温州蜜柑叶片水提取液的抑菌效果

柑橘除部分品种用于鲜食和加工外,许多品种的果实及下脚料未得到充分的综合利用[1].自20世纪60年代以来,国内外学者对不同柑橘品种中的60多种类黄酮的提取、纯化及结构测定、类黄酮的药理学及其他应用方面进行了研究[2～4].研究发现: 槲皮酮和橘皮苷能显著抑制脊髓灰质炎病毒、单纯性疱疹病毒、副流感病毒等病毒的感染和复制; 多甲基黄酮如橙黄酮、蜜橘黄素和柑橘黄酮具有抗病毒和抗菌的作用[5～8].但尚未见柑橘叶生理活性物质提取及其对常见细菌和真菌的抑菌实验的报道.本文初步研究了温州蜜柑叶片提取液对大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌的抑菌作用,旨在为进一步开发利用柑橘叶提供依据.     

女性生殖道感染常见病原体及药敏研究进展

生殖道感染在妇科疾病中发病率较高,可造成不孕、异位妊娠、胎膜早破、早产等不良后果。引起女性生殖道感染的病原体种类较多,且由于临床不合理用药现象日趋严重,各种病原体对抗菌药物的耐药性逐年上升。本文对引起女性生殖道感染的常见病原体种类、病原体对女性生殖健康的影响及药敏试验研究进展进行了综述。了解各病原体特点,开展各种病原体对药物敏感性试验,可减少女性生殖道感染的复发率,提高治愈率,为改善女性生活质量与促进生殖健康提供帮助。     

云南省4种蕨类植物提取液的抑菌活性

为了合理开发利用蕨类植物资源,本研究利用圆纸片法分析了云南省4种蕨类植物单芽狗脊蕨(Woodwardia unigemmata)、蜈蚣蕨(Pteris vittata)、鸡足山耳蕨(Polystichum jizhushanense)和灰绿耳蕨(Polystic-hum eximium)的提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的抑菌活性。抑菌试验结果表明,当4种蕨类植物提取液浓度分别为10%、8%、6%和4%时,对照组无抑菌圈出现,单芽狗脊蕨提取液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑菌活性,灰绿耳蕨提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌无抑菌活性,其它的蕨类植物提取液对供试微生物都表现出不同程度的抑菌活性;并且这4种蕨类植物提取液至少对一种供试细菌具有抑菌活性,抑菌活性范围为8～14mm,平均抑菌圈直径为11.2mm,4种提取液对枯草芽孢杆菌抗菌活性效果最明显。由此,我们推测本研究中的4种蕨类植物均有抗菌物质存在,并将有望成为筛选抗菌新型药物的种质资源。     

抑菌生的药物敏感试验

本文检测了BS_(224)菌对21种抗生素的药敏情况。结果,除对林可霉素、链霉素呈中度敏感外,其余均敏感,说明BS_(224)菌是抗生素敏感菌。     

58种植物提取液对葡萄霜霉病菌的抑菌活性筛选研究

通过 5 8种植物提取液对葡萄霜霉病菌 (Plasmoparaviticola)的游动孢子囊萌发抑制率及接种叶圆盘的发病控制效果的研究 ,表明 :虎耳草 (ChlorisvirgataSwartz) ,黄檀 (DalbergiahuoeanaHance) ,马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLarmb .) ,牡丹 (Paeoniasuffruticosa) ,刺槐 (RobiniapseudoacciaL .) 5种植物提取液对葡萄霜霉病有抑菌效果 ,对游动孢子囊萌发抑制率分别为 :84 70 %、87 5 2 %、88 4 6 %、83 78%、83 15 % ,而叶圆盘生测结果 ,其发病率均为 0级 ,该效果和目前常用药剂波尔多液的效果等同 ,有的还优于对照。该研究为开发植物源控制葡萄霜霉病杀菌剂奠定了基础。     

不同品种菊花和贵州产野菊花中木犀草素的含量比较

目的测定并比较不同品种菊花和贵州产野菊花中木犀草素的含量。方法用高效液相色谱法测定木犀草素的含量。色谱柱为ODS柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸（体积比45：55：0．4）,检测波长为254nm,流速1．0mL／min。结果7个菊花样品的木犀草素含量,以贵州野菊花的木犀草素含量最高（3．876mg／g）,杭菊的木犀草素含量最低（0．302mg／g）。结论贵州产野菊花中木犀草素的含量均高于其他品种菊花,具有较高的药用价值。     

