Seed morphology in Moehringia L. and its taxonomic significance in comparative studies within the Caryophyllaceae

Seeds of 30 species of Moehringia and 12 representatives of the Caryophyllaceae were examined with the Scanning Electron Microscope. High diversity was found in seed coat micromorphology, and a number of novel morphological features have been observed. Comparison with other representatives of the Caryophyllaceae has provided new insight into the potential taxonomic value of discrete morphological characters. Though many characters appear informative within Moehringia, they are affected by a high level of homoplasy when considered in a wider phylogenetic context. Smooth seed is the common condition in Moehringia, except for Eastern Balkan and Iberian species that maintain a secondary ornamentation of the testa cells resembling the plesiomorphic Caryophyllaceae-type. Five types of strophioles were recognized, in accordance with previous literature. Among these, the strophiole of the Iberian species appears very distinctive and a proper strophiole could not be verified in M. glochidisperma and M. fontqueri.     

北京植物园不同功能型植物叶经济谱

通过对北京植物园不同功能型植物的叶片光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积、叶干质量以及叶氮含量等性状参数进行测定,分析了不同功能型植物的叶经济谱.结果表明: 生活型中草本植物、生活史中一年生植物、光合型中C4植物靠近叶经济谱中快速投资-收益型物种的一端,而生活型中乔木和灌木、生活史中多年生植物、光合型中C3植物位于缓慢投资-收益型物种的一端,表明不同功能型植物通过叶片性状间的权衡采取不同的环境适应策略,验证了不同功能型植物叶经济谱的存在.不同功能型植物叶片性状具有明显差异,其中不同生活型间的叶片比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(N_mass)、最大净光合速率(A_mass)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均表现出草本植物>藤本植物>灌木>乔木;不同生活史间一年生植物的SLA、N_mass、A_mass、PNUE均显著高于多年生植物;不同光合型间植物的A_mass、PNUE、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)均表现出C4>C3.N_mass、A_mass、SLA两两之间呈显著正相关,而PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(F_v′/F_m′)与SLA呈显著负相关;PNUE与SLA呈显著正相关.     

Links between leaf anatomy and leaf mass per area of herbaceous species across slope aspects in an eastern Tibetan subalpine meadow

Leaf anatomy varies with abiotic factors and is an important trait for understanding plant adaptive responses to environmental conditions. Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a key morphological trait and is related to leaf performance, such as light‐saturated photosynthetic rate per leaf mass, leaf mechanical strength, and leaf lifespan. LMA is the multiplicative product of leaf thickness (LT) and leaf density (LD), both of which vary with leaf anatomy. Nevertheless, how LMA, LT, and LD covary with leaf anatomy is largely unexplored along natural environmental gradients. Slope aspect is a topographic factor that underlies variations in solar irradiation, air temperature, humidity, and soil fertility. In the present study, we examined (1) how leaf anatomy varies with different slope aspects and (2) how leaf anatomy is related to LMA, LD, and LT. Leaf anatomy was measured for 30 herbaceous species across three slope aspects (south‐, west‐, and north‐facing slopes; hereafter, SFS, WFS, and NFS, respectively) in an eastern Tibetan subalpine meadow. For 18 of the 30 species, LMA data were available from previous studies. LD was calculated as LMA divided by LT. Among the slope aspects, the dominant species on the SFS exhibited the highest LTs with the thickest spongy mesophyll layers. The thicker spongy mesophyll layer was related to a lower LD via larger intercellular airspaces. In contrast, LD was the highest on NFS among the slope aspects. LMA was not significantly different among the slope aspects because higher LTs on SFS were effectively offset by lower LDs. These results suggest that the relationships between leaf anatomy and LMA were different among the slope aspects. Mechanisms underlying the variations in leaf anatomy may include different solar radiation, air temperatures, soil water, and nutrient availabilities among the slope aspects.     

