TGF-β_1对不同阶段哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖的作用

目的探讨TGF-β1对不同阶段哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMCs）增殖的作用。方法建立2周、6周哮喘大鼠模型,分别以1μg/L、10μg/L和100μg/LTGF-β1干预ASMCs生长。采用流式细胞仪、MTT法检测ASMCs增殖情况,观察不同浓度TGF-β1对ASMCs增殖的影响。结果 2周和6周哮喘组ASMCs的S期比例、A值分别为（34.31±1.41）%、（35.96±3.46）%;（0.546±0.005）、（0.559±0.009）与对照组（12.24±2.64）%、（0.289±0.009）比较均显著增高（均P〈0.01）。2周、6周哮喘模型组的各TGF-β1干预组ASMCs的S期比例、A值与各自哮喘组比较均显著升高（均P〈0.01）,10μg/L和100μg/LTGF-β1组比1μg/LTGF-β1组对ASMCs增殖作用明显增加（P〈0.01）,10μg/LTGF-β1组和100μg/LTGF-β1组相比,ASMCs增殖细胞占细胞总数的百分比无明显变化,两种浓度增殖作用无有明显差别（P〉0.05）。而2周和6周哮喘组相比,加入不同浓度TGF-β1干预后的差别不大（P〉0.05）。结论与正常鼠相比,2周和6周哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖明显,处于S期的细胞比例明显增高,6周哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌较2周哮喘大鼠增殖更明显。经TGF-β1干预后,2周和6周哮喘哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞处于S期的细胞比例增加,增殖增强,提示TGF-β1可能在哮喘早期阶段即可促进大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖,并促进各阶段哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞持续增殖。     

积雪草对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠TGF-β1表达及相关下游信号的影响

目的：通过研究积雪草（CA）对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠转化生长因子β₁（TGF-β₁）表达及相关下游信号的影响,阐明积雪草防治早期糖尿病肾病（DN）的分子机制。方法：60只雄性SD大鼠,按体重随机分为假手术组（n=10）和造模组（n=50）。造模组大鼠进行右肾切除术,1周后给以腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）30 mg/kg,连续给3 d;72 h后测血糖,以 ≥ 16.7 mmol/L,尿糖+++以上及尿量大于对照组的50%为DN模型成模标准。假手术组进行右肾被膜损伤,并注射相应量生理盐水。造模组通过灌胃给药,分为：DN模型组（模型组）、DN+福辛普利组（蒙组1.6 mg/kg·d）、DN+积雪草高剂量组（高剂量组16.8 mg/kg·d）、DN+积雪草中剂量组（中剂量组11.2 mg/kg·d）和DN+积雪草低剂量组（低剂量组5.6 mg/kg·d）（n=10）,连续给药16周,每日上午1次灌胃。利用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分别检测肾组织中TGF-β₁、TβR1、TβR2、Smad2/3、p-Smad2/3及Smad7 mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果：与假手术组相比,DN组TGF-β₁、TβR1、TβR2、Smad2/3 mRNA和蛋白表达及Smad2/3蛋白的磷酸化水平显著增加（P<0.05）、Smad7 mRNA和蛋白表达明显减少（P<0.05）,而福辛普利和高剂量积雪草能倒转DN引起的TGF-β₁、TβR1、TβR2、Smad2/3 mRNA和蛋白表达增加（P<0.05）及Smad7 mRNA和蛋白表达降低（P<0.05）。结论：积雪草可能通过调控TGF-β₁/Smad信号通路起到防治DN的作用。     

IL-19对哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的探讨IL-19对哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMCs）增殖的作用。方法通过对大鼠进行雾化卵清蛋白,制备哮喘模型大鼠。提取哮喘大鼠ASMCs进行培养,分别以1μg/L、10μg/L、100μg/L IL-19干预ASMCs生长。采用流式细胞仪、MTT法检测ASMCs增殖情况,观察不同浓度IL-19对ASMCs增殖的影响。结果与正常鼠相比,慢性哮喘大鼠ASMCs增殖明显,处于S期的细胞比例明显增高。经10μg/L、100μg/L IL-19干预后,慢性哮喘大鼠ASMCs处于S期的细胞比例减少,增殖亦减弱。且两组间比较有明显差异。而经1μg/L IL-19干预后,慢性哮喘大鼠ASMCs处于S期的细胞比例及增殖均无明显变化。结论一定浓度的IL-19可能抑制慢性哮喘大鼠ASMCs的增殖。     

