中国干腐菌属的研究

中国干腐菌属共有3种,根据中国的材料对每种的担孢子进行测量和统计,并给出了该属种类的检索表,相似干腐菌为中国一新记录种,对该种进行了详细描述和显微绘图。该种的主要特征是担子果有菌盖,担孢子近球形,生长在竹子上。伏果干腐菌在欧洲经常木制房屋腐朽,但该菌在中国所引起的问题没有欧洲严重。     

海南隔担菌二新种

山小橘隔担菌Septobasidium glycosmidis新种,担子果生在叶两面,切片厚180－350μm,菌丝柱褐色,高50－150μm,宽20－100μm,原担子近球形或倒卵形,13－18×12－14μm,存留,担子圆柱形,弯曲或者强烈弯曲,4胞,27－35×6.5－10μm。合欢隔担菌Septobasidium albiziae新种,担子果生在树干上,切片厚180－330μm,菌丝柱褐色,高30－60μm,宽20－300μm,担子圆柱形或者棒状,通常在隔膜处收缩,直或者稍弯曲,4胞,20－32×6－10μm。     

银耳科的三个新种

本文报道了银耳目银耳科的3个新种——黑褐德克耳(Ductifera nigro-brunnea Peng)、黑蜡壳菌(Sebacina fuscata Peng)和长担银耳(Tremella longibasidia Peng)。其形态特征,黑褐德克耳与钙德克耳(Ductifera calcarea Lowy)接近,但前者担子常具柄状基部,担孢子为卵形可与之区别;黑蜡壳菌与蜡壳菌[Sebacina incrustans(Pers.ex Fr.)Tul.]接近,但黑蜡壳菌担子果为黑色膜状,担子有短柄状基部;长担银耳与波纳银耳。(Tremella boraborensis Olive)接近,但前者担子果为黑色,菌丝无小鳞茎状结构,下担子头部决无横分隔者。对这三个新种进行了汉文和拉丁文描述。     

鬼笔腹菌在东亚首次发现

根据采自我国四川的材料和对模式标本的研究,对鬼笔腹菌(Phallogaster saccatus)的特征进行了详细描述,并附有插图.该种所隶属的鬼笔腹菌属(Phallogaster)为一个单型属,在东亚为首次报道.其主要特征是包被单层,表面有不规则的下陷,成熟时下陷处发育成不规则小孔;孢体由不规则的小腔组成,成熟时与中柱一并全部胶化溶解,仅剩下深绿色至橄榄色的孢子成堆附着在包被的内表面;担子果无菌托,成熟时袋状、中空.     

多年卧孔菌属五个中国新记录种

报道了多年卧孔菌属Perenniporia5个中国新记录种。非洲多年卧孔菌Perenniporia africana采自安徽省,孔口表面浅黄色至赭色,且骨架菌丝不分枝;下延多年卧孔菌P.decurrata采自云南省,担子果盖形,具较小孔口和担孢子;椭圆孢多年卧孔菌P.ellipsospora采自云南省,担子果平伏,孔口圆形至多角形,担孢子不平截;硬多年卧孔菌P.inflexibilis采自福建省,担子果盖形,孔口表面灰白至浅褐色,担孢子无色至浅黄色;黄多年卧孔菌P.xantha采自海南省,孔口较小,表面呈黄色,且在KOH试剂中呈深褐色。根据采集的标本材料提供了它们的详细描述和显微结构图。     

中国革菌3新记录种

本文报道了中国革菌3个新记录种:灰白片花耳采自湖南省,其担子上着生两个担孢子梗。匙形茸瑚菌采自云南省,其担子果具菌盖、侧生柄,菌丝二系。硬锈红菌采于海南省,其平伏,灰褐色至暗褐色的子实层体可使附着基物变红。本文根据所采集的标本对这3种真菌进行了详细的描述。     

崆峒山猴头

猴头(Hericium erinaceus),又名猴头菌,因其子实体形如动物猴头而得名,是著名的高级滋补品,名贵药材,而今以含抗癌物质而称著. 猴头,齿菌科,猴头属.该属我国产三种:担子果分枝的有假猴头(H.laciniatum)和玉髯(H.coralloides),担子果不分枝的有猴头.猴头子实体肉质,块状,无明显菌盖,直径约5厘米,基部狭窄,无柄,新鲜时白色,     