叶脉网络功能性状及其生态学意义

叶脉网络结构是叶脉系统在叶片里的分布和排列样式。早期叶脉网络结构研究主要集中在其分类学意义上; 近年来叶脉网络功能性状及其在植物水分利用上的意义已成为植物生态学研究的热点。该文介绍了叶脉网络功能性状的指标体系(包括叶脉密度、叶脉直径、叶脉之间的距离、叶脉闭合度等), 综述了叶脉网络功能性状与叶脉系统功能(包括水分、养分和光合产物等物质运输、机械支撑和虫害防御等)的关系, 叶脉网络功能性状与叶片其他功能性状(包括比叶重、叶寿命、光合速率、叶片大小、气孔密度等)的协同变异和权衡关系, 以及叶脉网络功能性状随环境因子(包括水分、温度、光照等)的变化规律等方面的最新研究进展。此外, 叶脉网络功能性状的研究成果也被应用于古环境重建、城市交通规划、流域规划及全球变化研究中。由于叶脉网络功能性状是环境因子与系统发育共同作用的结果, 未来开展分子—叶片—植物—生态系统等多尺度的叶脉网络功能性状研究, 理清叶脉网络功能性状与气孔失水—茎干导水—根系吸水等植物水分利用的关系, 将为预测植物及生态系统对全球变化的响应提供新的启示。     

山矾科中原氏山矾复合体的叶形态特征及分类意义

该研究在形态学观察以及统计学分析的基础上,深入研究了山矾科中原氏山矾复合体的叶片形态学结构。结果表明:叶片质地在整个复合体中可分为革质、纸质2种类型,叶片大小变异幅度较大,除中原氏山矾(Symplocos kawakamii)、棱角山矾(S.tetragona)、蒙自山矾(S.henryi)均与其他种差异显著外,其余种均属于连续过度,叶片分形可以初步区分该复合体植物。该研究结果为中原氏山矾复合体的进一步研究提供了依据,对复合体的分类处理具有一定的分类学意义。     

Evaluating contemporary pollen dispersal in two common grassland species Ranunculus bulbosus L. (Ranunculaceae) and Trifolium montanum L. (Fabaceae) using an experimental approach

Pollen flow is a key biological process that connects plant populations, preventing genetic impoverishment and inbreeding. Pollen‐mediated long‐distance dispersal (LDD) events are especially important for plant species in increasingly fragmented landscapes. Patterns of pollen dispersal were directly estimated and dispersal kernels modelled in an experimental population of Ranunculus bulbosus and Trifolium montanum to determine the potential for LDD. Eight and 11 microsatellite markers were used for R. bulbosus and T. montanum, respectively, to run a likelihood‐based paternity analysis on randomly chosen offspring (N_total = 180 per species) from five maternal plants. High rates of selfing were found in R. bulbosus (average 45.7%), while no selfing was observed in T. montanum. The majority (60%) of mating events occurred at very short distances: the median of the observed dispersal distances was 0.8 m in both species, and the average distances were 15.9 and 10.3 m in R. bulbosus and T. montanum, respectively. Modelling the pollen dispersal kernel with four different distribution functions (exponential‐power, geometric, 2Dt and Weibull) indicated that the best fit for both species was given by a Weibull function. Yet, the tail of the T. montanum pollen dispersal kernel was thinner than in R. bulbosus, suggesting that the probability for LDD is higher in the latter species. Even though the majority of pollen dispersal occurred across short distances, the detection of several mating events up to 362 m (R. bulbosus) and 324 m (T. montanum) suggests that pollen flow may be sufficient to ensure population connectivity in these herb species across fragmented grasslands in Swiss agricultural landscapes.     

