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1.
In some cases model-based and model-assisted inferences canlead to very different estimators. These two paradigms are notso different if we search for an optimal strategy rather thanjust an optimal estimator, a strategy being a pair composedof a sampling design and an estimator. We show that, under alinear model, the optimal model-assisted strategy consists ofa balanced sampling design with inclusion probabilities thatare proportional to the standard deviations of the errors ofthe model and the Horvitz–Thompson estimator. If the heteroscedasticityof the model is 'fully explainable’ by the auxiliary variables,then this strategy is also optimal in a model-based sense. Moreover,under balanced sampling and with inclusion probabilities thatare proportional to the standard deviation of the model, thebest linear unbiased estimator and the Horvitz–Thompsonestimator are equal. Finally, it is possible to construct asingle estimator for both the design and model variance. Theinference can thus be valid under the sampling design and underthe model.  相似文献   

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鸟兽物种多样性测度的G-F指数方法   总被引:80,自引:6,他引:80       下载免费PDF全文
评价物种多样性是目前生物多样性研究中的一项紧迫任务。我们提出一种基于信息测度的G-F指数公式,利用生物普查得到的鸟类和兽类名录计算一个地区的物种多样性。首先计算属间的多样性(G指数)和科间的多样性(F指数),然后,再利用G指数和F指数的比值进行标准化,得出G-F指数。在这一指数体系中,F指数包括科中和科间的多样性。如果G-F指数趋近1,则代表科间多样性的F指数下降,或者代表属多样性的G指数上升;否则G-F指数趋近零或为负数。信息测度通常也用于生物群落的生态多样性。然而,G-F指数与生态多样性不同。G-F指数测定的一个地区一个生物类群中科属间的物种多样性,而生态多样性指数研究生物群落中物种组成及种间个体的多寡。利用G-F指数研究评估生物多样性保护有如下优点:(1)G-F指数提供了一种简捷有效的生物多样性保护评估方法,因为在许多地点已经进行过生物普查,编写了动物、植物名录;(2)G-F指数是一种标准化指数,可以进行不同地区间生物多样性比较。在动物界,特别是无脊椎动物中,尚未鉴定的物种占多数,而鸟类和兽类中尚未鉴定的物种很少。我们应用鸟类和兽类名录计算了G-F指数,选择了梵净山、大瑶山、伏牛山、凉水、北京—天津、海北、白音锡勒、青海湖和帕米尔高原等9个地区,进行了物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明:在上述地区,鸟类的G指数高于兽类的G指数,但差异并不显著(p=0.11)。鸟类的F指数显著地高于兽类的F指数(p<0.05)。鸟类G-F指数与兽类G-F指数相关(r=0.68, p<0.05)。  相似文献   

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以辽东山区次生林为研究对象,分析4 hm2样地Gleason丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的空间分布特征及其与尺度的关系.结果表明: 4个多样性指数的空间分布均表现出较高的空间异质性;4个多样性指数的方差随尺度的增加其变化趋势有所差异;4个多样性指数的变异系数随尺度的增加呈下降趋势;乔木层的4个多样性指数值高于灌木层,且随尺度增加其变化趋势有所差异.在分析辽东山区次生林物种多样性时应考虑尺度效应.  相似文献   

6.
山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落物种多样性   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
在对山西庞泉沟自然保护区森林群落进行数量分类的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数对保护区内森林群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并对森林群落各层片之间的物种多样性进行了相关性分析.结果表明:(1)森林群落15个群丛的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数能很好地反映各群丛多样性变化规律.(2)各群丛的丰富度指数和物种多样性指数总体上呈现草本层>灌木层>乔木层,草本层的均匀度最小,大多数森林群落乔木层和灌木层的均匀度比较接近.(3) Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数以及Pielou指数和Alatalo指数之间表现极显著差异性(P<0.01).(4)群丛3(华北落叶松-土庄绣线菊+美蔷薇-东方草莓群丛)灌木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.643,P<0.05);群丛8(白桦+山杨-灰栒子+美蔷薇-中亚苔草群丛)乔木层和灌木层呈显著负相关(r=-0.458,P<0.05),灌木层和草本层则呈显著正相关(r=0.404,P<0.05);群丛11(白杄-中亚苔草+烟管头草)的乔木层和草本层之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.949,P<0.05).  相似文献   

7.
    