中国多孔菌一新记录属─—扬氏孔菌属

扬氏孔菌属中国新记录属JahnoporusNuss,Hoppea39：176,1980担子果具中生至侧生菌柄。菌盖圆形,灰色,被绒毛或光滑。菌管表面白色至奶油色,菌孔圆形。菌肉R讲软木传愿更系菌性系统．牛砧苗少具销状联会、相施子纺锤组无色,薄镇光滑。地生或埋木生。可能引起白色腐朽。此属为单种属。模式种：JabnOpOruShirlUS（COOk）Nuss绒毛扬氏孔菌图1Jahnoporush’rtus（Cooke）Nuss,Hoppea39：176,1980．FOmeshirtusCooke,Grevilleal3：118,1885POlyporushlspidellusPeck,N．Y．StateMuS．Bull．25：649,1899担子果一年生,具…     

金耳与其近似种的rDNA-ITS序列分析

对金耳(Tremella aurantialba)的担子果、酵母状分生孢子培养物和菌丝培养物的核糖体DNA内部转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行PCR扩增和测序。结果表明金耳担子果的ITS区PCR产物均为碱基数不同的两条带,片段长度和序列与酵母状分生孢子培养物、菌丝培养物一致。通过对ITS1和ITS2联合进行系统发育分析表明金耳酵母状分生孢子培养物归属于银耳属的金耳,参与组成担子果的寄主菌丝为毛韧革菌(Stereum hirsutum)。结合GenBank中登录的金黄银耳、脑状银耳、橙黄银耳等近似种构建了的系统发育树,结果支持形态学证据,表明金耳是一个独立种。     

东喜马拉雅山地区木材腐朽菌研究4.云南高黎贡山地区山的木材腐朽菌(英文)

对云南高黎贡山地区进行了3次木材腐朽菌调查,共采集到约410号标本,经鉴定共有木材腐朽菌128种,列出了这些种类的名录,并提供了每种的寄主和其他采集信息。其中保山小集毛孔菌Coltriciella baoshanensis为新种,其主要特征是担子果盖形或平伏反转,孔口较大(1–3个/mm),担孢子广椭圆形,只生长在栲属树木上,对其进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

Mycorrhiza formation and growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings inoculated with spores of various ectomycorrhizal fungi

 As many eucalypts in commercial plantations are poorly ectomycorrhizal there is a need to develop inoculation programs for forest nurseries. The use of fungal spores as inoculum is a viable proposition for low technology nurseries currently producing eucalypts for outplanting in developing countries. Forty-three collections of ectomycorrhizal fungi from southwestern Australia and two from China, representing 18 genera, were tested for their effectiveness as spore inoculum on Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings. Seven-day-old seedlings were inoculated with 25 mg air-dry spores in a water suspension. Ectomycorrhizal development was assessed in soil cores 65 and 110 days after inoculation. By day 65, about 50% of the treatments had formed ectomycorrhizas. By day 110, inoculated seedlings were generally ectomycorrhizal, but in many cases the percentage of roots colonized was low (<10%). Species of Laccaria, Hydnangium, Descolea, Descomyces, Scleroderma and Pisolithus formed more ectomycorrhizas than the other fungi. Species of Russula, Boletus, Lactarius and Hysterangium did not form ectomycorrhizas. The dry weights of inoculated seedlings ranged from 90% to 225% of the uninoculated seedlings by day 110. Although plants with extensively colonized roots generally had increased seedling growth, the overall mycorrhizal colonization levels were poorly correlated to seedling growth. Species of Laccaria, Descolea, Scleroderma and Pisolithus are proposed as potential candidate fungi for nursery inoculation programs for eucalypts. Accepted: 7 May 1998     