内蒙古荒漠草原植物叶片功能性状关系及其经济谱分析

气候变化和人为干扰导致草原荒漠化加剧, 引发了严重的环境问题。因此, 对荒漠草原植物与环境变化关系的研究愈加迫切, 分析比较荒漠草原不同功能型物种叶片经济谱具有重要意义。该研究通过测定内蒙古荒漠草原生态系统不同功能型植物叶片的光合及叶绿素荧光参数、比叶面积和叶片氮素含量, 验证了荒漠草原植物叶片经济谱的存在, 明确了各功能型植物叶片性状间的关系及其在叶片经济谱中的位置。荒漠草原不同功能型植物叶片性状差异明显, 草本植物的比叶面积(SLA)、单位质量叶氮含量(N_mass)分别是灌木的2.39倍和1.20倍; 一年生植物单位面积最大净光合速率(A_area)、SLA、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)分别是多年生植物的1.93倍、2.13倍和4.24倍; C₄植物的A_area、SLA、PNUE分别是C₃植物的2.25倍、1.73倍和3.61倍。除A_area与单位面积叶氮含量(N_area)、PSII的实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)与SLA之间不存在显著相关关系外, 叶片性状间存在广泛的相关关系, 且均达到极显著水平。这验证了叶片经济谱在内蒙古荒漠草原植物中也同样存在。进一步分析表明, 一年生植物、草本植物、C₄植物叶片在叶片经济谱中位于靠近薄叶、光合能力强、寿命短的一端; 而多年生植物、灌木、C₃植物叶片靠近厚叶、光合能力弱、寿命长的一端。这说明荒漠草原中不同功能型植物可通过权衡其经济性状间的关系而采取不同的适应策略, 对于荒漠草原生态系统管理具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Ultra-sculpturing of seed morphotypes in selected species of genus Salvia L. and their taxonomic significance

• The taxonomic importance of macromorphological and micromorphological seed characteristics was investigated using SEM of ten species of the Salvia genus from Pakistan. The aim was to identify diagnostic seed ultrastructural features that could aid in species delimitation, correct identification and phylogenetic position. The ultrastructure of Salvia varies greatly, and a wide range of unique micromorphological features have been observed.
• Seed micromorphological features were explored by SEM, including seed shape, colour, texture, cell outline, surface sculpturing, epidermal cell arrangement, anticlinal, and periclinal wall pattern.
• Seed shapes were categorized as obovate, spherical, spheroid, broadly elliptic, elliptic and oblong, mostly with a terminal hilum. Seed colours were black, light brown, dark brown, brown and yellow. Exo-morphological characters, i.e. epidermal cell arrangements, included irregular, wavy pentagonal-hexagonal, regular pentagonal-hexagonal. Cluster analysis was used to assess similar and distinct species within Salvia with a feasible explanation. Taxonomic keys were made based on micromorphological qualitative features that help to delimit species and identify them quickly within the Salvia genus.
• Seed morphology of ten Salvia species was described and investigated, and the diagnostic significance of features evaluated using SEM. This study analysed seed features, especially at the species level, which might provide much new taxonomic information. The results revealed that, in seed morphology, using SEM can help with taxon identification, especially at the genus and species levels.

     

Leaf anatomy of Camellia sect. Oleifera and sect. Paracamellia (Theaceae) with reference to their taxonomic significance

Leaf anatomy of 21 species representing sect. Oleifera H. T. Chang and sect. Paracamellia Sealy in the genus Camellia was investigated using light microscopy. All the shapes of leaf epidermal cells were polygo-nal, and the patterns of anticlinal walls were sinuolate or sinuous, which were important to the classification of these two sections. The stomata were cyclocytic type and only present on the abaxial epidermis in both sampled sections. Seventeen leaf anatomical and cytologic characters were selected and used for the cluster analysis and principle components analyses performed by PAST program. Congruent results were obtained, with sect. Oleifera and sect. Paracamellia consistently grouping in two different clades, and some related species nesting together. This study provided leaf anatomical evidence for the merge of C. lanceoleosa H. T. Chang & J. S. Chiu and C. fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.; of C. brevistyla Coh. St., C. obtusifolia H. T. Chang, and C. puniceiflora H. T. Chang; and of C. grijsii Hance and C. shensiensis H. T. Chang. In addition, it was also proved that C. tenii Sealy should be segregated from sect. Paracamellia and placed in the sect. Corallina Sealy. For further interest, we suggested that C. phaeoclada H. T. Chang be recognized as a subspecies of C. microphylla (Merr.) Chien. Overall, the results presented provided new insights into the relationships within a number of Camellia plants and sug-gested directions for future studies.     