鱼腥藻提取液对水稻生长发育和产量的促进作用

以田间小区试验和大区产量直接对比的方法研究了鱼腥藻提取认对水稻幼苗生长和产量以及产量构成要素的影响,并探讨了方便有效且适宜于大田使用的方法。用藻液处理后水稻幼苗增高,根数、根长增加,分蘖能力增强,秧龄提前,叶面积明显加大。水稻成熟后除株高比对照略有下降外,各项产量构成要素如粒数、粒重、有效分蘖数、植株干重、千粒重、穗长等都优于对照组,但增产幅度随水稻品种和处理方式不同而异。大田使用时以１％鱼腥藻提     

硝酸银对常见呼吸道病原体的抑制作用

目的证实硝酸银对常见呼吸道病原体具有抑制作用。方法采用血凝试验和鸡胚培养法观察硝酸银对副流感病毒的抑制作用;采用细胞培养法观察硝酸银对腺病毒的抑制作用;采用细菌培养法观察硝酸银对肺炎链球菌和乙型溶血型链球菌的抑制作用。结果硝酸银对副流感病毒和腺病毒有明显的抑制作用,对肺炎链球菌和乙型溶血型链球菌有极强的杀菌作用。结论硝酸银对常见呼吸道病原体有明显的抑制作用。     

土壤提取液中总氮测定方法的比较

文章采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定土壤提取液中的总氮,并与连续流动分析法、TOC/TN分析法进行了对比。结果表明,对于不同提取剂浸提的土壤溶液中的总氮,三种方法测定结果一致性良好,不存在显著性差异(P0.05),测定结果准确可靠。     

中缝核提取液对体外培养的中脑黑质神经元存活和生长的影响

中脑黑质是中缝核５－ＨＴ神经元最早期的靶组织之一。为了分析神经元对其靶细胞的作用是受某种特异性蛋白或神经营养因子的影响,本文用中缝核提取液作用于体外培养的中脑黑质神经元,证明了该提取液能促进中脑黑质神经元的存活和生长,其活性部分是分子量大于３０ｋＤ的组份,经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳,呈现一条主带,分子量在４３ｋＤ左右。     

水产动物常见病原菌的耐药性分析及中草药体外抑菌活性的检测

目的了解安徽省水产动物常见病原菌的耐药现状和耐药机制,探讨27种单味中草药和5个中草药复方配伍对耐药菌株的体外抑菌活性。方法分别采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法和双纸片增效法检测常见病原菌的耐药性和ESBLs,同时使用平板打孔法和改良微量稀释法检测中草药的体外抑菌活性。结果4种常见病原菌的23个分离株对常用的5类抗生素均呈现不同程度的耐药性,其中铜绿假单胞菌的耐药谱最广,对14种抗生素的耐药率均为100%。供试菌中仅检出2株铜绿假单胞菌为产ESBLs株,检出率为8.69%。黄连、大黄、金银花、夏枯草、地锦草、丹皮、马齿苋和连翘8种中草药对供试耐药株均有较强的抑制活性,其中黄连、大黄和金银花的抑菌活性尤为明显,其MIC值分别介于1.96~125 g/L、7.84~125 g/L和15.68~250 g/L。5个复方配伍中以复方5的配伍效果最好,其MIC值为1.96~15.68 g/L,抑菌活性显著优于单味药;其次是复方1和复方3,其MIC值为1.96~62.72 g/L;复方2和复方4的配伍效果差,其MIC值为31.36~125 g/L。结论4种23株常见病原菌均为耐药菌株,产生ESBLs是铜绿假单胞菌高度多重耐药的主要机制之一。黄连、大黄、金银花和复方5配伍对常见病原菌耐药株具有良好的抑菌活性。     

念珠菌体外药敏试验方法的比较

目的探讨酵母菌纸片扩散法的临床适用性.方法分别采用E-test法、法国梅里埃ATB Fungs酵母菌药敏试验与K-B纸片法,检测念珠菌的体外药物敏感率,比较其差异显著性.结果 K-B纸片法和E-test法同时监测伊曲康唑(IT)、氟康唑(FL).2种药物的符合率为96.8%、100%,其敏感率比较88%/85%、98.4%/98.4%,差异无显著性(P＞0.05);K-B纸片法和法国梅里埃ATB Fungs酵母菌药敏试验法对制霉菌素(NYS)、酮康唑(KET)、益康唑(ECO)和咪康唑(MIC)这4种药物药敏结果的符合率分别为100%、100%、91.2%和93.6%,敏感率比较100%/100%、83.2%/83.2%、70%/62%和68%/71%,差异也无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 K-B纸片扩散法可用于临床酵母菌的药敏试验.     

