不同植物叶片水分利用效率对光和CO2的响应与模拟

植物叶片水分利用效率的高低取决于气孔控制的光合作用和蒸腾作用两个相互耦合的过程,模拟水分利用效率对环境变化的响应特征和机制是理解生态系统碳循环和水循环及其耦合关系的基础.研究通过人工控制光强和CO2浓度,对叶片水分利用效率进行了研究.提出了植物水分利用效率在光强和CO2浓度共同作用下的估算模型.数据分析表明,该模型在包括C3和C4植物、草本和木本植物在内的9种植物上能很好地模拟水分利用效率对光强和CO2浓度共同作用的响应.该模型可以用于估算CO2浓度升高条件下光合速率的提高和蒸腾速率的降低对水分利用效率提高的贡献量.CO2浓度变化条件下,水分利用效率在不同植物之间有巨大差异,研究区域尺度植物的水分利用效率时至少需要将植物区分为C4植物和C3植物,其中C3植物区分为草本和木本植物3种生态功能型才能较为准确地估算植物的整体水分利用效率.应用本研究提出的水分利用效率估算模型和植物水分利用效率生态功能型分类标准,可以为建立以植物的水分利用效率为基本参数的陆地生态系统水循环模型和陆地生态系统生产力模型提供重要依据.     

环境因子对小麦叶片水分利用效率影响的实验研究和数值模拟

根据现有的光合作用和蒸腾作用的模型,利用Ｂａｌｌ－Ｂｅｒｒｙ 的气孔导度模型,将叶片的光合作用模型和蒸腾作用模型结合起来,建立了光强（Ｉ）、叶片－大气水汽饱和差（ＶＰＤ）和大气ＣＯ２ 浓度（Ｃａ）等环境因子对小麦叶片水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）影响的模型。由于这３ 种环境因子对光合、蒸腾的影响方式上的差异,作为两者之比的叶片ＷＵＥ随各环境因子的变化出现复杂的图景,同时,在人工气候箱内分别于这３ 个因子变化时对光合、蒸腾的变化作了测定,计算了叶片的Ｗ ＵＥ。测定结果与模拟结果的对比表明,在多数情况下两者符合程度良好,但在高Ｃａ下有较大的偏离     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下春小麦生产和水分利用效率(WUE)的响应特征,在典型半干旱区定西,利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验.试验设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)、480 μmol·mol^-1和570 μmol·mol^-1 3个CO₂浓度.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使春小麦冠层空气温度小幅上升,10 cm深处的土壤环境温度下降;CO₂浓度增加对春小麦各器官生物量和总生物量都有明显促进作用,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,地上干物质量平均增长20.6%和41.5%,总干物质量平均增长19.3%和39.6%.生物量增加主要是由茎叶干物质量增加所致,与生育中期物质生产能力明显增强有关;在两种CO₂浓度处理下,植株根冠比分别降低7.3%和11.8%,CO₂浓度增加对春小麦地上部分干物质积累的贡献大于地下部分;CO₂浓度升高主要通过影响穗粒数来影响最终产量,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,小麦产量分别增加了8.9%和19.9%;大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用影响的长期效应不明显,随CO₂浓度升高,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,蒸发蒸腾量减小.随CO₂浓度升高,叶片、群体和产量3个水平的WUE都增加,其中群体水平的WUE增幅最大,产量水平的WUE增幅最小.     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮肥增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的.CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低.因而CO₂浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力.     

狗尾草蒸腾特性与水分利用效率对模拟光辐射增强和CO2浓度升高的响应

 在人工控制光照强度和CO2浓度条件下,测量了禾本科C4植物狗尾草（Setaria viridis）的光合速率（Pn）,蒸腾速率（Tr）,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,气孔导度（Gs）和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺（Vpdl）对不同模拟光辐射（SPR）强度与CO2浓度的响应。结果表明：Pn, Tr 及Gs均随SPR的升高而增大,增幅趋缓,最终趋于动态平衡。SPR增强的起始阶段,水分利用率（WUE）逐渐增大,在SPR为1200 μmol·m-2·s-1时达到最大值,然后逐渐降低。Ci与Vpdl则随SPR的增强而减小,SPR高于600 μmol·m-2·s-1之后,两者均达到平衡状态。CO2浓度从300增至600 μmol·mol-1的过程中,狗尾草Pn逐渐增大,从600增至1 000 μmol·mol-1过程中,其Pn逐渐降低。Ci、Vpdl和WUE随CO2浓度的升高而增大,Gs和Tr则随CO2浓度的升高而减小。即禾本科一年生C4植物的光合作用对CO2浓度升高响应不敏感,水分蒸腾消耗的减少和WUE的提高对CO2浓度升高的响应极显著。可见,CO2浓度升高对C4植物光合作用的直接促进作用有限,但是却能从提高现有水分利用效率途径促进植物的第一性生产。     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO2浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮脂增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的CO2浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低。因而CO2浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力。     