The flavonoids in Epimedium L. and their taxonomic significance

In this paper, the distribution and quantity of flavonol glycosides with isoprenyl in the eighth position (A kind) or without isoprenyl (B kind) in Epimedium were analyzed by HPLC. The following results of taxonomic significance were obtained: 1 )According to the chemical characteristics, Epimedium could be divided into three groups: A group, mainly with A kind of flavonol glycosides; B group, mainly with B kind of fiavonol glycosides; AB group, sharing the two kinds. Eight taxa (species or subspecies) in B group, which have many advanced charaetaristics, should represent a more advanced group of the genus. The species of AB group were relatively primitive in the genus. Hence the evolutionury trend from AB group to A group and then to B group was possible. This trend is basically correlated with that of morphological evolution. But the above groupings of A, B and AB do not accord with Stearn's taxonomic system and the results of pollen morphology and of chromosome C-bands. 2)E. alpinum, a species distributed in the Mediterranean area, contains a high quantity of A2 kind of compounds (those of A kind with 4'-OH), so it may be somewhat related to the primitive species in China. 3)The constituents of E. davidii and E. ecalcaratnm are almost identical, implying that the prescence or absence of the spur of the petal should be of unimportant systematic significance. 4)The chromngram of HPLC provided reliable evidence for determining the parental origin of the hybrid E. x fanjingshanense. The results of this work provided new evidence for establishing a more reasonable taxonomic system of Epimediurn, but the taxonomic research on Epimedium has a long way to go and more work must be done. Other chemical characteristics of Epimedium and its relationshipwith other groups in the Berberidaceae were also discussed. 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淫羊藿属植物中的黄酮类成分及其分类学意义

用HPLC法研究了具8位异戊烯基的黄酮醇甙类(A类)及一般结构的黄酮醇甙类(B类)在淫羊 藿属Epimedium L.中的存在和含量情况,得到一些具分类学意义的结论。1)依据化学成分可将 Epimedium 分为3群：A群,主要含A类成分;B群,主要含B类成分;AB群,两类化合物含量都高。B 群的8个类群(种或亚种)有多项演化程度较高的形态特征,它可能是Epimedium发展演化中较为进化 的一个分支群。—朋群的种类为本屑较原始的类群,因而在化学性状上有朋群→A群、AB群→B群的 演化趋势,与形态演化趋势基本相关。A、B、AB群的划分与现有分类系统不一致,也与花粉、染色体C 带的结果不很吻合。2)分布于地中海的E. alpinum因有较高含量的厶2类成分(A类中4'-OH的一类 化合物)而体现了与中国的原始类群的一些联系。3)E. davidii和E. ecalcaratum的化学成分几乎相 同,表明花瓣距的有无在Epimedium中的原始类群可能不具重要的分类价值。4)HPLC图谱为E.Х fanjingshanense这一杂交种的亲本来源提供了可靠的证据。本研究结果为建立一个合理的Epimedium的分类系统提供了新的依据。     