姜黄素抑制大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖和诱导凋亡的作用

目的:探讨姜黄素对大鼠气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cells,ASMCs)增殖和凋亡的影响.方法:采用改良组织块消化法培养原代大鼠气道平滑肌细胞,以PDGF诱导ASMCs增殖建立模型.MTT法检测不同浓度姜黄素抑制ASMCs增殖情况.Hoechst 33342染色和DNA Ladder检测细胞凋亡,Western Blot检测ERK1/2和磷酸化ERK1/2的表达.结果:①MTT检测给予姜黄素处理12 h后,与模型组相比较,10 μmol/l组、20μmol/l组和40 μmol/l组的细胞平均抑制率均增加显著.P<0.05;48 h后各浓度组抑制率均升高.②Hoechst 33342观察到10μmol/I、20μmol/1和40 μmol/l姜黄素组中强荧光细胞比例随姜黄素刺量增大而增多,细胞核内多个不均一蓝染现象.③DNA Ladder观察到40μmol/l组姜黄素处理组出现梯状分布.④姜黄素(40 μmol/1)与PDGF(20 ng/m1)共同处理30 min和60 min后P-ERK1/2蛋白表达水平显著降低.结论:姜黄素对ASMCs增殖有抑制作用,同时高浓度的姜黄素可促进AsMCs凋亡,可能与下调ERK1/2的表达有关.     

TGF-β1诱导的Postn、α-SMA和CollagenⅠ在宫腔粘连内膜组织中高表达与粘连严重程度相关

骨膜蛋白（periostin, Postn）与转化生长因子-β1（transforming growth factor-beta1,TGF-β1）信号通路活动密切相关,并参与多种纤维化疾病的病理形成,但在宫腔粘连（intrauterine adhesions,IUAs）形成过程中的作用机制尚不清楚。为了解Postn与纤维标志物（α-平滑肌肌动蛋白：alpha smooth muscle actin,α-SMA,Ⅰ型胶原：CollagenⅠ）在宫腔粘连发病中的作用,本研究收集宫腔粘连（实验组）轻、中、重度各20名患者的内膜组织,非宫腔粘连者20名（对照组）,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术、Western印迹技术和免疫组化染色证明：Postn与α-SMA、CollagenⅠ在mRNA和蛋白质表达水平的趋势一致,且与宫腔粘连严重程度呈正相关;实验组Postn、α-SMA 和 CollagenⅠ较对照组明显升高,其中以中、重度宫腔粘连患者内膜组织Postn、α-SMA和CollagenⅠ表达有非常显著的统计学差异（P＜0.01）。同时,为探究TGF-β1与Postn等纤维标志物的关系,利用重组人转化生长因子TGF-β1刺激原代子宫内膜基质细胞后,Western印迹结果显示,TGF-β1与Postn、α-SMA和CollagenⅠ蛋白质表达变化呈现剂量和时间依赖关系。上述结果证实,内膜纤维化是宫腔粘连的主要特征,由Postn等纤维产物参与形成,且与粘连程度相关。推测该病理过程可能与内膜损伤后,TGF-β1促使子宫内膜基质细胞成纤维分化、诱导Postn持续高表达有关。     

积雪草对转染TGF-β1基因的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞Smad 2/3、Smad 7和胶原蛋白Ⅳ表达的影响

