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Managing forests for sustainable use requires that both the biological diversity of the forests and a viable forest industry be maintained. A current approach towards maintaining biological diversity is to pattern forest management practices after those of natural disturbance events. This paradigm hypothesizes that ecological processes will be maintained best where active management approximates natural disturbance events. The forest management model now used in most sub-boreal and boreal forests calls for regularly dispersed clearcuts no greater than 60–100 ha in size. However, the spatial characteristics of the landscape produced by this model are distinctly different from the historic pattern generated by wildfire, which was heretofore the dominant stand-replacing process in these forests. Wildfire creates a more complex landscape spatial pattern with greater range in patch size and more irregular disturbance boundaries. Individual wildfires are often over 500 ha but leave patches of unburned forest within them. The combination of these attributes is not present in recent clearcuts. Allowing a proportion of larger (i.e.>500ha) harvest units may provide distinct economic advantages that could outweight the opportunity costs of leaving some patches of forest behind. For the forest type examined, further evaluation of modelling forest harvest patterns more closely after the patterns created by wildfire is required as it may achieve a good balance and strike a suitable compromise between certain ecological and economic objectives of sustainable development. 相似文献
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Wolfgang?HABER "author-information "> "author-information__contact u-icon-before "> "mailto:wethaber@aol.com " title= "wethaber@aol.com " itemprop= "email " data-track= "click " data-track-action= "Email author " data-track-label= " ">Email author 《Ecological Research》2004,19(1):99-106
Landscape as a subject of (terrestrial) ecology can be interpreted: first, as a piece of land composed of different ecosystems; and second, as a holistic entity of aesthetic perception derived from landscape paintings and parks of the 18th and 19th century. Such entities display a characteristic arrangement of landscape elements regarded as a whole and taking them apart for specific investigation will break up and virtually destroy it (e.g. a symphony dissociated into single notes). Landscape as a holistic entity satisfies emotional human needs like identification with regions, and explains the attraction of tourists. Entity features are land-use and land cover combined with openness and a certain naturalness. A key question is whether you call a piece of the earths surface just land or landscape– and why. Such questions touch the interface between landscape ecology and human ecology. But human ecology must not dismiss landscape functions. The most beautiful landscape will be reduced to a mere picture if it does not also provide basic life-support. Therefore, energy and matter flows and transformations between the ecosystems of a landscape have to be determined along with its climate, geomorphology (relief), soils, hydrology, species and ecosystem diversity. These different approaches, however, may never be combined into a unified whole. There is no superscience, and incidentally, its complexity would by far exceed human brain capacity. What we can achieve is bridge-building by approximation of selected facts. A conscious spatial arrangement of diversified land-use units (ecotopes) will promote (bio)diversity and may be perceived as an integral landscape pattern. A spatially and temporally differentiated energy input into land-use units will result in a gradient of utilization intensity and allow more species to thrive, again enhancing both diversity and landscape beauty. Modern humans have deliberately chosen artificial surroundings to achieve complete environmental control, even in rural lifestyles. But as far as emotional needs are concerned, this artificiality seems to be neither human nor ecological. Something natural is lacking, and landscape in its holistic sense can provide it – be it a landscaped open space in a city, a rural scene, a seashore or a mountain range. Maintaining and managing such naturalness requires sound ecological knowledge – not as an aim in itself, but to provide a bridge for humans. 相似文献