杜鹃花属映山红亚属植物叶表皮显微形态特征及其分类学意义

为澄清映山红亚属(Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi)内的系统关系问题,该研究选择杜鹃花属映山红亚属37种植物作为对象,其中29种为首次报道,通过扫描电镜观察其叶表皮显微特征。结果表明:(1)气孔器均为无规则型且均在远轴面。(2)根据叶片微形态特征将映山红亚属的种类分为杜鹃型(R. simisii-type)、岭南杜鹃型(R. mariae-type)、皋月杜鹃型(R. indicum-type)、崖壁杜鹃型(R. saxatile-type)及丁香杜鹃型(R. farrerae-type)5种类型。(3)杜鹃型植物的气孔器周边无或具间断的条形突起。(4)岭南杜鹃型植物的气孔器周围有多层条形突起环绕,保卫细胞两极不具T型加厚。(5)皋月杜鹃型植物的叶表皮保卫细胞两极具有T型加厚,与叶状苞亚属(Subg. Therorhodion)叶状苞杜鹃(R. redowskianum)的气孔器特征相似,推测其与叶状苞亚属具有一定的亲缘关系。(6)崖壁杜鹃型植物的叶表皮毛单一,多呈卷曲状,与其他类型有所不同且未见腺体。(7)丁香杜鹃型植物的叶表皮仅有腺体。(8)依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系,如倾向于将背绒杜鹃(R. hypoblematosum)和千针叶杜鹃(R. polyraphidoideum)处理为独立的种,支持保留紫薇春(R. naamkwanense var. cryptonerve)作为南昆杜鹃(R. naamkwanense)的变种地位,不支持将腺花杜鹃(R. adenanthum)并入细瘦杜鹃(R. tenue)作异名处理等。该研究结果表明叶表皮显微特征在映山红亚属内物种划分上具有重要价值。     

变豆菜属15种植物的果实微形态特征及其分类学意义

采用扫描电镜对来自北美和东亚的变豆菜属植物(美国7个种,中国8个种)的果实表面微形态进行观察,结合前人对伞形科其他类群果实微形态特征的研究及近年来分子系统学证据,对变豆菜属的种间分类进行研究。结果显示,变豆菜属植物果实的形态大小、皮刺弯曲程度和果柄蜡质纹饰丰富多样。研究表明变豆菜属是一个自然类群,果实表面钩刺结构有利于该属植物的传播及扩散,果实微形态特征具有分类学价值,可作为种间分类的依据。根据变豆菜属果实表面微形态特征,编制了该属植物分种检索表。     

中国伞形科前胡属果实表面微形态特征及分类学意义

采用扫描电镜方法对中国伞形科(Apiaceae)前胡属(Peucedanum L.) 22种2变种的果实表面微形态特征进行了观察和描述.结果显示:供试种类在果实棱槽细胞平滑度和细胞轮廓可见度、蜡质纹饰类型、细胞表面突起的有无及类型、表皮毛的有无及类型及其纹饰类型、表皮分泌物的有无及类型等方面有明显差异,具有丰富的种间多样性.根据这些特征可将供试种类分为4种类型.类型Ⅰ:棱槽细胞粗糙多毛—细胞轮廓不可见—簇状蜡质纹饰发达,包含滨海前胡(P.japonicum Thunb.)、天竺山前胡(P.ampliatum K.T.Fu)、华北前胡(P.harrysmithii Fedde ex Wolff)及其2变种、长前胡(P.turgeniifolium Wolff)、华山前胡(P.ledebourielloides K.T.Fu)和泰山前胡[P.wawrae (Wolff) Su ex Sheh];类型Ⅱ:棱槽细胞平滑无毛—细胞轮廓不可见或凹陷—条形蜡质纹饰发达或明显,包含芷叶前胡(P.angelicoides Wolff ex Kretschm.)、竹节前胡(P.dielsianum Fedde ex Wolff)、南川前胡[P.dissolutum (Diels)Wolff]、红前胡(P.rubricaule Shan et Sheh)、细裂前胡(P.macilentum Franch.)、前胡(P.praeruptorum Dunn)、华中前胡(P.medicum Dunn)、台湾前胡(P.formosanunt Hayata)、南岭前胡(P.longshengense Shum et Sheh)、会泽前胡(P.acaule Shah et Sheh)和马山前胡(P.mashanense Shan et Sheh);类型Ⅲ:棱槽细胞有稀疏毛—细胞轮廓[陷可见或不明显—蜡质纹饰几无,包含北京前胡(P.caespitosum Wolff)、草原前胡(P.stepposum Huang)、毛前胡(P.pubescens Hand.-Mazz.)和刺尖前胡(P.elegans Komarov);类型Ⅳ:棱槽细胞不平无毛—细胞轮廓呈近圆形凸起—蜡质纹饰为微波状长条形,仅包含石防风[P.terebinthaceum (Fisch.ex Trevir.)Fisch.ex Turcz.]1种.结合外部形态特征以及地理分布对各类型种类的分类关系进行了讨论,并对会泽前胡、马山前胡和石防风的特殊分类地位进行了分析,明确了果实表面微形态特征在前胡属中的分类学意义.     