女性阴道感染的常见病原菌分布情况及与乳杆菌密度的关系

目的 研究女性阴道感染常见病原菌分布情况及与乳杆菌密度的关系。方法 选取2016年12月至2018年12月在我院就诊的120例女性生殖系统感染患者作为观察组,另选我院进行健康体检的女性120例作为对照组。分析观察组患者生殖系统感染念珠菌的构成以及耐药情况,探讨两组患者乳杆菌密度差异以及念珠菌、耐药情况与Nugent评分的相关性。结果 观察组患者感染主要为白色念球菌,其次为克柔念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌、平滑念珠菌和其他念珠菌。观察组患者耐药最高的为咪康唑,其次为酮康唑、伊曲霉素、克霉素、氟康唑、制菌霉素和两性霉素B;观察组患者的Nugent评分显著高于对照组,耐药患者的Nugent评分显著高于非耐药患者;患者念珠菌感染以及耐药情况分别与Nugent评分呈正相关,差异存在统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论 患者生殖道乳杆菌密度、白色念珠菌感染情况以及耐药情况分别与Nugent评分呈正相关,在患者的治疗过程当中,可以将乳杆菌数量的恢复情况作为评价其治疗效果的指标之一。     

TaDA1, a conserved negative regulator of kernel size,has an additive effect with TaGW2 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Kernel size is an important trait determining cereal yields. In this study, we cloned and characterized TaDA1, a conserved negative regulator of kernel size in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The overexpression of TaDA1 decreased the size and weight of wheat kernels, while its down‐regulation using RNA interference (RNAi) had the opposite effect. Three TaDA1‐A haplotypes were identified in Chinese wheat core collections, and a haplotype association analysis showed that TaDA1‐A‐HapI was significantly correlated with the production of larger kernels and higher kernel weights in modern Chinese cultivars. The haplotype effect resulted from a difference in TaDA1‐A expression levels between genotypes, with TaDA1‐A‐HapI resulting in lower TaDA1‐A expression levels. This favourable haplotype was found having been positively selected during wheat breeding over the last century. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TaDA1‐A physically interacts with TaGW2‐B. The additive effects of TaDA1‐A and TaGW2‐B on kernel weight were confirmed not only by the phenotypic enhancement arising from the simultaneous down‐regulation of TaDA1 and TaGW2 expression, but also by the combinational haplotype effects estimated from multi‐environment field data from 348 wheat cultivars. A comparative proteome analysis of developing transgenic and wild‐type grains indicated that TaDA1 and TaGW2 are involved in partially overlapping but relatively independent protein regulatory networks. Thus, we have identified an important gene controlling kernel size in wheat and determined its interaction with other genes regulating kernel weight, which could have beneficial applications in wheat breeding.     

The presence of a common downstream box enables the simultaneous expression of multiple proteins in an E. coli extract

In our experiments to produce different combinations of recombinant proteins in a cell-free protein synthesis system derived from Escherichia coli, we found that certain pairs of ORFs were not expressed equally. Instead, only a single DNA species was expressed dominantly, while the expression of the others was almost completely repressed. This bias during the co-expression of the DNA pairs was eliminated when an identical downstream box sequence was added to the 5'-ends of the template DNA pairs. By introducing identical nucleotide sequences of the his-tag or the downstream box of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT-DB) in front of the target genes that were otherwise not expressed compatibly, both of the encoded proteins were produced at similar productivities. Moreover, in the presence of a common downstream box, multiple genes were simultaneously expressed in the same reaction mixture. We expect that the proposed approach will offer a powerful tool for the preparation of unbiased protein libraries, as well as for studying the structure and functions of interacting proteins.     

The positive inotropic effect of the aqueous extract of Convallaria keiskei in beating rabbit atria

The positive inotropic effect of the aqueous extract of Convallaria keiskei (ACK) and the possible mechanisms responsible for this effect were investigated in beating rabbit atria. ACK significantly increased atrial stroke volume, pulse pressure, and cAMP efflux in beating rabbit atria. The effects were not altered by pre-treatment with staurosporine and diltiazem, a non-selective protein kinase inhibitor and an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, respectively. In addition, ACK markedly increased the K+ concentration in the beating atria-derived perfusate. Convallatoxin, a well-known digitalis-like cardiac glycosidic constituent of ACK, also increased atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure but did not alter the cAMP efflux level. The increases in atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure induced by convallatoxin were not also altered by pre-treatment with diltiazem. These results suggest that the ACK-induced positive inotropic effect in beating rabbit atria may, at least in part, be due to the digitalis-like activity of convallatoxin.     

