase mRNA expression of osteoclasts was seen between any two groups (P < 0.05). H+-ATPase mRNA expression in osteoclasts had a tendency to first increase with increasing stress and was observed to then decrease in one action time group. In this present study, a close relationship between the stress and mRNA expression of H+-ATPase in osteoclasts was observed.     

Regulation of osteoclastogenesis and RANK expression by TGF-beta1

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been shown to both inhibit and to stimulate bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. This may be due, in part, to differential effects on bone marrow stromal cells that support osteoclastogenesis vs. direct effects on osteoclastic precursor cells. In the present study, we used the murine monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7, to define direct effects of TGF-beta on pre-osteoclastic cells. In the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) (20 ng/ml) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANK-L) (50 ng/ml), TGF-beta1 (0.01-5 ng/ml) dose-dependently stimulated (by up to 120-fold) osteoclast formation (assessed by the presence of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells and expression of calcitonin and vitronectin receptors). In addition, TGF-beta1 also increased steady state RANK mRNA levels in a time- (by up to 3.5-fold at 48 h) and dose-dependent manner (by up to 2.2-fold at 10 ng/ml). TGF-beta1 induction of RANK mRNA levels was present both in undifferentiated RAW cells as well as in cells that had been induced to differentiate into osteoclasts by a 7-day treatment with M-CSF and RANK-L. Using a fluorescence-labeled RANK-L probe, we also demonstrated by flow cytometry that TGF-beta1 resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of RANK+ RAW cells (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in the fluorescence intensity per cell (P < 0.05), the latter consistent with an increase in RANK protein expression per cell. These data thus indicate that TGF-beta directly stimulates osteoclastic differentiation, and this is accompanied by increased RANK mRNA and protein expression.