Chemical defences in leaf beetles and their larvae: The ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic significance

The chemical defences of the Chrysomelinae are reviewed. Defensive glandular secretions have evolved independently in larvae and adults, and faster than the morphology of the glands. Both characters are used in a phylogenetic study of the Chrysomelini, disclosing suprageneric affinities. First, a close relationship between the Chrysomelina and Phratora is proposed. Secondly, Leptinotarsa and Gonioctena are probably more closely related to the Chrysolinina than to the Chrysomelina and Phratora. The qualitative and quantitative composition of larval and adult secretions sometimes differs between geographically isolated populations of the same species, which are therefore probably genetically distinct. The host plant shows an influence which explains discrepancies between the current classification and the chemical nature of the secretions. Some beetles sequester secondary plant metabolites or use them as precursors for their own defences. The original biosynthetic pathway has been lost in these species. Other factors which could affect the chemical diversity of the secretions are discussed: random events such as neutral mutations and genetic drift, conditioning or adaptation of predators to specific defensive mixtures, and the diversity of potential predators. The latter could help to explain the divergence in the chemical nature of the larval and adult secretions. The volatile irritants produced by the larvae are well suited to repel small arthropods, such as ants, whereas poisons associated with aposematic coloration in the adults could be directed against small vertebrates, such as birds.     

Leaf epidermal features of Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) from China and their systematic significance

The leaves of 52 species of Lithocarpus in China were studied. The adaxial leaf epidermis was investigated by light microscopy. Epidermal cells of the adaxial surface were classified into three types on the basis of the outline of their anticlinal walls, i.e. sinuate, straight and curved. The abaxial leaf epidermis was investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The following types of trichome were observed: appressed parallel tuft, stellate, fused stellate, papillae, stipitate fasciculate, solitary unicellular, appressed laterally attached unicellular, curly thin‐walled unicellular, bulbous and thin‐walled peltate. The fused stellate, appressed laterally attached unicellular and curly thin‐walled unicellular trichomes were reported in Lithocarpus for the first time. The appressed parallel tuft trichome, which is recognized as a salient characteristic of Lithocarpus, was not found in 15 species. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of the leaf epidermal features. According to the leaf epidermal features and several morphological characteristics, 26 of the 52 species could be divided into seven groups. Similar groups can be found in Barnett's and Camus' systems. The trichomes of four genera in Fagaceae are listed and compared. Lithocarpus had 14 types of trichome, 11 of which were identical to types found in Quercus, more than in Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis. The evolutionary trends of trichomes in Fagaceae are discussed and a new point of view is raised. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168 , 216–228.     

Pollen characteristics of New Zealand Gnaphalieae (Compositae) and their taxonomic significance II. Tem

Pollen ultrastructure has been investigated in 35 taxa of Gnaphalieae (Compositae), predominantly from New Zealand. Pollen grains of all taxa examined are tectate‐columellate and caveate. The characters regarded as particularly distinctive include variability of columellar form and internal organisation of the columellae. The importance of pollen characters in the classification of the New Zealand Gnaphalieae is discussed. The species of Haastia, characterised by senecioid pollen and internal tecta, do not belong to the Gnaphalieae. In the species with helianthoid pollen and sub‐columellae five different columellae types can be distinguished.     