全球气候变化下植物水分利用效率研究进展

气候变化是20世纪80年代以来全球最为关注的环境问题之一,显著影响着植物的生产力以及水分运移和利用格局,改变植物个体、群落及生态系统的水分利用效率（WUE）,最终影响植被分布格局和群落结构.开展植物WUE的研究有助于理解和预测陆地植被对全球变化的响应和适应对策,从而为应对全球变化提供新的依据.本文从叶片、个体、群体或生态系统等不同尺度简要介绍了植物水分利用效率的概念及测定方法,着重综述了气候变暖、CO₂浓度升高、降水变化和氮沉降等重要气候因子及其复合作用对植物WUE的影响研究进展,以及不同立地条件下植物WUE变化特征及生存适应策略,指出当前研究中存在的问题,并对全球气候变化下植物WUE的研究进行展望.     

CO2浓度增加和水分亏缺对典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

探讨大气CO₂浓度和水分变化对3种典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响,可为未来气候变化情形下草地生态系统适应性管理提供理论支持。本试验利用可精准控制CO₂浓度的人工气候室,设置400(自然大气)和800 μmol·mol^-1(倍增)两个CO₂浓度,80%土壤田间持水量(FC)(充分灌水对照)、55%～60%FC(轻度水分亏缺)、35%～40%FC(中度水分亏缺)、<35%FC(重度水分亏缺)4个水分梯度,研究CO₂浓度增加和水分亏缺对甘蓝型油菜、白三叶和紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明: 同一CO₂浓度下,与充分灌水对照相比,当土壤水分<40%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素含量和气体交换参数均显著降低;土壤水分为55%～60%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素总含量无显著变化,而白三叶和紫花苜蓿的光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)降低了6%～25%,但WUE无显著性差异。与大气CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度倍增使充分灌水处理下甘蓝型油菜的P_n显著降低了21.5%,而显著增加了轻度水分亏缺下3种植物的P_n,且增加了中度水分亏缺下甘蓝型油菜和紫花苜蓿的P_n,但只对重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的P_n有所改善;CO₂浓度倍增显著增加了白三叶和紫花苜蓿在所有水分处理下的WUE,但只增加了甘蓝型油菜在轻度水分亏缺下的WUE。CO₂浓度和水分的交互作用对3种植物的P_n均有显著影响,但仅对甘蓝型油菜的WUE有显著影响。综上,3种植物对大气CO₂浓度倍增和水分亏缺的响应存在明显差异,CO₂浓度升高能改善轻度水分亏缺对3种植物光合性能和WUE的不利影响,但只改善了重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的光合性能。     

贝加尔针茅不同枝条叶片蒸腾特性与水分利用效率对瞬时CO_2和光照变化的响应

利用人工光源测量了不同 CO2 浓度条件下贝加尔针茅 (Stipa bacailensis)营养枝条与生殖枝条叶片的净光合速率 (PN)、蒸腾速率 (E)、气孔导度 (gs)、胞间 CO2 浓度 (Ci)及叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺 (VPD)。营养枝与生殖枝 PN 及 E均随 CO2 浓度升高而增大 ,但 PN 增加幅度较大 ,E增加幅度较小。在高 CO2 浓度 (14 0 0 μmol/m ol)条件下 ,营养枝叶片最大 PN(2 7.2 3μmol CO2 /(m2 · s) )大于生殖枝 (17.13μm ol CO2 /(m2 · s) )。营养枝与生殖枝之间 E呈极显著差异。营养枝与生殖枝水分利用效率 (WUE= PN/E)均随 CO2 浓度升高而增大 ,生殖枝 WUE略高于营养枝 ,但差异未达到显著水平。光合速率的显著增加是贝加尔针茅水分利用效率随 CO2 浓度升高而增加的主要影响因素。CO2 浓度相对稳定条件下 (35 0 μmol/mol) ,生殖枝与营养枝 PN 与 E均随模拟光辐射 (SPR)强度增加而增大 ,但增幅逐渐趋缓 ,营养枝最大 PN 及 E均大于生殖枝。当 SPR强度从 0增加到 4 0 0 μmol/(m2 · s)过程中 ,营养枝与生殖枝叶片水分利用效率均呈陡然增大趋势 ,随着 SPR的进一步增强 ,WUE缓慢增大并在较高值附近达到波动平衡。贝加尔针茅营养枝与生殖枝之间的 gs差异是 PN 与 E差异的主要影响因素 ,也决定了 WUE对 CO2 浓度和模拟光辐     

