小麦新品种(系)Glu-1位点等位基因变异研究

应用SDS-PAGE技术分析了40份小麦新品种(系)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基等位基因变异。在Glu-1位点共检测到10种变异类型,其中Glu-Al位点有3种类型：Null、1、26 ,Glu-B1位点有5种类型：7 8、7 9、14 15、7、17 18,Glu-D1位点有2种类型：2 12、5 10;Null(54．3％)、7 8(51．4％)和2 12(62．9％)分别是Glu-Al、Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点上的主要亚基变异类型。另外,在2份材料的Glu-B1和Glu-D1位点各检测到1个新的亚基,分别命名为1By8．1和1Dx5^ 。Glu-1位点的Nei‘s遗传变异指数平均为0,5648,Glu-B1的遗传多样性最高,Glu-D1最低。供试小麦材料Glu-1位点的HMW-GS组合共有17种类型,以(Null,7 8,2 12)组合为主要类型,占31．4％;有9种亚基组合类型分别只在1份材料中出现,占26.1％。结果表明,这些小麦新品种(系)存在着丰富的亚基组合类型。     

西北春麦区小麦地方品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

为了给品质改良提供基础材料,并了解西北春麦区小麦地方品种的遗传多样性,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)方法,分析了493份小麦地方品种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)的组成.结果表明:在供试材料中,Glu-1位点共有26个等位基因,其中Glu-A1位点3个,Glu-B1位点9个,Glu-D1位点14个,亚基null、7+8、2+12在各自的位点上出现频率最高,分别达到了94.53%、92.92%、86.24%;亚基组成类型共有30种,主要为null/7+8/2+12,频率达79.76%;同时筛选出一些含有1、2*、13+16、14+15、5+10、1.5+10等优质亚基或亚基对的材料,可作为优质基因源;西北春麦区小麦地方品种间Glu-1位点的遗传多样性,以Glu-D1位点最高,其次是Glu-B1位点,Glu-A1位点最低.     

陕南鄂西丘陵麦区小麦HMW-GS组成和LMW-GS等位基因变异

采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和STS标记方法分别对陕南鄂西丘陵麦区小麦品种(系)中的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成和低分子量谷蛋白亚基(LMW-GS)Glu-A3与Glu-B3位点的等位基因进行了检测,并通过STS特异性标记对SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检测的HMW-GS部分结果进行了验证。结果表明:(1)陕南麦区64份小麦材料中共检测到9种HMW-GS类型,其中Glu-A1位点含有Null、1共2种等位变异,频率分别为53.12%和46.88%;Glu-B1位点有7+8、7+9、14+15和17+18共4个等位变异,频率分别为26.56%、48.44%、21.88%和3.13%;Glu-D1位点有2+12、5+10和4+12共3种等位变异,频率为71.88%、15.63%和12.49%;而且17种不同亚基组合中以"1,7+9,2+12"与"Null,7+9,2+12"为主。(2)64份小麦材料中检测到11种LMW-GS类型,其中Glu-A3位点存在Glu-A3a、Glu-A3c和Glu-A3d共3种等位变异,分布频率为10.94%、62.50%和26.56%;GluB3位点有Glu-B3a、Glu-B3b、Glu-B3d、Glu-B3e、Glu-B3f、Glu-B3g、Glu-B3i和Glu-B3j共8种等位变异,分布频率分别为6.25%、4.69%、29.69%、1.56%、3.13%、18.75%、4.69%、31.25%。(3)2个特异性STS标记对SDSPAGE凝胶电泳检测到的HMW-GS部分组成结果验证表明,STS标记可以有效克服SDS-PAGE方法检测小麦HMW-GS中的7与7*、8与8*以及2与2*亚基的误读问题,为小麦品质育种与食品加工提供理论支持。     