Characteristics of ovary, ovule and mature megagametophyte in Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) and their taxonomic significance

PALSER, B. F., PHILIPSON, W. R. & PHILIPSON, M. N., 1991. Characteristics of ovary, ovule and mature megagametophyte in Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) and their taxonomic significance. The ovary, ovule and megagametophyte at the time the latter is mature are described for 177 species representing all subgenera, sections and most subsections recognized in Rhododendron. All three, but particularly the ovary, vary considerably. The ovary is compared among species as to size; shape of apex–tapered vs. depressed; relative dimensions; indumentum–five basic hair types; wall structure including crystal distribution and frequency, stomata, cuticular ornamentation; locule number, shape and size relative to radius; wall thickness relative to radius; placenta size, shape, depth of cleft, level of cleft junction, presence or not of a decurrent placental stalk ridge; number of ovules, their arrangement and orientation on placenta; and presence and distribution of internal stomata and hairs. The nectary which girdles the base of the ovary also varies in size, shape, indumentum, stomata and some internal features. The ovule is anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate with the lateral and micropylar nucellus disappearing completely and the megagametophyte elongating into the micropyle in all species. Also common to almost all are an endothelium, hypostase, differentiated epidermis–most often tanniniferous, and starch in integument around egg apparatus and micropyle. There are differences in size, shape, proportion occupied by gametophyte and micropyle, thickness of integument, degree of differentiation of some features, amount and area of starch and occurrence of chalazal and micropylar tails or of incipient micropylar and/or chalazal appendages. The megagametophyte, which develops according to the Polygonum pattern, has two distinct portions, the chalazal bounded by the endothelium with small antipodal cells at its end and the usually broader micropylar part within the micropyle containing a rather large egg apparatus with distinctive synergids; starch is present in the central cell and the polar nuclei are most often fused. Differences occur in proportions of the parts to one another, amount of starch, etc. Sixty-three characters were entered onto a computer, clustered by two different techniques and dendrograms constructed. Personal analysis and both dendrograms show section Vireya to be characterized by a syndrome of distinctive features and clearly separated from the rest of the genus. Subgenus Hymenanthes also has its particular syndrome but is somewhat less distinct from the remainder of the genus. Even less distinct but still grouped together are species of section Choniasirum and of section Sciadorhodion. Many species of section Rhododendron and of subgenus Tsutsusi tend to cluster together but section Rhododendron and most sections of the azalea complex are more generalized and moderate in the ovary, ovule and megagametophyte characters and do not separate sharply from one another.     

中国杜鹃花属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜对国产杜鹃花属Rhododendron6个亚属48种4变种植物的叶表皮特征进行观察,结果表明叶表皮的鳞片、腺体、表皮毛的有无和气孔器的类型具有一定的系统学意义。光学显微镜下可见：叶表皮细胞形状为多边形、不规则形,垂周壁式样为较平直、浅波状和波状．气孔器普遍存在于下表皮,上表皮未见气孔器分布,其类型均为无规则形。杜鹃亚属subgen．Rhododendron叶表皮具有鳞片,在扫描电镜下可见气孔器散生于指状突起之间,有别于无鳞类杜鹃花。常绿杜鹃亚属subgen．Hymenanthes和映山红亚属subgen．Tsutsusi有多种不同叶表皮类型;除了凯里杜鹃R．westlandii和弯蒴杜鹃R．henryi形态较特殊之外,马银花亚属subgen．Azaleastrum的马银花组sect．Azaleastrum和长蕊杜鹃组sect．Choniastrum微形态区别不明显。羊踯躅亚属subgen．Pentanthera的羊踯躅R．molle叶表皮有表皮毛,无腺体,气孔器密生,外拱盖形状不对称,外围有多层波形条纹突起可与其他亚属区分：而叶状苞亚属subgen．Therorhodion的叶状苞杜鹃R．redowskianum保卫细胞有明显的T型加厚,与其他亚属种类明显不同,与分子系统发育研究得到的“叶状苞亚属是杜鹃花属的基部类群”的结果吻合。本研究还依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系。