The population of puku, Kobus vardonii, at Lake Rukwa, one of only two in Tanzania, is poorly known. A multi‐species dry season game count carried out in Rukwa Game Reserve (RGR) in 2004 estimated a population size of 1729, but was associated with a high margin of error [coefficient of variation (CV) 0.88]. To increase the precision for the local puku population estimate, we conducted a zig‐zag line transect survey restricted only to areas occupied by puku in the dry season of 2006. This survey technique produced an estimate of 776 individuals and the CV was considerably reduced to 0.29. Puku herd size was comparable with the studies carried out in the Kilombero valley, Tanzania and in Kasanka National Park, Zambia, thus broadly confirming the herding ecology of this species. We found that pukus were restricted to the central parts of the floodplains, suggesting an avoidance of habitats used by pastoralists at the edge of RGR. Compared with the estimates of the puku population made in the 1980s, the puku population has declined. We recommend regular monitoring and enforcement of the current management plan to conserve the local puku population.  相似文献   

8.
  总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
Species richness, diversity and composition of butterflies in two Kenya coastal forest remnants, Muhaka and Mrima hill, were investigated. Sixty‐three species were recorded from each forest remnant from a total of 1329 individuals. Species accumulation curves for both forests did not reach an asymptote. High species similarity was recorded between the forest interior and the surrounding matrix, primarily due to invasion of the forest interior clearings by the savanna species. Despite their small sizes, these forest remnants were found to maintain viable populations of true forest butterflies. However, the number of species was less than half that recorded from the larger forest reserve of Arabuko‐Sokoke, located in the same geographical area. Records from Muhaka forest show species unique to it, not found in the larger forest reserves, underscoring the importance of small remnants in the preservation of forest biodiversity. The high species similarity between the forest remnants implied that if habitat corridors were created, gene flow between these remnants and other larger forest reserves would be possible. This would reduce the isolation of true forest butterfly populations within the remnants and potential local extinction.  相似文献   

9.
选用描述种-多度关系的二类共8个模型(对数级数分布LS、对数正态分布LN、负二项分布NB和几何分布GOM以及“分割线段”模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、Zipf模型ZM和Zipf-Mandelbrot模型ZMM)对东灵山地区9个类型的森林群落进行了研究。结果表明,LS和NB对大多数群落可以很好地拟合,LN和GOM对每一个群落都不能很好地拟合;ZMM可以很好地、NPM也可以较好地拟合每一个群落,ZM可以很好地拟合大多数群落,而BSM则反之。LS中的参数α与4个丰富度指数呈极强的线性关系,与3个多样性指数也有较强的线性关系。因此,α可以作为群落的一个多样性指数使用,并且它更多地反映了群落的丰富度。本研究也表明,将包含多个参数的非线性方程组逐渐化为只含一个参数的非线性方程,再将MonteCarlo方法、区间二分法和迭代法相结合以求解该方程,从而实现参数估计,这种算法是可行的;在拟合三参数模型ZMM时,先固定参数β,再通过线性化求出另外2个参数,经过多次计算,求出一组参数值作为下一步非线性方程拟合的初值,这种算法也是成功的。在进行种重要性顺序-多度表模型的评价时,不能只考虑剩余标准差或相关指数,它们是基于误差平方和的两个指标,对真实的误差有某种夸张作用;应该尽可能地考虑平均绝对误差这个指标。  相似文献   