67份美国小麦种质资源的HMW-GS组成与品质分析

为了挖掘新的种质资源,对引自美国的67份小麦种质材料进行了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成与品质性状分析。HMW-GS组成分析表明,在供试材料中共检测到20种亚基类型和25种亚基组合,表明这批材料的遗传多样性较高。在GluA1位点上,亚基1与2*的出现频率分别为16.4%与35.8%;Glu-B1位点有9个等位变异,其中出现频率最高的为7+9亚基对(47.8%);Glu-D1位点有8个等位变异,以5+10亚基对为主要类型,出现频率高达74.6%。在Glu-B1位点上发现3个不常见亚基7*、8*、8**和3个未知亚基a、b、c,还发现1个未知亚基,暂时将其标记为5*,可能位于Glu-D1位点上。亚基组合类型中,"null,7+8,5+10"的出现频率最高,为22.4%。亚基评分在5~10分之间,平均8.2分,得分在8分及其以上的材料有42份(62.69%),其中得10分的材料有9份(13.43%)。利用DA7200近红外成分分析仪对这批小麦材料的品质性状进行初步分析,结果表明其品质指标较低。这67份美国小麦材料含有的优质亚基比例较高,可作为中间材料以改良我国黄淮麦区小麦品种的亚基组成。     

西南冬麦区地方品种HMW-GS组成遗传多样性研究

采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对西南冬麦区(云南、贵州、四川)3个省份共计560份小麦地方品种的高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成进行了研究。结果表明:Glu-1位点共有22种等位基因,其中Glu-A1位点4种、Glu-B1位点11种、Glu-D1位点7种;亚基null、7 8和2 12在各自位点的频率最高,分别为89.64%、68.21%和96.43%。亚基组成类型共有46种,以null/7 8/2 12和null/7 9/2 12为主,频率分别为50.89%和11.79%。在这些材料中筛选出一些含有1、2*、17 18、14 15、5 10等优质亚基的材料,其中有52份材料含有优质亚基组合。     

西藏半野生小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

应用SDS-PAGE分析了50份西藏半野生小麦(Triticum aestivum ssp.tibetanum Shao)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基等位基因组成。结果表明,43份材料的HMW-GS组成是同质的,7份材料为异质。供试材料共有7种HMW GS组合,以Null、7 8、2 12为主要类型,占所分析材料的68．4％。在Glu-1位点共检测到10种等位基因,Glu- A1位点2种,Glu～B1位点4种,Glu～D1位点4种。Null(96％)、7 8(80．4％)和2 12(94．9％)分别是Glu-A1、 Glu-B1和Glu～D1位点上主要的等位基因。在Glu-B1位点还新发现2个亚基,暂时分别命名为8*和7**。说明西藏半野生小麦中存在着较广泛的HMW-GS等位基因变异,是小麦品质育种潜在的可利用的遗传资源。     

山西小麦育成品种品质性状及HMW-GS组成演变分析

研究山西省小麦育成品种的品质及高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的演变,有助于优异种质资源的挖掘和创新,可以为小麦品质改良和品种推广提供依据。对山西小麦育成品种的品质及HMW-GS组成进行演变分析,结果表明,山西小麦整体上以中筋为主,除硬度指数呈逐年下降趋势外,其他品质指标在20世纪90年代之前均逐渐提升,而后呈现下降趋势;山西省小麦品种HMW-GS的Glu-1位点等位变异较为丰富,Glu-A1位点有1、2*和Null 3种亚基类型,Glu-B1位点有7种亚基类型(7+8、7+9、6+8、13+16、14+15、17+18、20),Glu-D1位点有6种亚基类型(2+12、2+10、5+12、5+10、4+12和2. 2+12),共检测到亚基组合类型32种,"Null,7+8,2+12"出现频率最高,且优质亚基的变化与品质演变趋势一致; Glu-D1位点对蛋白质含量、硬度指数、容重、湿面筋含量、延伸性和吸水率的效应较大,其中4+12和2+10对蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量具有正效应,Glu-B1位点主要影响沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力等指标,其中7+8、7+9亚基对拉伸面积具有正效应,Glu-A1位点的2*对沉降值、最大抗延阻力、稳定时间、形成时间和拉伸面积具有正效应;"2*,7+8,4+12"和"1,7+9,2+10"亚基组合对品质性状效应较高。     

