铝对豌豆生长的影响

研究酸性条件下不同浓度Al^3 对豌豆根芽生长的影响。结果表明,Al对豌豆根芽的生长有显著的抑制作用,对豌豆根尖细胞分裂产生危害的初始浓度为1mg.L^-1,Al诱导豌豆根尖染色体发生多种类型畸变,初始浓度为0．5mg.L^-1,低浓度下Al对豌豆根芽生长的抑制与植物对Ca、Mg的吸收没有明显的相关性。     

外源硫化氢对豌豆根尖及其边缘细胞的影响

为研究外源硫化氢（H2S）对豌豆（Pisum sativum）胚根生理特性及其边缘细胞的影响,测定了不同浓度外源H2S处理下豌豆根长、根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶（APX、CAT、POD和SOD）活性、根尖边缘细胞存活率及其粘胶层相对面积的变化。结果表明：低浓度（0-40μmol·L-1）H2S可促进豌豆胚根生长,根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量升高,SOD、APX和POD活性增加,CAT活性降低,根尖边缘细胞存活率上升,粘胶层相对面积变小。高浓度（60-80μmol·L-1）H2S可抑制豌豆胚根生长,可溶性蛋白质含量和边缘细胞存活率明显下降,APX和POD活性降低,CAT活性升高,SOD活性没有明显变化,粘胶层相对面积变大;边缘细胞染色体凝集并边缘化,然后逐渐降解并伴随粉末化,细胞质膜皱缩。因此,推测H2S可能在植物体内发挥着重要的生理作用。     

外源硫化氢对豌豆根尖及其边缘细胞的影响

为研究外源硫化氢(H2S)对豌豆(Pisum sativum)胚根生理特性及其边缘细胞的影响,测定了不同浓度外源H2S处理下豌豆根长、根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶(APX、CAT、POD和SOD)活性、根尖边缘细胞存活率及其粘胶层相对面积的变化。结果表明:低浓度(0-40μmol·L-1)H2S可促进豌豆胚根生长,根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量升高,SOD、APX和POD活性增加,CAT活性降低,根尖边缘细胞存活率上升,粘胶层相对面积变小。高浓度(60-80μmol·L-1)H2S可抑制豌豆胚根生长,可溶性蛋白质含量和边缘细胞存活率明显下降,APX和POD活性降低,CAT活性升高,SOD活性没有明显变化,粘胶层相对面积变大;边缘细胞染色体凝集并边缘化,然后逐渐降解并伴随粉末化,细胞质膜皱缩。因此,推测H2S可能在植物体内发挥着重要的生理作用。     

氯化铅对豌豆根尖细胞微核和异常分裂的作用（简报）

0．5－30mg.L^-1的氯化铅溶液对豌豆根尖生长无影响,但微核总数及微核率明显增高,并诱发产生染色体断片,粘连,滞后,染色体桥等异常分裂。诱导的比率与氯化铅溶液浓度和作用时间呈正相关。用40mg.L氯化铅处理的豌豆根尖生长发育受抑,微核率下降,据此认为废水排放标准中应增加遗传毒理学指标。     

偏亚硫酸钠对豌豆根尖生长发育及细胞核的影响

根据偏亚硫酸钠放出SO2溶于细胞水分形成H2SO3，H2SO3解离出H 、HSO3-、SO，解离的HSO3继续氧化形成H2SO4，以及在此过程中产生出的活性氧影响植物生长发育的现象，本文研究了偏亚硫酸钠处理根尖对豌豆根尖细胞核和生长发育的影响。豌豆（Pisumsatiuvm）种子洗净后播于花盆内，喷洒不同浓度的偏亚硫酸钠溶液，以蒸馏水作对照，在24一双℃下培育79和155h，分别测定根尖的长度。另以豌豆种子用自来水萌发，根长0．5－1cm时，分别用0．1％、0．5％。1．0％偏亚硫酸钠水溶液处理36和72h后，切取根尖放人卡诺固定液中固定24h，转入1mol…     

植物幼嫩子叶的染色体制片

本文报道了用蚕豆(Vicia faba)、小巢菜(V. hirsuta)、豌豆(Pisum sativum)、菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)的幼嫩子叶作为研究体细胞有丝分裂及染色体的材料。与根尖比较,优点是:子叶细胞的有丝分裂活性高,组织易于解离和压片,且取材方便。     

豌豆间期细胞核内核仁组织者区排列的非放射性原位杂交定位

以异羟基洋地黄毒甙（ｄｉｇｏｘｉｇｅｎｉｎ）ｓｆｉ ｙｎ ｒ ｒＲＮＡ为探针与多聚甲醛固定的植物根振动切片原位杂交。结合免疫荧光检测分析了豌豆（Ｐｉｓｕｍ ｓａｔｉｖｕｍ）间期细胞核内核仁组织者区的数目、分布和排列。研究结果发现豌豆根尖分生组织间期细胞核内有１－６个被探针分子强烈标记的位点。这些位点呈大小不等（０．２４－１．９８μｍ＾３）的斑点状,分布在核仁的周边,并且与核仁相连。探针标记位点在核     