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智能传感器、人工智能、信息技术等现代科学技术的创新应用极大地提升了人类在全球生物多样性保护和恢复方面的潜力。结合国内外相关研究案例, 本文的主要内容包括: (1)对过去30年间(1991-2021年)中国野生动物红外相机监测研究相关文献资料进行总结分析; (2)结合国内2011年以来的典型案例, 对技术方法、物种发现与编目、形态与行为研究、生态学研究和保护管理等主题领域的进展进行总结分析; (3)结合国外近期的典型案例, 对红外相机监测与研究的重点领域进行评估分析; (4)对中国野生动物红外相机监测研究的未来发展提出相关建议。通过回顾, 本文旨在明晰国内外红外相机技术在野生动物监测研究中的创新应用和发展趋势, 为中国在该领域的未来发展提供参考依据, 以便更好地服务于中国生物多样性监测与研究网络建设和以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设, 为推进国家生态文明建设、保障生态安全和生物安全提供决策支持和科学依据。 相似文献
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集合生态系统(meta-ecosystem)由法国的Loreau教授等于2003年提出,是指\"由跨生态系统边界的物质流、能量流和生物体流所连接起来的一系列生态系统的集合\",是对只关注生物体(organism)迁移交换的集合种群(meta-population)和集合群落(meta-community)概念的外推,也是为了给生态系统空间异质性研究提供一个重要的分析路径,对研究和理解生态系统的结构、过程、功能和异质性具有重要意义。通过对相关文献的梳理分析,简述了集合生态系统研究的基本状况,分析了对集合生态系统概念的狭义和广义两种理解,指出了探讨集合生态系统结构的两个方向,构建了分析集合生态系统研究的六维整体框架,综述了研究集合生态系统的两类方法,探讨了经验化的集合生态系统(empirical meta-ecosystem)的3种空间结构和两种构建路径。将集合生态系统概念和理论引入流域复合生态系统(integrated watershed ecosystem)的分析,为流域生态学研究提供新的概念框架。 相似文献
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退化生态系统的恢复是一项艰巨任务,它需要考虑到所要恢复的退化生态系统的结构,多样性和其动态的整体性和长期性。现在对于退化生态系统恢复研究已经要使生态学家们关注受损生态系统的理论和实际问题。退化生态系统恢复所面临的挑战是理解和利用生态演替理论来完成并加速恢复进程。恢复的主要目标是建立一个自维持的,由不同的群落或生态系统组成的能够满足不同需要如生物保护和粮食生产需要的景观。景观生态学关注于大的空间尺度的生态学问题。景观生态学研究方法可以为退化生态系统恢复实践提供指导。在解决退化生态系统的恢复问题时,景观生态学的方法在理论和实践上是有效的。景观生态学中的核心概念和其一般原理斑块形状、生态系统间相互作用、镶嵌系列等都同退化生态系统的恢复有着密切的关系。如恢复地点的选择和适当的恢复要素的空间配置。在评价退化生态系统的恢复是否取得成功,利用景观生态学也具有重要的意义。景观生态学理论如景观格局与景观异质性理论,干扰理论和尺度理论都能够指导退化生态系统的恢复实践。同样地,退化生态系统的恢复可以为景观生态学的研究提供非常恰当的实验场。寓景观生态学思想于退化生态系统恢复过程是一种新的有效途径。 相似文献
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基于景观生态学中结构与功能相互依存的理念 ,选定小尺度森林为研究对象 ,根据生态系统内部结构特性 ,确立森林生态功能的空间定位 ,以提高森林生态系统的功能与价值。研究首先基于森林生态系统具有生物生产、环境服务及文化支持等基本功能 ,提出上述功能应通过森林生产、教学实习、科学研究、休闲游憩和生态保护等功能区加以体现。后依据研究区环境特征进行影响因子分析 ,结合景观生态与生态规划相关理论 ,构建森林生态功能分区方案。在案例实践中 ,选择台湾惠荪林场进行研究 ,配合研究区现况 ,期望通过功能区与结构的空间调整 ,达到服务功能的优化。 相似文献
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Managing Critical Transition Zones 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Katherine C. Ewel Claudia Cressa Ronald T. Kneib P. S. Lake Lisa A. Levin Margaret A. Palmer Paul Snelgrove Diana H. Wall 《Ecosystems》2001,4(5):452-460
Ecosystems that function as critical transition zones (CTZs) among terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats are closely
connected to the ecosystems adjacent to them and are characterized by a rapid flux of materials and organisms. CTZs play various
roles, including mediating water flows, accumulating sediments and organic matter, processing nutrients, and providing opportunities
for recreation. They are particularly difficult to manage because they tend to be small, albeit important, components of large
watersheds, and managers may not have control over the entire landscape. Moreover, they are often the focus of intensive human
activity. Consequently, CTZs are critically important zones, and their preservation and protection are likely to require unique
collaboration among scientists, managers, and stakeholders. Scientists can learn a great deal from the study of these ecosystems,
taking advantage of small size and the importance of fluxes, but a good understanding of adaptive management strategies is
needed to establish a dialogue with managers and stakeholders on technical and management issues. An understanding of risk
analysis is also important to help set meaningful goals and establish logical strategies that include all of the interested
parties. Successful restoration of a CTZ is the best test of the quality of knowledge about its structure and function. Much
has already been learned about coastal CTZs through restoration projects, and the large number of such projects involving
riparian CTZs in particular suggests that there is considerable opportunity for fruitful collaborations between scientists
and managers.