10.
祁连山地区是我国典型的生态系统脆弱区和重要的生态屏障区,区域内物种资源丰富,珍稀和濒危野生动植物种类和数量繁多,是青藏高原重要的生物资源基因库之一,在我国生物多样性保护中具有重要的意义。为了掌握青海祁连山地区野生兽类的分布现状,使用样线法和样点法完成了野外调查。自2019年1月至2023年6月,在青海祁连山地区开展野外考察21次,累计完成调查样线490条,调查样点99个,总行驶航迹约25426 km。实地调查结合文献资料结果显示,该地区共分布有野生兽类7目19科54属75种。国家I级重点保护动物11种,国家II级重点保护动物17种,IUCN评估结果显示,该地区受威胁物种有15种(濒危3种;近危5种;易危7种),占该地区兽类总种数的20%;中国生物多样性红色名录结果显示,该地区受威胁物种有40种(极危2种;濒危12种;近危16种;易危10种),占该地区兽类总种数的53.33%;被列入CITES附录I的兽类有7种,被列入附录II的兽类有9种,被列入附录III的兽类有5种;中国特有种兽类16种。该地区兽类分布型主要为高地型(24%)、中亚型(20%)和古北型(18.67%)。兽类G-F指数为0.724,物种多样性指数处于较高的水平。物种名录的建立为青海祁连山地区兽类物种现状研究提供了科学且全面的数据,对加快祁连山珍稀濒危野生动物的保护具有重要意义,也为以后该地区的生态及野生动物保护、管理决策提供科学依据。  相似文献   

11.
冉辉  杨天友  米小其 《生物多样性》2024,32(4):23348-296
详实的物种本底资料对生物多样性研究和保护具有重要意义。本文以《贵州爬行类志》记录的名录为基础, 结合该专著出版38年来发表的贵州省爬行动物分类学研究文献, 对贵州省爬行动物名录进行了修订更新。截至2023年6月30日, 贵州省记录爬行动物120种, 隶属于2目21科57属。其中, 龟鳖目3科5属5种, 有鳞目18科52属115种, 有鳞目中蜥蜴亚目6科12属27种、蛇亚目12科40属88种。贵州省爬行动物物种总数在全国各省份中仅次于云南、广西、广东和福建, 与四川相同, 位列第五位。本文对《贵州爬行类志》记录的78个物种的分类阶元或名称作了修订, 移除了3种的分布记录; 增补记录23种(包括5个新种、18个新记录种)。贵州省爬行动物区系组成以东洋界物种为主, 共有105种, 其余15种为广布种, 无古北界物种分布。其中, 有11种为国家二级重点保护野生动物, 29种在《中国脊椎动物红色名录》中列为受威胁物种, 27种为中国特有种, 有5种模式标本产地位于贵州省, 包括荔波壁虎(Gekko liboensis)、独山半叶趾虎(Hemiphyllodactylus dushanensis)、惠水半叶趾虎(H. huishuiensis)、茂兰原矛头蝮(Protobothrops maolanensis)和荔波睑虎(Goniurosaurus liboensis)。本研究有助于更好地了解贵州省爬行动物物种的变化和分布, 为贵州省爬行动物资源的保护提供数据支撑。建议继续加大对贵州省爬行动物的分类与分布的研究力度, 以进一步明晰贵州省爬行动物资源的现状。  相似文献   