CO2浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响

以开顶箱法研究了CO₂浓度升高对红松和长白松土壤呼吸作用的影响.结果表明,500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1使红松和长白松土壤呼吸速率明显降低,土壤表面CO₂浓度升高导致CO₂扩散受阻可能是土壤呼吸受到抑制的主要原因.500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1下两树种土壤表面CO₂浓度明显高于对照箱和裸地条件下的CO₂浓度,增加幅度在40～150 μmol·mol^-1之间;对照箱内长白松土壤表面CO₂浓度略高于裸地,差异不显著,红松差异显著500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1下的长白松土壤全氮及总有机碳含量略高于对照组,差异不显著,红松裸地的碳氮含量明显低于500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1 及对照箱内土壤碳氮含量;500 μmol CO₂·mol^-1 及开顶箱的微环境对地下3 cm处土壤温度没有明显影响.     

Responses of water use efficiency of 9 plant species to light and CO2 and their modeling

Photosynthesis coupled with transpiration determines water use efficiency (WUE) at leaf level, and the responses of WUE controlled by gas exchanges through stomata to environment are the basis of carbon and water cycles in the ecosystem. In this paper, by using Li-6400 Portable Photosynthesis System (LI-COR), WUE at leaf level was analyzed under controlled photosynthetic photons flux density (PPFD) and CO₂ concentration conditions across 9 plant species including maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), millet (Setaria italica), soybean (Glycine max), peanut (Arachis phyogaea), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), rice (Oryza sativa), Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) and Schima superba. We had developed a new model to estimate the water use efficiency in response to the combined effects of light and CO₂ concentration. Our measured data validated that this model could simulate the changes of water use efficiency very well under combined effect of light and CO₂ concentration. It could be used to estimate contribution of photosynthesis increase and transpiration decline on water use efficiency with the rising of CO₂ concentration. Great differences in water use efficiency occurred in these different plant species under various CO₂ concentration levels. Based on water use efficiency at regional scale, we concluded that plants should be separated into C₃ plants and C₄ plants, and furthermore, C₃ plants should be separated into herbaceous plants and woody plants. Our separation criteria would do a great favor in modeling the evapotranspiration of terrestrial ecosystem with carbon and water balance.     

作物群体CO2通量和水分利用效率的快速测定

In this paper,Eddy Correlation (EC) method was employed to measure the latent heat and CO₂ flux density and to calculate Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat community in Yucheng district,Shandong Province in 1997.The results showed that the CO₂ flux density had an obvious diurnal change,with a maximum about1.5 mg·s^-1·m^-2,which appeared at about 9:00～10:00 am in general.The WUE of wheat community presented a fall trend from morning to afternoon,and the CO₂ flux density and WUE also had an obvious seasonal change,being lower in the early and late growth stages,and higher in the middle growth stage.The ranges of daily mean CO₂ flux density and WUE were 0.2～0.9 mg·s^-1·m^-2 and 5～20 gCO₂·kg^-1 H₂O,respectively.     

Sensitivity of stomata and water use efficiency to high CO2

Abstract The observed responses of stomata to carbon dioxide are reviewed, and the interaction of other known factors on the sensitivity to CO₂ are summarized. The role of stomatal response to CO₂ is discussed, and it is argued that while the effect of the CO₂ response in normal daily stomatal behaviour is presently poorly understood the stomatal response to CO₂ will have major impact in improving water use efficiency in future CO₂ atmospheres. However, the attenuation of this increase is emphasized so that increases at the crop level will probably be much smaller than those observed at the single leaf assimilation level.     