中国大型高等真菌生物多样性的关键类群

由于生物多样性的关键类群在科学研究、社会经济及生态系统中所处的重要地位,有必要对其进行筛选和确定。在多年的野外考察和有关文献资料分析的基础上,参照植物和动物关键类群的划分原理及方法,结合高等真菌的特点将大型高等真菌划分为3种类型：濒危类群、重大科学价值类群和重要经济类群。其中,濒危类群指在近年的考察和报告中发现的数量急剧减少或由于过度的采集资源明显受到威胁的种类,其中有虫草属(Cordyceps)的中华虫草(C．siaensis)、块菌属(Tuber)的中华块菌(T．sinense)、假下陷块菌(T．pseu—doexcawatum)、喜马拉雅块菌(T.himalayense)、革菌属(Thelephora)的干巴菌(T．ganbajun)、口蘑属的松茸(Tricholoma matsuatke)及其近缘种和蒙古口蘑(T．mongolicum);重大科学价值类群指在真菌系统演化或与动、植物和其它真菌协同进化中的一些重要类群,或在应用研究领域具重要价值的类群,如鸡Zong菌属(Termitomyces)、鹅膏属(Amanita)、腹菌与伞菌的过渡类型如地红菇属(Macowanites)、粉褶包属(Richoniella)、轴腹菌属(Hydnangium)、腹牛肝菌属(Gastroboletus)等、牛肝菌类中的一些特殊单种属和寡种属如圆花孢牛肝菌属(Heimiel-la)、圆孔牛肝菌属(Gyroporus)等;重要经济类群指广为利用的食用菌、药用菌和外生菌根菌,其中主要有虫草属的中华虫草、块菌属的中华块菌、鸡Zong菌属盾尖鸡Zong菌(T．dypeatus)、鸡Zong菌(T.ewrhizus)、球形鸡Zong菌(T．gtoulus)、口蘑属的松茸群及蒙古口蘑、牛肝菌属(Bolaus)的美味牛肝菌(B．edulis)、小美牛肝菌(R．speciosus)、茶褐牛肝菌(B．brunneissimus)等,乳菇的红汁乳菇(L,hatsudake)、松乳菇(L．deliciosus)、多汁乳菇(L．volemus）、红菇属的变绿红菇(R．vir-escens)、蓝黄红菇(R．cyanoxantha)、鹅膏属的红黄鹅膏(A．hemibapha)、隐花青鹅膏(A．mang-iniana)、灵芝属(Ganoderma)的灵芝(G,lucidum)及紫芝(G,sinense)、竹荪属(Dictyophora)、豆马勃属(Pisdithus)的一些种。这些种由于具有重要的经济价值而受到过度的采集,故往往与濒危的种类一致。关键类群的筛选与提出为大型高等真菌的研究、应用和保护提供参考。     

Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula

In the last two centuries, several species of Australian eucalypts (e.g. Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E.␣globulus) were introduced into the Iberian Peninsula for the production of paper pulp. The effects of the introduction of exotic root-symbitotic fungi together with the eucalypts have received little attention. During the past years, we have investigated the biology of ectomycorrhizal fungi in eucalypt plantations in the Iberian Peninsula. In the plantations studied, we found fruit bodies of several Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi and identified their ectomycorrhizas with DNA molecular markers. The most frequent species were Hydnangium carneum, Hymenogaster albus, Hysterangium inflatum, Labyrinthomyces donkii, Laccaria fraterna, Pisolithus albus, P. microcarpus, Rhulandiella berolinensis, Setchelliogaster rheophyllus, and Tricholoma eucalypticum. These fungi were likely brought from Australia together with the eucalypts, and they seem to have facilitated the establishment of eucalypt plantations and their naturalization. The dispersion of Australian fungal propagules may be facilitating the spread of eucalypts along watercourses in semiarid regions increasing the water lost. Because ectomycorrhizal fungi are obligate symbionts, their capacity to persist after eradication of eucalypt stands, and/or to extend beyond forest plantations, would rely on the possibility to find compatible native host trees, and to outcompete the native ectomycorrhizal fungi. Here we illustrate the case of the Australasian species Laccaria fraterna, which fruits in Mediterranean shrublands of ectomycorrhizal species of Cistus (rockroses). We need to know which other Australasian fungi extend to the native ecosystems, if we are to predict environmental␣risks associated with the introduction of Australasian ectomycorrhizal fungi into the Iberian Peninsula. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of the ecto- and VA-mycorrhizal fungi Hydnagium carneum and Glomus clarum on the δ15N and δ13C values of Eucalyptus globulus and Ricinus communis

Glasshouse experiments with Ricinus communis showed that the presence/absence of a VA mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus clarum) changed the δ¹⁵N value of the host by as much as 2‰ when the plants were given urea (released as NH₄⁺) as their only N-source. This small change in Δ¹⁵N would create a large error in calculating sources of plant N. In particular, these results throw into doubt any models of N-cycling which assume that soil N can be treated as a single source. The correct N-source value for VAM-infected NH₄^? -using plants may be the δ¹⁵N of soil NH₄⁺+ 2‰. Treatment effects were also found in the distribution of δ¹⁵N and % N among plant organs. Plants with VAM had a lower N:P atom ratio and were larger in total biomass. Carbon discrimination (δ¹³C) was greater in the VA-infected plants. The measured effects of VAM infection suggest that for some plants the fungus may be the primary site of N assimilation. A parallel experiment with Eucalyptus globulus and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hydnangium carneum resulted in no significant differences in any of the variables measured for this host-fungus pair when the sole N-sources were inorganic (NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ released from urea). Ectomycorrhizal fungi are diverse in their physiological behaviour, and these data should not be taken as being representative of the whole group. More work is required with other types of mycorrhiza and more complex sources of N. Future work will include a water balance to partition the effects of water use and nutrient supply in determining δ¹³C. An on-line combustion-ANCA-MS method is described for fully automated measurement of natural abundance levels of ^15/14N and ^13/12C for plant materials. This method achieves the required precision while dramatically increasing sample throughout.     