绝经前后细菌性阴道病厌氧菌群及耐药性分析

目的了解绝经前后细菌性阴道病患者标本中优势厌氧菌群,检测厌氧菌分离株对5-硝基咪唑类和林可霉素类抗生素的耐药性。方法采集165例未绝经和125例绝经阴道病患者以及84例未绝经和68例绝经正常妇女的阴道分泌物,测定其pH。采用选择性厌氧培养基分离类杆菌、梭杆菌、乳杆菌、优杆菌、消化链球菌和消化球菌,将分离的厌氧菌株鉴定至种。同时采用二倍平皿稀释法,测定塞克硝唑、替硝唑、甲硝唑、林可霉素和克林霉素对760株厌氧菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果100%细菌性阴道病患者、97.6%未绝经和98.5%绝经正常妇女的阴道分泌物中分离出厌氧菌。阴道炎患者标本中,类杆菌属、普氏菌属和紫质单胞菌属厌氧菌分离率高于相应对照组(P<0.05;P<0.01),其中以多毛类杆菌、腐败类杆菌、脆弱类杆菌、产黑普氏菌、不解糖紫质单胞菌为优势菌群;梭杆菌属、优杆菌属、消化球菌属和消化链球菌属厌氧菌分离率与相应对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);乳杆菌属分离率明显低于相应对照组(P<0.01)。未绝经正常妇女和患者及绝经正常妇女和患者阴道分泌物pH分别为4.5±0.2、5.5±0.8、6.5±0.3和6.5±1.0。塞克硝唑、替硝唑和甲硝唑对355株革兰阴性厌氧菌M IC90值为1~8μg/m l,林可霉素和克林霉素则为4~16μg/m l;塞克硝唑、替硝唑和甲硝唑对405株革兰阳性厌氧菌M IC90值为8~32μg/m l,林可霉素和克林霉素则为4~16μg/m l。     

Feeding of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) enhances gene expression of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and attenuates the hypotensive effect of nicardipine in rats

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been used clinically for improving peripheral vascular diseases in France and Germany and is ingested widely as a herbal medicine in some countries. However, accurate information about its safety as an herbal medicine has not been sufficiently established. To address this issue, we examined the effect of GBE on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and their influence on hypotensive drug in rats. Male rats were fed either a control diet or diet containing GBE (0.5% w/w) for 4 weeks. The feeding of a GBE diet did not change the serum transaminase activity, but increased the liver weight and the phospholipid concentration in the liver. In addition, the GBE diet markedly increased the content of cytochrome P-450 (CYP), and the activity of glutathione S-transferase in the liver. Furthermore, the GBE diet markedly induced levels of CYP2B1/2, CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 mRNA in the liver. The levels of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C11 and CYP4A1 were unchanged. The feeding of GBE for 4 weeks significantly reduced the hypotensive effect of nicardipine that was reported to be metabolized by CYP3A2 in rats. These findings suggest that GBE reduces the therapeutic potency of the Ca2+ channel blocker, nicardipine, via enhancement of cytochrome P-450 expression.     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者结膜囊菌群分布及耐药性

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变患者结膜囊菌群分布及其耐药特点,为术后感染的防范提供临床指导。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年10月长兴县中医院156例糖尿病视网膜病变患者术前结膜囊细菌培养及药敏试验结果。结果 211份样本共检出112株细菌,检出率为53.08%,其中革兰阳性菌检出93株,占83.04%;革兰阴性菌检出19株,占16.96%。全部菌株中表皮葡萄球菌检出率最高,为55.36%,其次为棒状杆菌9.82%。表皮葡萄球菌对红霉素(67.74%)、妥布霉素(46.77%)耐药较为严重,对万古霉素(100.0%)、左氧氟沙星(91.94%)、头孢他啶(90.32%)敏感。棒状杆菌对红霉素(45.45%)耐药较为严重,对万古霉素(100.00%)、妥布霉素(90.91%)、头孢他啶(100.00%)敏感。不动杆菌对红霉素(50.00%)耐药较为严重,对万古霉素(100.00%)、左氧氟沙星(100.00%)敏感。年龄60岁、居住地农村、病程8年为糖尿病视网膜病变的独立危险因素。结论糖尿病视网膜病变患者细菌培养及药敏试验为术前结膜囊无菌化合理用药的关键,对术后眼内炎症的预防至关重要。