Received 25 February 2000; accepted 6 February 2001. 相似文献
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面对全球,特别是中国大范围的生态与环境问题,设计生态学应运而生:通过人工设计生态关系,修复、重建甚至创造基于自然的生态系统,已经成为当下生态文明和美丽中国建设的关键途径。人类有关生态科学的研究成果、古老文明的生态智慧积累和当代人对美好生活的向往是设计生态的三大灵感源泉,使设计的生态具有基于自然的、以综合生态系统服务为导向的、科学和艺术完美结合的特质。本专栏发表了对若干人工设计生态系统的绩效研究,研究结果已经给设计生态学在解决中国当下生态与环境问题的前景带来希望,尤其在城乡大规模生态修复方面显示出广泛的应用前景。设计生态学必将成为生态文明时代的一门崭新而极富挑战的新学科。 相似文献
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森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,在全球生态系统中发挥举足轻重的作用,其服务功能价值的评估是研究的一个热点。本研究根据全国第5次资源清查资料(1994~1998年)及Costanza等人的计算方法估算了我国森林生态系统八项服务功能的总价值为30601.20×108yuan/a,其中间接价值是直接经济价值的14.94倍;在我国森林生态系统中,单位面积的各种森林生态系统所提供的年平均价值为23095.25yuan/(hm2·a)。在森林涵养水源、固碳释氧、营养物质循环、净化空气和保护土壤五项服务功能中,热带雨林、季雨林单位面积所提供的价值量最大为32417.45yuan/(hm2·a),温带荒漠单位面积所提供的价值最小为12507.90yuan/(hm2·a);在森林生态系统各项服务功能价值的贡献之当中,其大小顺序依次为:固碳释氧>净化空气>土壤保持>涵养水源>养分循环>林木、林副产品〉维持生物多样性〉森林游憩。该研究的目的在于尽快将自然资源和环境因素纳入国民经济核算体系而最终为实现绿色GDP提供基础,为我国可持续发展的政策与生态环境保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
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区域生态学作为生态学的一门重要分支学科,起源于20世纪70年代的区域综合科学考察和环境污染调查,旨在研究区域生态环境问题形成背景和驱动因子,探讨区域生态环境问题解决的思路和方法。基于前人研究成果和文献综述,系统分析了区域生态学研究的特点,剖析了区域生态学的性质和学科定位。在此基础上进一步比较了区域生态学与景观生态学、生态系统生态学、区域自然地理学和宏观生态学的共性与差异。认为:(1)区域生态学研究对象是具有特定生态环境属性的区域生态综合体,既具有特定要素主导下的空间均质性,也具有多种要素耦合作用下的空间异质性特征,是一门问题导向的应用性基础学科;(2)区域生态学研究需要具有多元综合、问题导向和系统集成的思维,从多层次、多视角探讨区域生态环境问题的解决方案;(3)区域生态学属于宏观生态学研究的范畴,处于分子生态学、个体生态学、种群生态学、群落生态学、生态系统生态学、景观生态学、区域生态学和全球生态学这个生态学学科体系的较高层次。 相似文献
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科学认识社会生态系统演进机制是对其进行有效管理的重要基础。以文化与政治生态学为理论基础,提出适合杭州—西湖社会生态系统的综合研究框架,识别了杭州—西湖社会生态系统的5个演进阶段,并分析出系统演进中的3种潜在状态。自然、政治、经济以及社会驱动力是影响杭州—西湖社会生态系统的主导因素,人类行为影响整个生态系统中扰动的频率、大小和形式并改变西湖生态系统的结构与功能,进而影响西湖为城市提供生态系统服务的潜能。在不同历史时期,基于自然、社会、经济、文化等多层面的需求,西湖在不同系统状态下为城市供给不同类别和质量的生态系统服务,总体而言供给与调节服务比例逐渐下降,文化服务逐渐上升,并且后者逐步成为最主要的生态系统服务类别。杭州与西湖在长期的互馈共生中建立了社会生态系统的自适应性调节机制,其背后的生态智慧可为现代风景园林规划提供重要启示。 相似文献
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J. P. Grime 《Journal of Ecology》1998,86(6):902-910
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Mónica Toro-Manríquez Alejandro Huertas Herrera Rosina Soler María Vanessa Lencinas Víctor Ardiles Guillermo Martínez Pastur 《Austral ecology》2023,48(8):1721-1736
Bryophytes, which include mosses, liverworts and hornworts, indeed play a significant role in the natural dynamics of native forests. They contribute to fundamental ecological processes such as tree regeneration. In this context, the objective was to analyse the association of bryophytes with Nothofagus seedlings, as well as whether the substrates where bryophytes grew influenced bryophyte-tree seedling association, in sub-Antarctic forests at two contrasting landscapes (coastal and mountain) of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), to better understand their impacts on the natural regeneration processes. We hypothesized that bryophytes act as a substrate for seed germination and initial regeneration growth