湖北推广小麦品种(系)高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

应用SDS-PAGE技术分析了45份湖北推广小麦品种(系)籽粒的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成。40份材料的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成为同质,5份为异质。在Glu-1位点共检测到9种等位基因变异类型,其中Glu-A1位点有“1、2^ 、Null”3种变异类型,Glu-B1位点有“7、7 8、7 9、14 15”4种,Glu-D1位点有“2 12、5 10”2种。“Null、7 8、2 12”是主要亚基,它们的频率分别是62．5％、60％和72．5％。亚基组合类型有12种,其中(Null,7 8,2 12)亚基组合占30．0％,(1,7 8,2 12)、(1,14 15,2 12)、(Null,7 9,2 12)、(Null,7 8,5 10)4种组合的频率都在10％以上,这5种亚基组合占总组合的72．5％。供试小麦材料品质评分在5～10之间,平均评分为7．0。含5 10亚基的品种(系)所占比例低,是湖北小麦烘烤品质较差的部分原因。     

两对高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基等位基因及其相互作用对小麦面筋品质的影响

小麦谷蛋白赋于面筋弹性,其亚基组成类型对加工品质有着重要的决定作用。采用一对杂交组合(烟农19×安农9914)的后代,随机选择至F3,种植871个F4穗系,分别检测了高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(high molecular weight glutenin subunits,HMW-GS)、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(low molecular weight glutenin subunits,LMW-GS)组成、SDS沉降值和和面图指标,分析了麦谷蛋白等位亚基及其相互作用对品质的影响。结果表明:该群体麦谷蛋白组成仅在Glu-A1(1亚基或N亚基)与Glu-B1(14 15亚基或17 18亚基)位点有差异。Glu-A1位点1亚基的SDS沉降值显著高于N亚基,1亚基的峰高、7 min尾高显著大于N亚基,而在和面时间、7 min带宽以及衰落角(耐揉性),两亚基间差异不显著。Glu-B1位点亚基间SDS沉降值17 18>14 15/17 18>14 15,和面时间、7 min带宽两个指标17 18亚基显著高于14 15亚基,衰落角显著小于14 15亚基,峰高和7 min尾高差异不显著。对Glu-A1和Glu-B1两位点互作,除7 min带宽互作达5%显著水平外,其它四个指标均未达显著水平。1亚基相对于N亚基,17 18亚基相对于14 15亚基,虽以SDS沉降值为标准其效应相当,但两者却作用于面团的不同性能。     

甘肃省春小麦品种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基组成分析

应用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术,对甘肃省121个普通小麦品种(包括地方品种、育成品种和引进品种)高分子量谷蛋白亚基构成、不同等位基因间亚基变异及出现频率系统分析的结果表明,甘肃省春小麦品种HMW-GS等位基因Glu-Al编码1、2*、N(缺失)三种亚基,Glu-B1 编码 7 8、7 9、17 18、22、7、8、14 15七种亚基,Glu-D1编码2 12、2 11、5 10、2 10、10、4 11、3 12、N八种亚基,频率最高的亚基分别是Null(81.0%)、7 8(86.0%)、2 12(60.0%);一些优质亚基在现有品种中都存在,如甘春20、高台紫麦子等,作亲本用于品质改良有很大潜力,而且少数罕见亚基7、8、11也存在;不同来源的春小麦品种HMW-GS组成比较,优质亚基组成类型如1、7 8、5 10,1、17 18、5 10在育成品种中出现频率较高.     