豌豆间期细胞核内核仁组织者区排列的非放射性原位杂交定位

以异羟基洋地黄毒甙(digoxigenin)标记的rRNA为探针与多聚甲醛固定的植物根尖振动切片原位杂交。结合免疫荧光检测分析了豌豆(Pisum sativum)间期细胞核内核仁组织者区的数目、分布和排列。研究结果发现豌豆根尖分生组织间期细胞核内有1—6个被探针分子强烈标记的位点。这些位点呈大小不等(0.24-1.98μm~3)的斑点状,分布在核仁的周边,并且与核仁相连。探针标记位点在核仁周边的排列方式随标记位点的数目不同而异。在具有四个标记位点的细胞核内,它们呈四面体,梯形或平行四边形排列。在显示原位杂交阳性的细胞核中,59.5%显示4个标记位点,少于或多于4个标记位点的细胞分别占35.7%和4.76%。探针标记位点的数目与标记位点本身的大小无明显联系,而与核仁的体积大体上呈负相关趋势。文章讨论了这些被rRNA探针标记的位点与核仁组织区及核仁形成的关系。     

在豌豆幼苗根尖生长过程中核酸和蛋白质含量的变化

在25℃条件下萌发三天的豌豆幼苗的5毫米长的根尖,被切成为20组0.25毫米的切片。用Ogur和Rosen法测定了RNA和DNA的含量,用Conway的微量扩散法测定了消化蛋白的氮含量。 RNA和DNA的含量在根尖0.5至1.5毫米区最高,而核酸在组织内的相对含量在根的分生组织区也最高。在组织生长过程中核酸的相对含量下降,当核酸的相对含量降到不变的水平时根的伸长生长也便停止。可能,核酸的高含量是组织维持生长能力所绝对必需。因此,当核酸含量降低以后,组织的生长也便停止。并且,在所有实验的条件下,在根尖的不同距离上蛋白质的含量变化皆同核酸的变化相类似。     

植物细胞中间纤维角蛋白性质的分析

角蛋白是植物细胞中间纤维的主要。应用选择性抽提和生物化学技术,分离纯化了豌豆根尖细胞５８、５２ｋＤ、白菜叶５２ｋＤ和胡萝卜悬浮细胞６４ＫＤ角蛋白,测定了它们的氨基酸组成,结果表明上述角蛋白与动物细胞中间纤维角蛋白 氨基酸组成有较大的相似性。比较了动、植物细胞角蛋白肽谱、结果显示它们之间存在较大的差异,但是植物细胞嶂角蛋白肽谱比较一致,这提示它们属于同一蛋白家族,为植物中间纤维及其蛋白 存在提供了新     

Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy

An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.     

Comparison of in vitro decomposition of bryophytic and tracheophytic plant material

The fossil record of bryophytes is generally poor and infertile plants attributable to liverworts and mosses could also be thalloid vascular plant gametophytes or herbaceous lycophytes respectively. The paucity of the bryophytic record could be the result of relatively rapid degradation of bryophytic material in comparison to that of vascular plants, the absence of lignified cells in bryophytes sustaining this belief. However, certain organs of bryophytes are as robust as those of vascular plants (e.g. spores) and the hydroxybenzofuran polymers produced by some mosses could be of similar preservational resistance to lignins. A simplistic experiment to test the relative resistance to decay of bryophytic material has been undertaken. Its findings suggest that bryophytic plant material has a similar preservational potential to that of a selected vascular plant, particularly in organic rich sediments. This result may be construed to imply that bryophytes were indeed less abundant in the preservational environments of the Coal Measures than might be expected on the basis of current palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Des Miliolacea aux Alveolinacea (grands foraminifères): la faune du Crétacé supérieur et du Tertiaire inférieur du Chiapas (S.E. Mexique)

Found in Chiapas (South-East of Mexico), Praealveolina michaudi nov. sp. and Chubbina jamaicensis (of Campanian-Maestrichtian age) are described, both evolved from Nummoloculina sp. while Raadshoovenia guatemalensis (upper Paleocene-lower Eocene) arises from Quinqueloculina. We precisely analyze and modelize the nepionic coiling during the evolutionary change from Miliolacea to Alveolinacea. During ontogenesis as well as during phylogenesis, quinqueloculine coiling progresses to streptospiral and then to planispiral chamber arrangement with the increase of volume of embryo and of chambers. Appearance of these large foraminifers are understood as a consequence of the rise of K-strategies in their mode of life, following the development of photosynthetic symbioses.     