目的：通过细胞转基因技术,获得稳定表达转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的系膜细胞（MC）克隆,观察积雪草（CA）对Smad 2/3、Smad 7和胶原蛋白1V表达及Smad 2/3磷酸化的影响。方法：采用脂质体的方法将TGF-β1表达质粒转入MC细胞,采用G418筛选并建立稳定表达TGF-β1的细胞株。将MC细胞株分为3组：对照组（未转染TGFβ1的MC+RPMI 1640+10%正常大鼠血清）,TGF-β1转染组（稳定表达TGF-β1的MC+RPMI 1640+10%正常大鼠血清）,积雪草（CA）组：稳定表达TGF-β1的MC+RPMI 1640+10%含高浓度CA的大鼠血清。实验重复5次。ELISA法检测各组培养上清中TGF-β1和胶原Ⅳ的含量;RT-PCR方法检测各组细胞TGF-β1、Smad 2/3、Smad 7的mRNA表达水平;Western印迹法检测各组细胞TGF-β1、Smad 2/3、p-Smad 2/3、Smad 7、胶原Ⅳ的蛋白质水平。结果：TGF-β1转染组细胞上清液中的TGF-β1和胶原蛋白Ⅳ水平显著升高,积雪草能显著降低TGF-β1和胶原蛋白Ⅳ水平;TGF-β1转染组细胞中TGF-β1、Smad 2/3的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平及Smad 2/3的磷酸化水平均显著升高,而CA可显著降低MC细胞中TGF-β1、Smad 2/3的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平及Smad 2/3的磷酸化水平;TGF-β1转染组细胞中的Smad 7 mRNA水平显著降低,而CA能使Smad 7的mRNA水平显著升高。结论：稳定表达TGF-β1的MC细胞能激活TGFβ1/Smad信号通路,并引起胶原蛋白Ⅳ表达增加,而CA通过抑制此通路的激活,进而抑制胶原蛋白Ⅳ的表达而减缓糖尿病肾病（DN）的发生。     

Rb蛋白功能缺陷降低肝细胞对TGF-β的敏感性

目的：探讨肝细胞内视网膜母细胞瘤（Rb）基因缺陷对转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）诱导的细胞周期静止的影响。方法：分离并培养原代肝细胞,特异性siRNA腺病毒封闭细胞内Rb基因表达后加入TGF-β诱导,然后MTT法检测细胞生长变化,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化,并用Western blot和荧光定量逆转录聚合酶反应（FQ-RT-PCR）法检测细胞中pRb、E2F、c-MYC和p16的表达变化。结果：原代培养肝细胞感染Rb-siRNA重组腺病毒后,正常对照肝细胞抑制率高于Rb基因封闭的肝细胞（69.76%,p<0.01）,流式细胞检测可见对照组TGF-β诱导后处于G1期的肝细胞数明显增多（99.80%,p<0.05）,而在Rb基因封闭组中,TGF-β诱导后各细胞周期分布与未诱导的正常肝细胞基本一致。Western blotting检测可见48h时对照组TGF-β诱导后,E2F和c-MYC蛋白表达减少而p16高表达,Rb基因封闭组TGF-β诱导后c-MYC表达减少而p16表达增高。结论：TGF-β可诱导肝细胞静止于G1期,而Rb基因功能缺陷的肝细胞对TGF-β的诱导敏感性显著降低。     

β-酪啡肽-7保护链脲佐菌素引起的大鼠肾损伤

研究β-酪啡肽-7（β-casomorphin-7,β-CM-7）对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠肾损伤的保护作用.结果显示：（1）β-酪啡肽-7降低糖尿病大鼠的采食量、饮水量和空腹血糖值,提高糖尿病大鼠的体重,但是差异不显著（P>0.05）.（2）β-酪啡肽-7显著降低糖尿病大鼠尿糖、尿蛋白、血清肌酐、血清尿素氮、肾脏指数和血清中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的含量;Masson染色结果显示,β-酪啡肽-7治疗显著降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏的纤维化程度.（3）RT-RCR结果显示,β-酪啡肽-7显著降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏TGF-β1、Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白基因的表达.Western印迹显示,β-酪啡肽-7显著降低糖尿病大鼠肾脏Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达.上述结果表明,β-酪啡肽-7能够减缓糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能和肾脏纤维化程度,其机制可能与降低TGF-β1含量、减少胶原蛋白在肾脏的沉积有关.     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体2与哮喘模型大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖关系的研究

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体2(Flk-1)在哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞(ASMC)中表达变化及其对ASMC增殖的影响。方法 SD大鼠18只,随机分为对照组,哮喘模型组和地塞米松干预组各6只,并培养各组气道平滑肌细胞。用免疫组织化学技术检测ASMC增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达;用RT-PCR及Western blot方法分别检测VEGF和Flk-1mRNA及蛋白质在不同组大鼠ASMC的表达程度。结果(1)哮喘模型组ASMC PCNA表达较对照组和干预组显著增加(P0.05)。(2)哮喘模型组ASMC VEGF164,VEGF188mRNA和VEGF205mRNA的表达较对照组和干预组显著增加(P0.05或P0.01)。(3)哮喘模型组ASMC VEGF及Flk-1蛋白质在大鼠ASMC中的表达较对照组和干预组显著增加(P0.05)。直线相关性分析显示,大鼠ASMC PCNA表达与大鼠ASMC中VEGF205,188,164及Flk-1mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r分别为0.79,0.86,0.83,0.68;P0.05);大鼠ASMC PCNA表达与大鼠ASMC中VEGF及Flk-1蛋白质表达水平也呈正相关(r分别为0.80,0.77;P0.05)。结果 哮喘模型大鼠ASMC中VEGF及其受体Flk-1表达上调,并与气道平滑肌细胞增殖有密切关系。该结果提示VEGF及其受体2可能参与了哮喘气道重建中气道平滑肌细胞增殖的过程。     

