Protozoan communities around conifer roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Protozoan communities around roots with different types of ectomycorrhizae were distinct. These protozoan communities differed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the host (Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla and Abies grandis) and the ectomycorrhizal fungal species. Based on the species identified and the numbers of individuals of each species, six communities of protozoa were found associated with specific ectomycorrhizae. Previous researchers have shown that mycorrhizal colonization of roots alters the amounts and types of exudates produced by roots, which in turn alters the bacterial community present. Most likely, mycorrhizal colonization of roots influences the protozoan community around roots by controlling the bacterial community. However, the protozoan community may in turn influence the successional dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungi on different host root systems by a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms could include: (1) preying upon individuals and perhaps removing particular species of bacteria from the mycorrhizosphere; and (2) controlling nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere. Further work needs to be performed to determine the interaction between these quadrate (plant-bacteria-fungi-protozoa) associations.     

外生菌根真菌吸收汞的动力学

液体培养外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius XC1和Pisolithus tinctorius 270)和土生空团菌(Cenocuccum geophinum SIV)三周,菌丝体的阳离子交换量差异显著,但与二价汞(Hg++)的吸收和吸附关系不大。进入菌丝体的Hg++大部分被细胞吸收,少部分吸附于胞外。三种外生菌根真菌吸收Hg++的Cmin很低,变化于0.28～0.45mmol/ L,说明外界溶液中只要存在低浓度的Hg++,外生菌根真菌就能吸收。外生菌根真菌吸收Hg++的Imax和Km值Cg SIV > Pt XC1 Pt 270,由于Hg++在外生菌根真菌的菌丝中不易传递,推测Cg SIV形成外生菌根之后,寄主植物能适应高Hg++环境,Cg SIV形成的菌根化林木种苗可用于汞污染矿墟和土壤上的植树造林,修复汞污染的生态环境。     

Indole-3-acetic acid in Douglas fir seedlings: A reappraisal

The use of ring-labelled, pentadeutero IAA as an internal standard in selected ion monitoring analysis of Douglas fir seedlings revealed an estimate of IAA which was nearly an order of magnitude smaller than that reported earlier.     

Histochemical demonstration of heavy metal tolerance in ectomycorrhizal fungi

Summary By the use of a specific histochemical staining method evidence was obtained that tolerance to heavy metals in ectomycorrizal fungi is based on the presence of metallothionein-like proteins. The implication that tolerance in these fungi should be induced by sublethal concentrations of heavy metals has been confirmed by us. Induction of metallothionein in ectomycorrizal fungi could possibly be helpful in protection of their host plants in areas polluted by heavy metals. In comparison with biochemical methods the histochemical method is able to locate the metal tolerance and has the added advantage that it may also be applied to mycorrhizas (root and fungus).     

Viability of ectomycorrhizal fungi following cryopreservation

The use of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in biotechnological processes requires their maintenance over long periods under conditions that maintain their genetic, phenotypic, and physiological stability. Cryopreservation is considered as the most reliable method for long-term storage of most filamentous fungi. However, this technique is not widespread for ECM fungi since many do not survive or exhibit poor recovery after freezing. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient cryopreservation protocol for the long-term storage of ECM fungi. Two cryopreservation protocols were compared. The first protocol was the conventional straw protocol (SP). The mycelium of the ECM isolates was grown in Petri dishes on agar and subsequently collected by punching the mycelium into a sterile straw before cryopreservation. In the second protocol, the cryovial protocol (CP), the mycelium of the ECM isolates was grown directly in cryovials filled with agar and subsequently cryopreserved. The same cryoprotectant solution, freezing, and thawing process, and re-growth conditions were used in both protocols. The survival (positive when at least 60 % of the replicates showed re-growth) was evaluated before and immediately after freezing as well as after 1 week, 1 m, and 6 m of storage at −130 °C. Greater survival rate (80 % for the CP as compared to 25 % for the SP) and faster re-growth (within 10 d for the CP compared to the 4 weeks for the SP) were observed for most isolates with the CP suggesting that the preparation of the cultures prior to freezing had a significant impact on the isolates survival. The suitability of the CP for cryopreservation of ECM fungi was further confirmed on a set of 98 ECM isolates and displayed a survival rate of 88 % of the isolates. Only some isolates belonging to Suillus luteus, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Paxillus involutus and Thelephora terrestris failed to survive. This suggested that the CP is an adequate method for the ultra-low cryopreservation of a large set of ECM fungi and that further studies are necessary for the more recalcitrant ones.     

Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of the interaction between the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata and the saprotrophic fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and T. virens

Different interactions between soil fungi competing in the rhizosphere with each other are necessary to understand their influence on plant growth and health. The interactions between the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Laccaria laccata and soil saprotrophic fungi (T. harzianum, T. virens) were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and by gold cytochemistry to assess the potential role of cell wall lytic enzymes in mycoparasitism. Anti-β-1,3-glucan antibody, WGA/ovomucoid-gold complex and PATAg test were used to localize β-1,3-glucan, chitin and polysaccharides. Cytoplasm disorganisation of the saprotrophic fungi occurred concurrently with dissolution of β-1,3-glucan in walls of hyphae and conidia of the saprotrophic fungi. Then digestion of polysaccharides and chitin of colonised fungal structures occurred. The studies suggest sequential contribution of cell wall lytic enzymes and importance of disturbing the host's cell integrity during mycoparasitism. We conclude that the ECM fungus can parasitise on the saprotrophic fungi not only in dual culture on artificial medium but also in the rhizosphere of Scots pine.     

几种外生菌根真菌培养特性的研究

对 4种外生菌根真菌的培养特性进行了研究。结果表明 ,PDMA和PD培养基是培养外生菌根真菌的较适合的培养基 ;木屑、麸皮、米糠、玉米粉、蛭石是培养菌根菌菌剂的较适宜的基质 ;用MMN营养液拌料以及适宜的水分供给都有利于外生菌根真菌的生长。     

外生菌根真菌对植物根病原菌拮抗作用的研究

■的15株外生菌根真菌在琼脂平板上对6株植物病原菌的拮抗作用试验结果表明,美味红菇、劣味乳菇、毛边滑锈伞、大毒滑锈伞等菌根菌对试验病原菌的营养菌丝具有明显的拮抗作用。菌根菌的培养液中含有抑制根病原菌的活性物质,且对高温稳定。外生菌根菌在纯培养条件下对病原菌的拮抗作用包括菌丝体对峙生长作用,重寄生作用和拮抗活性物质作用。其中菌丝体的重寄生作用在抗病效应中起重要作用。     

Triterpenes from Douglas fir sapwood

The saponified ether-soluble extractives of Douglas fir sapwood contained (24R)- 4α,14α,24-trimethyl-9β,19-cyclo-5α-cholestan-3β-ol(24R-cyclocucalanol),a new natural product; 4α,14α-dimethyl-9β,19-cyclo-24-methylene-5α-cholestan-3β- ol (cycloeucalenol); and (24R)-4α,24-dimethyl-5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol (24R- methyllophenol); this is the first time they have been reported from Douglas fir.     

辽东栎幼苗的外生菌根合成

 在温室花盆中播种辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）种子获得辽东栎幼苗,并对幼苗接种外生菌根真菌进行菌根合成试验。所用的外生菌根真菌有：铆钉菇（Gomphidius viscidus）、臭红菇（Russula foetens）、厚环乳牛肝菌（Suillus grevillei）、褐环乳牛肝菌（S. luteus）、彩色豆马勃（Pisolithus tinctorius）、美味牛肝菌（Boletus edulis）、赭丝膜菌（Cortinarius russus）、土生空团菌（Cenococ     

The procyanidins of Douglas fir seedlings,callus and cell suspension cultures derived from cotyledons

While cotyledons of Douglas fir seedlings contain only 2–3% of their dry weight as procyanidins (mainly in an insoluble form), callus cultures and cell suspension cultures derived from them contain up to 40%. About 70–85% of the procyanidins isolated from these cell suspension cultures are soluble in 70% methanol, but insoluble in ethyl acetate. They can be separated into a minimum of 4 fractions, all of which have apparent molecular weights greater than that of a tetramer. Dimers, trimers or tetramers are absent or present in only trace amounts, but large amounts of catechin, and lesser amounts of epicatechin, are found in the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction.     

New species and distribution records for Clavulina (Cantharellales,Basidiomycota) from the Guiana Shield,with a key to the lowland neotropical taxa

Three new and one previously described species of Clavulina (Clavulinaceae, Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) are reported from the central Guiana Shield region from tropical rainforests dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees of the leguminous genus Dicymbe (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae). We provide morphological, DNA sequence, habitat, and fruiting occurrence data for each species. The new species conform to a generic concept of Clavulina that includes coralloid, branched basidiomata with amphigenous hymenia, basidia with two or 2−4 incurved sterigmata and postpartal septa present or absent, and smooth, hyaline, guttulate basidiospores. Placements of the new species in Clavulina were corroborated with DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal repeat, and their infrageneric relationships were examined with phylogenetic analyses based on DNA from the region coding for the second largest subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (rpb2). To facilitate future studies of the genus in the neotropics, a key is provided for all Clavulina species described from the lowland neotropics.