人工合成多样性突变文库研究进展*

突变文库的构建是定向进化研究过程中一个关键步骤,主要利用天然存在的系统或者人工合成的分子技术来产生多样性核酸分子文库,为制备和筛选具有一定特性的蛋白酶、多肽、人工抗体等提供庞大的遗传基因库,也可用于合成生物学中相关基因元件的研究与筛选,为目标生物制品的高效工业化生产提供动力。随着对突变文库构建技术研究的日益深入,各种文库构建策略相继被开发出来,并在生物能源、生物化工、生物医药、生物试剂和食品工业等方面得到了广泛的应用。然而,定向进化中的文库构建策略多有不同,各种突变文库构建技术的核心方法也在不断创新。主要介绍近年来实验室中人工合成多样性文库的前沿技术,并对文库构建技术在自动化和智能化方向的发展进行了展望。     

A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil Presbyornis, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl

A phylogenetic analysis of 123 morphological characters of basal waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) and other selected avian orders confirmed that the screamers (Anhimae: Anhitn-idae) are the sister-group of other waterfowl (Anseres), and that the magpie goose (Anseranatidae: Anseranas semipalmata) is the sister group of other modern waterfowl exclusive of screamers (Anatidae sensu stricto). The analysis also supports the traditional hypothesis of the gallinaceous birds (Galliformes) as the sister group of the Anseriformes. Presbyornis, a fossil from the early Eocene of Wyoming and averred by Olson & Feduccia as showing that the Anseriformes were derived from shorebirds (Charadriiformes), was found to represent the sister group of the Anatidae. Associated hypotheses by Olson & Feduccia concerning the implications of Presbyornis for the phylogenetic relationships of flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), the position of the Anhimidae within the waterfowl, relationships among modern Anatidae, and a plausible evolutionary scenario for waterfowl also are rejected. Analyses revealed that cranial characters were critical to the establishment of the Galliformes as the sister group of the Anseriformes; exclusion of the Anhimidae, especially in combination with Anseranas, also undermined the support for this inference. Placement of Presbyornis as the sister group of the Anatidae casts doubt on the role suggested by Feduccia of ‘transitional shorebirds' in the origin of modern avian orders, and calls into question the concept of ‘fossil mosaics’. The phylogenetic hypothesis is used to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario for selected ecomorphological characters in the galliform-anseriform transition, to predict the most parsimonious states of these characters for Presbyornis, and to propose a phylogenetic classification of the higher-order taxa of waterfowl. This re-examination of Presbyornis also is used to exemplify the fundamental methodological shortcomings of the intuitive approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.     

L’habitat en grotte au Néolithique : vers une estimation de l’intensité des occupations

The archaeological excavation of the cave of the Gardon has brought to light a dilated and nearly continuous stratigraphy for the Neolithic era. The analysis of lithic industry has showed the existence of variations between those neolithic layers, which are independents of the technological processes of tools productions. Four criteria allow us to characterize the occupation’s type of each layer. Compared to the excavations data and to sedimentological analysis, these results allow us to display the evolution of the intensity of occupations of the cave throughout the whole Neolithic.     

The Natural Host Range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and Their Impact on Insect Populations

The natural host range of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis can be defined as the range of insects which indigenous nematode populations use for propagation. Information on the natural host range is rare. However, based on records of insects found to be naturally infected with nematodes, some conclusions regarding the natural host range of some Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. are presented. Reports of indigenous nematode populations impacting on insect populations can be divided between relatively balanced, long-lasting nematode-host associations and unbalanced, short-lasting epizootics. Examples of the augmentation and inoculative introduction of nematodes in agriculture and forestry ecosystems are presented. Based on current knowledge, nematode reproduction strategies are discussed and indications of the risk involved in the release of non-indigenous nematodes are given.     

Concentration of 17 trace elements in serum and whole blood of plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) by ICP-MS, their reference ranges, and their relation to cataract

The reference ranges of the trace elements Al, As, Be, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Li, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in sera of a group of free-ranging plains viscachas of the pampa grasslands of Argentina. The values were compared with those of a small group of captive plains viscachas of the Zurich Zoo with diabetes and bilateral cataracts. In addition, a method for digestion of whole-blood samples is described for the trace element determination. Significant differences in the concentration of trace elements in the two groups of animals are discussed. No correlation was found between the levels of selenium and of other trace elements compared to the formation of cataracts.     

A Species-specific Monoclonal Antibody System for Detecting the Remains of Field Slugs, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) (Mollusca: Pulmonata), in Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

The field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller), is probably the most damaging and widespread species of slug, causing severe economic losses in a broad range of crops in temperate zones throughout the world. Investigations into the role of predation in the population dynamics of this species required a biochemical system which was capable of identifying the remains of this slug in the crop contents of predators, and distinguishing them from those of other molluscs. A monoclonal antibody was developed (IgM isotype). This was capable of separating, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, D. reticulatum from the related D. caruanae (Pollonera) and all molluscs and other invertebrates tested, with the unexpected exceptions of New Zealand flatworms, Artioposthia triangulata (Deny) and the millipede Polymicrodon polydesmoides (Leach). Characterization of the antibody and assay demonstrated that the system could clearly detect as little as 11.6 ng of D. reticulatum protein in 200 mu l of buffer. Slug remains could be identified as such in the crops of the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius Illiger for 38.1 h, while the antibody-antigen reaction declined to half of that measured immediately following consumption, after 12.9 h. A practical and highly sensitive system was therefore developed, using the first species-specific monoclonal antibody available for the investigation of predation on slugs.