12.
海南石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积与物种多样性研究   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
石梅湾海岸青皮(Vatica hainanensis)林是海南独特的雨林群落之一。本文选用8种“种-面积渐近线”对该群落的最小取样面积进行了拟合研究。结果表明,其中5条曲线的R^2大于0.97,拟合状况很好,但所得出的最小取样面积各不相同。进一步经过“重要值-面积曲线”的群落特征分析,确认群落的最小取样面积只有800m^2。石梅湾青皮林最小取样面积比海南其他类型雨林、滇南热带雨林、东南亚热带雨林以及非洲雨林都要小。通过对1000m^2样地的物种多样性分析,结果表明:在垂直结构上,石梅湾青皮林B层乔木的Gleason指数大于A层乔木,和海南山地雨林的情况不同。海岸青皮林为物种多样性不高的单优林,群落的物种多样性、均匀度远小于海南其他类型的山地雨林与混合青皮林;在海岸青皮林群落内,青皮的相对密度、相对优势度、重要值大大高于其他物种。此研究表明:海南热带雨林同样存在物种多样性不高、单优特征显著的顶极群落;海南海岸青皮林是迄今为止热带雨林取样面积最小的森林类型。  相似文献   

13.
大青沟森林植物群落物种多样性研究   总被引:45,自引:1,他引:45  
郑元润 《生物多样性》1998,6(3):191-196
大青沟森林植物种类非常丰富,约占内蒙古自治区植物种数的三分之一,生物资源十分丰富。本文分别用Simpson指数、Shannon-Wienner指数和均匀度指数计测生态优势度、不同植物群落的物种多样性、群落物种多度的均匀度。结果表明:由于大青沟森林植物群落属于隐域性植被,从沟底到沟沿,小气候的差异较为明显,存在着生境梯度,但由于乔、灌、草综合作用的影响,各群落类型及生境梯度上的物种多样性的差异不十分明显。这可能是特殊森林群落类型长期适应隐域性生境条件的结果,它为我们改造周边环境提供了有益的启示。  相似文献   

14.
采用典型抽样法和生态群落学调查法对黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区紫椴(Tilia amurensis)红松(Pinus koraiensis)林、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)红松林及白桦(Betula platyphylla)次生林的植物群落结构特征和物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,紫椴红松林有维管束植物31种,隶属21科,25属;蒙古栎红松林有维管束植物32种,隶属25科,28属;白桦次生林有维管束植物31种,隶属20科,28属。白桦次生林乔木层和草本层的物种丰富度S指数显著高于2种阔叶红松林,而其灌木层的物种丰富度S指数最低;3种林型乔木层的Simpson物种多样性指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林的灌木层Simpson指数显著高于其他2种林型,3种林型草本层之间的Simpson指数差异显著;紫椴红松林乔木层的Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数显著低于其他2种林型,白桦次生林灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数显著低于2种阔叶红松林,蒙古栎红松林草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数最高;此外,蒙古栎红松林乔木层的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于其他林型,而3种林型灌木层的Pielou指数无显著差异,紫椴红松林草本层的Pielou指数最低。  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Forest inventories are evolving towards multipurpose resource surveys, broadening their scope by including additional topics such as biodiversity issues. Surprisingly, few quantitative surveys have been devoted to old‐growth forests, even if they constitute the most acknowledged forest biodiversity icons. In this framework, the use of probabilistic sampling may provide an effective as well as rigorous support for monitoring and assessing old‐growth forests. To this purpose, the present paper proposes a two‐phase sampling scheme. In the first phase, a coarse survey of few floristic and stand structural attributes is carried out by means of small plots systematically placed on the study area. Subsequently, in the second phase, a fine assessment of a large number of ecological attributes is performed on a subset of enlarged plots selected among the first‐phase ones by means of simple random sampling without replacement. The proposed sampling scheme is implemented for monitoring and assessing the old forests of Cilento National Park (southern Italy). Results and comments are provided as an exemplicative case study.  相似文献   