Genetic Diversity of Gli-1，Gli-2 and Glu-1 Alleles Among Chinese Endemic Wheats

Genetic diversity at Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-1 loci was investigated in 32 accessions of Chinese endemic wheat by using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE. There were 8 gliadin and 3 high-molecular-weight (HMW)-glutenin patterns in 14 Yunnan hulled wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanese King) accessions, 9 gliadin and 4 HMW-glutenin patterns in 9 Tibetan weedrace ( T. aestivum ssp. tibetanum Shao ) accessions, and 9 gliadin and 5 HMW-glutenin patterns in 9 Xinjiang rice wheat ( T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.) accessions. One accession (i.e. Daomai 2) carried new subunits 2.1+10.1 encoded by Glu-D1 . Among the three Chinese endemic wheat groups, a total of 10, 14 and 11 alleles at Gli-1 locus; 11, 14 and 12 alleles at Gli-2 locus; and 5, 6 and 8 alleles at Glu-1 locus were identified, respectively. Among Yunnan hulled wheat, Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat, the Nei's genetic variation indexes were 0.3798, 0.5625 and 0.5693, respectively. These results suggested that Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat had higher genetic diversity than Yunnan hulled wheat.     

中国特有小麦Gli-1、Gli-2和Glu-1位点的遗传多样性(英文)

运用APAGE和SDS_PAGE方法 ,研究了 32份中国特有小麦Gli_1、Gli_2和Glu_1位点的遗传多样性。在 1 4份云南铁壳麦 (Triticumaestivumssp .yunnaneseKing)中 ,共出现 8种醇溶蛋白带型和 3种高分子谷蛋白带型。在 9份西藏半野生小麦 (T .aestivumssp .tibetanumShao )中 ,发现 9种醇溶蛋白带型和 4种高分子谷蛋白带型。在 9份新疆稻麦 (T .petropavlovskyiUdacz.etMigusch .)中 ,观察到 9种醇溶蛋白带型和 5种高分子谷蛋白带型 ,其中 1份新疆稻麦 (稻麦 2 )具有Glu_D1编码的新亚基 2 .1 1 0 .1。在这 3种中国特有小麦群体中 ,Gli_1位点分别检测出 1 0、1 4和1 1个等位基因 ;Gli_2位点各具有 1 1、1 4和 1 2个等位基因 ;Glu_1位点也分别出现 5、6和 8个等位基因。云南铁壳麦、西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的Nei’s遗传变异系数分别为 0 .3798、0 .56 2 5和 0 .56 93。这些结果说明 ,与云南铁壳麦相比 ,西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的遗传变异相对较大。     

Variation in the HMW and LMW glutenin subunits from Spanish accessions of emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum Schrank)

Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum Schrank) is hulled wheat that survives in marginal areas of the Mediterranean Region. The HMW and LMW glutenin subunit composition of 97 accessions of emmer wheat from Spain have been analysed by SDS-PAGE. For the HMW glutenin subunits, four allelic variants were detected for the Glu-A1 locus; one of them has not been previously described. For the Glu-B1 locus, three of the nine alleles detected have not been found before. A high degree of variation was evident for the LMW glutenin subunits, and up to 23 different patterns were detected for the B-LMW glutenin subunits. Considering both types of proteins (HMW and LMW), 30 combinations were found between all the evaluated lines. This wide polymorphism can be used to transfer new quality genes to wheat, and to widen its genetic basis. Received: 13 June 2000 / Accepted: 3 July 2000     

Analysis of HMW glutenin subunits and their coding sequences in two diploid Aegilops species