The interaction of rising CO2 and temperatures with water use efficiency

Abstract. Recent data concerning the impact of elevated atmospheric CO₂ upon water use efficiency (WUE) and the related measure, instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE), are reviewed. It is concluded from both short and long-term studies that, at the scale of the individual leaf or plant, an increase in WUE or ITE is generally observed in response to increased atmospheric CO₂ levels. However, the magnitude of this increase may decline with time. The opinion that elevated CO₂ may substantially decrease transpiration at the regional scale is discussed. The mechanisms by which elevated CO₂ may cause a change in these measures are discussed in terms of stomatal conductance, assimilation and respiration responses to elevated CO₂. Finally, recent experimental data and model outputs concerning the impact of the interaction of increased temperature with elevated CO₂ on WUE, ITE and yield are reviewed. It is concluded that substantially more data is required before reliable predictions about the regional scale response of WUE and catchment hydrology can be made.     

Gas exchange and photosynthetic water use efficiency in response to light, CO2 concentration and temperature in Vicia faba

Light and temperature-response curves and their resulting coefficients, obtained within ecophysiological characterization of gas exchanges at the leaf level, may represent useful criteria for breeding and cultivar selection and required tools for simulation models aimed at the prediction of potential plant behaviour in response to environmental conditions.

Leaf-scale gas exchanges, by means of an IRGA open-flow system, were measured in response to light intensity (8 levels from 0 up to 2000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), CO₂ concentrations (ambient—350 μmol mol⁻¹ and short-term enriched—700 μmol mol⁻¹) and air temperature (from 7 up to 35 °C) on three Vicia faba L. genotypes, each representing one of the three cultivated groups: major, equina and minor. The net assimilation rate response to light intensity was well described by an exponential rise to max function. The short-term CO₂ enrichment markedly increased the values of light response curve parameters such as maximum photosynthetic rate (+80%), light saturation point (+40%) and quantum yield (+30%), while less homogenous behaviour was reported for dark respiration and light compensation point. For each light intensity level, the major and minor genotypes studied showed assimilation rates at least a 30% higher than equina.

The positive effects of short-term CO₂ enrichment on photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) indicate a relevant advantage in doubling CO₂ concentration. In the major and minor genotypes studied, similar assimilation rates, but different WUE were observed.

The optimum leaf temperature for assimilation process, calculated through a polynomial function, was 26–27 °C and no relevant limitations were observed in the range between 21 and 32 °C.

Analysis at the single leaf level provided both rapid information on the variations in gas exchange in response to environmental factors and selection criteria for the screening of genotypes.     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地与草地二氧化碳通量的比较

采用静止箱/气相色谱法,在2003—2005年的植物生长期对若尔盖高原沼泽湿地和草地的CO₂通量进行了对比观测.结果表明：若尔盖高原沼泽湿地和草地CO₂通量的平均值分别为203.22和323.03 mg·m^-2·h^-1,前者为后者的60%左右.沼泽湿地常年积水的环境条件限制了土壤中的植物残体、根系及有机物质的分解,是沼泽湿地CO₂通量低于草地并形成泥炭积累的重要因素.研究区沼泽湿地与草地CO₂通量的季节变化与气温变化呈正相关,峰值一般出现在7月和8月;其日变化也与气温呈正相关,峰值一般出现在11:00—17:00.5 cm深的土壤温度与CO₂通量的相关性高于10和15 cm深的土壤温度.     

科尔沁草甸生态系统水分利用效率及影响因素

生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)是衡量碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标。利用科尔沁温带草甸草地碳水通量观测数据,对该生态系统总初级生产力水分利用效率(WUEGPP)的日季变化规律及对环境和生理因子的响应进行分析。结果表明:(1)WUEGPP日变化呈下降-稳定-上升的变化趋势,最大值出现在日出后1—2 h,阴天条件下WUEGPP高于晴天,生长中期WUEGPP高于生长初期和末期;(2)总初级生产力、总蒸散和WUEGPP季节变化均呈夏季高、春秋低的形式,生长季平均值分别为0.57 mg m-2s-1、0.08 g m-2s-1和5.97 mg/g,最大值分别为1.49 mg m-2s-1、0.16 g m-2s1和13.62 mg/g;(3)总初级生产力与饱和差、气温和叶面积指数均呈二次曲线关系,与冠层导度呈对数曲线关系;总蒸散与气温呈二次曲线关系,与饱和差、叶面积指数和冠层导度相关性均不显著;(4)WUEGPP与饱和差、气温和叶面积指数均呈二次曲线关系,与冠层导度呈对数曲线关系,饱和差、冠层导度和叶面积指数分别为2.0 k Pa、0.0015 m/s和4.2是控制WUEGPP增加的阈值;(5)净生态系统生产力水分利用效率(WUENEP)和净初级生产力水分利用效率(WUENPP)季节变化规律与WUEGPP一致,均值分别为3.47和5.47 mg/g。