16.
         下载免费PDF全文
《植物生态学报》2016,40(9):861
Aims Spatial distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of species diversity are fundamental issues in community ecology. The objectives of this study are to assess the species diversity patterns at the different spatial scales in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China.
Methods Based on the dataset from the 60 hm2 plot in the tropical montane rain forest in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, the spatial distribution patterns of species richness, species abundance, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and Pielou’s evenness indices were analyzed at six spatial scales, including 5 m × 5 m, 10 m × 10 m, 20 m × 20 m, 40 m × 40 m, 100 m × 100 m, and 200 m × 200 m, respectively.Important findings
Results showed that spatial distribution patterns of species richness, species abundance and Shannon-Wiener index were much more obviously changed with the spatial scales than Simpson and Pielou’s evenness indices. Change of variance of the species richness with the increase of spatial scales was unimodal, which had the maximum value at the 20 m × 20 m scale. Variance of the species abundance showed a linear relationship with the increase of spatial scales. The positive relationship between species richness and abundance gradually decreased and even disappeared with the increase of sampling scales, which may be correlated with the increase of habitat heterogeneity. The effects of spatial scales on Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and Pielou’s evenness indices may be also correlated with the composition of rare species in the plot.  相似文献   

17.
群落内物种多样性发生与维持的一个假说   总被引:18,自引:2,他引:18  
本文根据作者对竞争排除法则的研究而提出了一个新的群落多样性假说。按照作者的观点,占用相同生态位的物种可以稳定共存;这样,群落内物种多样性将受到4个基本因子所控制。它们分别是:(Ⅰ)生态位的数量;(Ⅱ)区域物种库的大小;(Ⅲ)物种迁入速率,以及(Ⅳ)物种灭绝速率。该假说强调区域生物地理过程与局域生态过程共同决定了群落内种多样性的大小及分布模式。  相似文献   

18.
    
Fire is known to have dramatic consequences on forest ecosystems around the world and on the livelihoods of forest‐dependent people. While the Eastern Ghats of India have high abundances of fire‐prone dry tropical forests, little is known about how fire influences the diversity, composition, and structure of these communities. Our study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by examining the effects of the presence and the absence of recent fire on tropical dry forest communities within the Kadiri watershed, Eastern Ghats. We sampled plots with and without evidence of recent fire in the Eswaramala Reserve Forest in 2008 and 2018. Our results indicate that even though stem density increases in the recently burned areas, species richness is lower because communities become dominated by a few species with fire resistance and tolerance traits, such as thick bark and clonal sprouting. Further, in the presence of fire, the size structure of these fire‐tolerant species shifts toward smaller‐sized, resprouting individuals. Our results demonstrate that conservation actions are needed to prevent further degradation of forests in this region and the ecosystem services they provide.  相似文献   

19.
A list of the deposited type specimens, historical highlights, and maintenance procedures are given for the type section of the University of California Davis Nematode Collection (UCDNC). The type specimen section contains more than 630 species and 10,740 individual specimens mounted on more than 3,600 microscope slides. This list of deposited types is only a type specimen location reference and should not be used for type status or as a check list.  相似文献   

20.
    
Cultivation of annual crops in the initial stage of reforestation has been commonly practiced in the tropics. In recent decades, however, cultivation of such areas has been discontinued, resulting in widespread abandoned settlements. In this article we used a former forest village settlement in Kenya, which had been cleared, cultivated and then abandoned, to study how natural vegetation recovers after such disturbances. Species richness, abundance, and composition of tree seedlings, saplings, adult trees, shrubs, and herbs were recorded in different zones, from a heavily degraded zone in the center of the settlement, through less disturbed transition zones (TZs), and in the surrounding secondary forest (SF). Species richness and abundance of tree seedlings, saplings, and adult trees increased gradually from the heavily degraded zone to the SF, whereas shrub and herb richness were the same for TZs and SF and abundance was lowest in the SF. Total species richness was highest in the SF. Some pioneer tree species were highly associated with the TZs, whereas sub‐canopy tree species were associated with the SF. A group of tree species were not particularly associated with any of the four zones. Thus, these species might have good potential as restoration species. The results of our study contribute to the knowledge of natural regeneration in general, and of individual species characterizing the different stages of recovery of abandoned settlements in particular. Such information is urgently needed in designing ecologically sound management strategies for restoring abandoned forest settlements in tropical areas.  相似文献   

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