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the structure, function and genetic regulation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits in hexaploid wheat. In contrast, less is known about these types of proteins in wheat related species. In this paper, we report the analysis of HMW glutenin subunits and their coding sequences in two diploid Aegilops species, Aegilops umbellulata (UU) and Aegilops caudata (CC). SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that, for each of the four Ae. umbellulata accessions, there were two HMW glutenin subunits (designated here as 1Ux and 1Uy) with electrophoretic mobilities comparable to those of the x- and y-type subunits encoded by the Glu-D1 locus, respectively. In our previous study involving multiple accessions of Ae. caudata, two HMW glutenin subunits (designated as 1Cx and 1Cy) with electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of the subunits controlled by the Glu-D1 locus were also detected. These results indicate that the U genome of Ae. umbellulata and the C genome of Ae. caudata encode HMW glutenin subunits that may be structurally similar to those specified by the D genome. The complete open reading frames (ORFs) coding for x- and y-type HMW glutenin subunits in the two diploid species were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the primary structures of the x- and y-type HMW glutenin subunits of the two Aegilops species were similar to those of previously published HMW glutenin subunits. Bacterial expression of modified ORFs, in which the coding sequence for the signal peptide was removed, gave rise to proteins with electrophoretic mobilities identical to those of HMW glutenin subunits extracted from seeds, indicating that upon seed maturation the signal peptide is removed from the HMW glutenin subunit in the two species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 1Ux and 1Cx subunits were most closely related to the 1Dx type subunit encoded by the Glu-D1 locus. The 1Uy subunit possessed a higher level of homology to the 1Dy-type subunit compared with the 1Cy subunit. In conclusion, our study suggests that the Glu-U1 locus of Ae. umbellulata and the Glu-C1 locus of Ae. caudata specify the expression of HMW glutenin subunits in a manner similar to the Glu-D1 locus. Consequently, HMW glutenin subunits from the two diploid species may have potential value in improving the processing properties of hexaploid wheat varieties.     

Biochemical and genetic characterization of a monomeric storage protein (T1) with an unusually high molecular weight in Triticum tauschii

The protein named T1, present in Triticum tauschii, was previously characterized as a high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit with a molecular size similar to that of the y-type glutenin subunit-10 of Triticum aestivum. This protein was present along with other HMW glutenin subunits named 2^t and T2, and was considered as part of the same allele at the Glu-D ^t 1 locus of T. tauschii. This paper describes a re-evaluation of this protein, involving analyses of a collection of 173 accessions of T. tauschii, by SDS-PAGE of glutenin subunits after the extraction of monomeric protein. No accessions were found containing the three HMW glutenin subunits. On the other hand, 17 lines with HMW glutenin subunits having electrophoretic mobilities similar to subunits 2^t and T2 were identified. The absence of T1 protein in these gel patterns has shown that protein T1 is not a component of the polymeric protein. Rather, the T1 protein is an ω-gliadin with an unusually high-molecular-weight. This conclusion is based on acidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE+ SDS-PAGE), together with analysis of its N-terminal amino-acids sequence. The inheritance of ω-gliadin T1 was studied through analyses of gliadins and HMW glutenins in 106 F₂ grains of a cross between synthetic wheat, L/18913, and the wheat cv Egret. HMW glutenin subunits and gliadins derived from T. tauschii (Glu-D ^t 1 and Gli-D ^t 1) segregated as alleles of the Glu-D1 and Gli-D1 loci of bread wheat. A new locus encoding the ω-gliadin T1 was identified and named Gli-DT1. The genetic distance between this new locus and those of endosperm proteins encoded at the 1D chromosome were calculated. The Gli-DT1 locus is located on the short arm of chromosome 1D and the map distance between this locus and the Gli-D1 and Glu-D1 loci was calculated as 13.18 cM and 40.20 cM, respectively. Received: 13 October 2000 / Accepted: 18 April 2001     