奥曲肽联合介入治疗对急性上消化道大出血患者隐血试验的影响

目的:探讨奥曲肽联合栓塞介入治疗消化性溃疡引发的上消化道出血的临床研究。方法:将30例消化道溃疡合并急性消化道大出血患者随机分为对照组和联合治疗组,每组15例,对照组患者采用栓塞介入治疗,联合治疗组采用奥曲肽联合栓塞治疗,在48 h后评价短期疗效,并随访1月观察患者的出血复发情况及不良反应;采用联合免疫试剂盒检测患者在治疗前及治疗后2天,3天和7天的大便隐血,并记录患者隐血转阴时间和住院时间。结果:联合治疗组患者的短期有效率为92.9%明显高于对照组的60.0%,且差异有统计学意义(X~2=8.96,P0.05);治疗前,两组患者的大便隐血试验均为阳性,治疗2天后,联合治疗组和对照组的隐血阳性率分别为21.4%和66.7%,两组比较差异有显著意义(X~2=6.66,P0.01);治疗3天后,联合治疗组92.8%患者隐血试验转阴,显著高于对照组60.0%,且差异有统计学意义(X~2=4.66,P0.05);对照组患者的隐血转阴时间和住院时间分别为(4.15±2.37)天和(7.22±1.98)天高于联合治疗组,其隐血转阴时间和住院时间分别为(2.77±1.98)天和(5.33±2.07)天,两组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:奥曲肽联合栓塞介入治疗可以快速止血,再出血发生率低和安全等特点,能有效治疗消化性溃疡引发的急性上消化道大出血。     

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes rat airway muscle cell proliferation and migration mediated by ERK1/2 and FAK signaling

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory mediator that contributes to asthmatic airway remodeling; however, little is known regarding the effects of MIF on airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). In the present study, we found that an enhanced expression of MIF promoted ASMC proliferation, increased the population of cells in the S/G2 phase, downregulated P21 expression, and upregulated cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and Cdk6 expression. In addition, the apoptosis of ASMCs was significantly decreased in response to MIF overexpression, compared with the negative control. Moreover, MIF facilitated the migration of ASMCs by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2. Finally, we showed that MIF increased the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which are associated with proliferation and migration. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MIF overexpression promotes the proliferation and migration of ASMCs by upregulating the activity of the ERK1/2 and FAK signaling pathways in these cells, further indicating that inhibition of MIF may prove to be an effective strategy for treating asthma patients with airway remodeling.     

Role of extracellular matrix and its regulators in human airway smooth muscle biology

Altered extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition contributing to airway wall remodeling is an important feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The molecular mechanisms of this process are poorly understood. One of the key pathological features of these diseases is thickening of airway walls. This thickening is largely to the result of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy as well as increased deposition of ECM proteins such as collagens, elastin, laminin, and proteoglycans around the smooth muscle. Many growth factors and cytokines, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1, FGF-2, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-α₁, that are released from the airway wall have the potential to contribute to airway remodeling, revealed by enhanced ASM proliferation and increased ECM protein deposition. TGF-α₁ and FGF-1 stimulate mRNA expression of collagen I and III in ASM cells, suggesting their role in the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins by ASM cells in the airways of patients with chronic lung diseases. Focus is now on the bidirectional relationship between ASM cells and the ECM. In addition to increased synthesis of ECM proteins, ASM cells can be involved in downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and upregulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), thus eventually contributing to the alteration in ECM. In turn, ECM proteins promote the survival, proliferation, cytokine synthesis, migration, and contraction of human airway smooth muscle cells. Thus, the intertwined relationship of ASM and ECM and their response to stimuli such as chronic inflammation in diseases such as asthma and COPD contribute to the remodeling seen in airways of patients with these diseases.     