in pure and mixed forests of N. pumilio and N. betuloides, resulting in widespread tree seedlings–bryophyte associations in all landscapes. In each forest and landscape location, 60 transects were established (10 m in length) to evaluate bryophyte cover (by point intercept method) and substrate type (bare soil, decaying wood and litter cover) where they were growing. An adaptation of the relative interaction index (RII) based on tree seedling cover associated with bryophyte species (%) and tree seedling cover in the absence of bryophytes (%) was calculated and analysed to assess competition or facilitation between bryophytes and tree seedlings. Nothofagus pumilio seedlings were less abundant in bryophytes compared to other substrates, suggesting an inhibitory effect on the germination and/or survival of N. pumilio. In contrast, the seedlings of N. betuloides, in both pure and mixed forests, exhibited higher abundance on bryophyte substrates, particularly in mosses at mountain landscape (RII = 0.83 ± 0.08 in litter and 0.62 ± 0.11 in decaying wood). These findings suggest that bryophytes play a facilitating role for N. betuloides seedlings during germination and initial phases of growth, mainly in the mountain. Therefore, their conservation promotes N. betuloides forest continuity, both in pure and mixed structures. 相似文献
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Rivers in the Amazonian region have annual water level fluctuations varying from 6 to 20m, and the flooding period ranges from 50 to 270 days between the rising and falling phases. Along the rivers there are many different types of vegetation which are annually flooded. In order to study the variation of the species composition and structure of a forest that is seasonally flooded by a clear water river in Brazilian Amazonia 20km SW of Santarém, Pará State, Brazil, we surveyed three hectares, each divided in ten randomly placed rectangular quadrats (10×50m). The number of species per hectare ranged from 21 to 30. The number of trees varied from 242 to 741. Total basal area ranged from 0.70 to 10.9m2. Leguminosae was the most abundant and dominant family in the three hectares sampled. Couepia paraensis (Chrysobalanaceae), Campsiandra laurifolia (Leguminosae) and Leopoldinia pulchra (Palmae) were the most abundant species in the hectares sampled. Similarity indexes at species level varied from 46 to 60% between the three hectares sampled. The hectares studied have the lowest species richness observed in igapó floodplain forest of the Brazilian Amazonia. This may be correlated with the water type, soil condition and proximity of savanna. 相似文献
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近年,水生态景观的建设性破坏现象与问题层出不穷。如何协调水生态景观复杂系统中并存的水利安全、生态安全和景观需求引发了业界的广泛思考。从水环境特点及其评价因子入手,提出基于数值模拟仿真技术的水生态景观规划设计方法。该方法能够借助计算机模拟技术建立起水景观物理形态与其内在生态特征的动态关系,并通过设计—分析—评价—再设计的循环设计路径,实现多方案比选,提高水生态景观规划设计的科学性和合理性,并进一步促进其多目标融合。结合2个实践案例,对基于数值模拟仿真技术的水生态景观规划设计原理、流程和工具予以阐释,为水生态景观规划设计提供了新思路。 相似文献