The ability of 16 ectomycorrhizal fungi to increase growth and phosphorus uptake of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. diversicolor F. Muell.

The effectiveness of 16 fungal isolates in forming ectomycorrhizas and increasing the growth and phosphorus uptake of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and E. diversicolor F. Muell. seedlings was examined in the glasshouse. Seedlings were grown in yellow sand at 2 phosphorus levels (4 and 12 mg P kg^-1 sand). At the time of harvest (100 days), the non-inoculated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with Paxillus muelleri (Berk.) Sacc. and Cortinarius globuliformis Bougher had a low level of contamination from an unknown mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings inoculated with Thaxterogaster sp. nov. and Hysterangium inflatum Rodway had developed mycorrhizas of the superficial type whereas Hydnangium carneum Wallr. in Dietr., Hymenogaster viscidus Massee & Rodway, Hymenogaster zeylanicus Petch, Setchelliogaster sp. nov., Laccaria laccata (Scop. ex. Fr.) Berk., Scleroderma verrucosum (Vaillant) Pers., Amanita xanthocephala (Berk.) Reid & Hilton, Descolea maculata Bougher and Malajczuk and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch formed typical pyramidal ectomycorrhizas. The dry weight of non-inoculated and inoculated E. globulus seedlings at 12 mg P kg^-1 sand did not differ, whereas several isolates caused growth depression of E. diversicolor. By contrast, at 4 mg P kg^-1 sand growth increases ranged from 0–13 times above that of non-inoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius produced the largest growth increase on both eucalypt species. In general, isolates which developed more extensive mycorrhizas on roots produced the largest growth responses to inoculation. Isolates which increased plant growth also increased phosphorus uptake by the plant. Seedlings inoculated with L. laccata and S. verrucosum retained more phosphorus in their roots than plants inoculated with the other fungal isolates.     

Sequential maturation of skeletal muscle groups during postnatal ontogenesis of rats]

Experiments were conducted on rats during the early postnatal period; a study was made of the membrane potential (MP) establishment of the fibers of the skeletal muscles of the neck, the anterior and the posterior limbs. At birth the most mature were the muscles of the neck, and the least -- the muscles of the posterior limb. Establishment of the stationary MP level in the muscles of the neck occurred during the first week after birth, in the muscles of the anterior limbs -- by the 10th-12th day, and of the posterior limbs -- by the 15th-20th day. The order of maturation of various groups of the skeletal muscles was associated with the peculiarities of the neuro-trophic influences at various age periods. Muscles of the neck were characterized at all the developmental stages by a rhythmic low-frequency electromyographic activity. In the muscles of the limbs the rhythmic electromyographic activity was transformed into the discharge high-frequency activity by the period of termination of increase of the MP of the muscles.     

Dependence of anticipatory changes in the hand muscle activity and the grip force on the height of the fall when catching a falling object

The time course of changes in the hand muscle activity and the grip force before the hit of an object falling from different heights into a cup held between the thumb and the forefinger was analyzed in three variants of the experiment: (1) the subject saw the object falling; (2) the subject did not see the object falling but initiated the fall; and (3) the subject had no information on either the falling or its start. In the third variant, the muscle activity and the grip force changed in response to the object hitting the cup. In the second variant, the muscle activity and the grip force began to change 200–280 ms before the hit, this time being independent of height from which the object fell. In the first variant, the anticipatory changes began 150 ms after the object started falling and did not depend on the height of the falling within the rage 30–50 cm. If the object fell from a height of 70–105 cm, the changes in the muscle activity and the grip force began a fixed time before the object hit the cup, which did not depend on the height from which the object fell. Thus, when the object fall from small heights, the timing of the increase in the grip force was mainly determined by the moment when the object began moving; at large heights, the increase in the grip force was related to the presumed moment of the hit.