改良组织块消化法建立大鼠气道平滑肌细胞模型

目的：建立改进大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMC）的体外培养方法,为相关研究提供实验材料。方法：将组织块连续贴壁进行细胞原代培养,胰酶消化传代培养,差速贴壁进行细胞纯化,形态学及免疫细胞化学染色法进行细胞鉴定。MTT法检测PDGF-BB诱导的ASMC增殖。结果：成功培养大鼠ASMC,以改良组织块消化法最为理想。第四代平滑肌细胞纯度可达95％以上。相差显微镜下培养细胞呈典型“峰谷状”生长。免疫荧光化学染色显示特异性平滑肌肌动蛋白阳性表达。随着PDGF浓度的升高（2-80ng／ml）,MTT比色A490值呈上升趋势。与对照组相比较,80ng／ml、20ng／ml PDGF—BB组有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：改良组织块消化法可缩短培养周期,在充分利用标本的基础上获得大量气道平滑肌细胞。     

MicroRNA-638 inhibits human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration through targeting cyclin D1 and NOR1

Abnormal airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation and migration contribute significantly to increased ASM mass associated with asthma. MicroRNA (miR)-638 is a primate-specific miRNA that plays important roles in development, DNA damage repair, hematopoiesis, and tumorigenesis. Although it is highly expressed in ASMCs, its function in ASM remodeling remains unknown. In the current study, we found that in response to various mitogenic stimuli, including platelet-derived growth factor-two B chains (PDGF-BB), transforming growth factor β1, and fetal bovine serum, the expression of miR-638, as determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), was significantly downregulated in the proliferative human ASMCs. Both gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed to study the role of miR-638 in ASMC proliferation and migration. We found that adenovirus-mediated miR-638 overexpression markedly inhibits ASMC proliferation and migration, while ablation of miR-638 by anti-miR-638 markedly increases cell proliferation and migration, as determined by WST-8 proliferation and scratch wound assays. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, and immunoblot analysis were used to investigate the effects of miR-638 on the expression of the downstream target genes in ASMCs. Our results demonstrated that miR-638 overexpression significantly reduced the expression of downstream target cyclin D1 and NOR1, both of which have been shown to be essential for cell proliferation and migration. Together, our study provides the first in vitro evidence highlighting the antiproliferative and antimigratory roles of miR-638 in human ASMC remodeling and suggests that targeted overexpression of miR-638 in ASMCs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing ASM hyperplasia associated with asthma.     

Vasoactive peptides upregulate mRNA expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human airway smooth muscle cells

Airway remodeling and associated angiogenesis are documented features of asthma, of which the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Angiotensin (ANG)II and endothelin (ET)-1 are potent vasoconstricting circulatory hormones implicated in asthma. We investigated the effects of ANG II and ET-1 on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells proliferation and growth and examined the mRNA expression and release of the angiogenic peptide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Serum deprived (48 h) human ASM cells were incubated with ANG II (100 nM) or ET-1 (10nM) for 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h and the endogenous synthesis of VEGF was examined in relation to control cells receiving serum free culture medium. ET-1 induced time dependent DNA biosynthesis as determined by [³H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Using northern blot hybridization, we detected two mRNA species of 3.9 and 1.7 kb encoding VEGF in the cultured smooth muscle cells. Both ANG II and ET-1 induced the mRNA expression (two-to threefold) and secretion (1.8-to 2.8-fold) of VEGF reaching maximal levels between 4–8 h of incubation. Induced expression and release of VEGF declined after 8 h of ANG II incubation while levels remained elevated in the case of ET-1. The conditioned medium derived from ET-1-treated ASM cells induced [³H]-thymidine incorporation and cell number in porcine pulmonary artery endothelial as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor blocked the conditioned medium induced mitogenesis in endothelial cells. Our results suggest a potential role for ANG II and ET-1 in ASM cell growth and upregulation of VEGF that may participate in endothelial cell proliferation via paracrine mechanisms and thus causing pathological angiogenesis and vascular remodelling seen during asthma.     

影响主动脉平滑肌细胞迁移的因素

平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)的迁移对血管发育、动脉粥样硬化和术后再狭窄等起到关键性的作用。主要从激发VSMC迁移的关键炎性细胞因子、细胞间相互作用的核心成员、microRNA、细胞骨架和上述各因素的迁移信号通路这几方面来综述VSMC的迁移。