类大麦属高分子量谷蛋白基因Kx的序列测定及表达

利用SDS-PAGE检测了2份类大麦属(Crithopsis delileana)材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,并对其中1份材料的x型亚基进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,2份材料具有完全相同的蛋白电泳图谱。在小麦的高分子量区域仅检测到一条蛋白质带,与小麦y型亚基的迁移率接近,但克隆测序表明其为x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基,其编码基因命名为Kx。Kx基因编码区序列长度为2052bp．编码长度为661个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其序列具有典型的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基的特征。Kx基因能在原核表达系统内正确表达,其表达蛋白与来源于种子中的Kx亚基的迁移率完全一致。Kx亚基与小麦属A、B和D,山羊草属C和U以及黑麦属R染色体组编码的高分子量谷蛋白亚基氨基酸序列非常相似,但在N和C保守区的氨基酸组成以及重复区长度上与它们存在明显差异。聚类分析可将Kx与Ax1聚类为平行的分支。由此可见,来源于C．delileana的Kx基因为一新的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基基因。     

烟草花粉原生质体与叶肉原生质体的融合及培养早期变化

用ＰＥＧ—高Ｃａ高ＰＨ法诱导抗卡那霉素的烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｔａｂａｃｕｍ）品系Ｎ３６４＋Ｋｍ＋花粉原生质体和黄花烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｒｕｓｔｉｃａ）叶肉原生质体融合。幼嫩花粉原生质体和叶肉原生质体之间的融合体培养启动胚胎发生分裂,经卡那霉素筛选后,少数多细胞团存活并形成小愈伤组织。成熟花粉原生质体与叶肉原生质体之间的融合体则仅产生管状结构。这一结果表明,作为融合一方的花粉原生质体的发育时期对融合产物的发育途径有重要影响。     

小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基对加工品质影响的效应分析

分析了 2 50份小麦材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基 (HMW- GS)组成以及其中 66份材料的加工品质及面条制作品质。回归分析表明 :HMW- GS与 1 0种加工品质性状均有显著的线性关系。不同亚基对综合品质效应的得分大小依次为 :Glu- Al,1 >2 * >null;Glu- Bl,1 4 +1 5>7+8>1 7+1 8>>7+9;Glu- Dl,5+1 0 >>2 +1 2 >4+1 2。不同基因位点对品质的贡献大小顺序为 :Glu- Dl>Glu- Al>Glu- Bl。首次提出了 HMW- GS综合品质评分系统     

Use of recombinant inbred lines of wheat for study of associations of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit alleles to quantitative traits

Summary The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW glutenin), encoded by alleles at homoeologous lociGlu-A1,Glu-B1, andGlu-D1 on the long arms of chromosomes1A,1B, and1D of a set of F₈ random recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the bread wheat cross Anza × Cajeme 71, were classified by SDS-PAGE. Anza has poor breadmaking quality and HMW-glutenin subunits (Payne numbers) null (Glu-A1c), 7+8 (Glu-B1b), and 2+12 (Glu-D1a); Cajeme 71 has good quality and 1 (Glu-A1a), 17+18 (Glu-B1i), and 5+10 (Glu-D1d). The combinations of these alleles in the RIL were examined for associations with grain yield and four indicators of grain quality — protein content, yellowberry, pearling index, and SDS sedimentation volume. Data were obtained from a field experiment with three nitrogen fertilization treatments on 48 RIL and the parents. Orthogonal partitioning of the genetic variance associated with the three HMW glutenin subunit loci into additive and epistatic (digenic and trigenic) effects showed strong associations of these loci with grain yield and the indicators of quality; however, the associations accounted for no more than 25% of the differences between the parents. Genetic variance was detected among the RIL, which had the same HMW glutenin genotype for all traits. Epistatic effects were absent for grain yield and yellowberry, but were substantial for grain protein content, pearling index, and SDS sedimentation volume. All three loci had large single-locus additive effects for grain yield, protein, and SDS sedimentation volume. Yellowberry was largely influenced byGlu-B1 andGlu-D1, whereas pearling index was associated withGlu-A1 andGlu-B1. Even though the observed associations-of effects of HMW glutenin loci with the quantitative characters were small relative to the total genetic variability, they are of considerable importance in understanding the genetics of wheat quality, and are useful in the development of new wheat varieties with specific desired characteristics.