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1.
壁蜂是对蜜蜂总科(Apoidae)切叶蜂科(Megachilidae)壁蜂属(Osmia)的统称,主要分布北半球的温带区域,在自然生态系统和农田生态系统中均发挥着重要的传粉生态服务功能。壁蜂群居筑巢、接受人类提供的巢穴、一年一代的习性,使它们很容易被大量饲养,并且人们可以通过调节其在春节破茧羽化的时间与作物花期同步,为多种目标作物授粉。本文综述壁蜂的生物学和生态学特性、传粉功能及其影响因子,旨在于为发挥壁蜂的传粉功能提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
转基因植物对传粉蜂类影响的研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
刘标  许崇任 《生态学报》2003,23(5):946-955
随着转基因作物的大规模商业种植,其对非靶生物的安全性问题已经成为转基因生物风险评估的重要内容。有些转基因植物是需要蜂类传粉的显花植物.有些则可作为蜂类的食物来源。抗性转基因植物可能对蜂类产生直接和间接的影响。转基因植物的花粉或者花蜜可能对蜂类产生直接影响,测试化学杀虫剂安全性的相同方法被用来评估这种影响。很多研究测试了纯化的转基因蛋白质(如Bt,蛋白酶抑制剂)对蜜蜂和熊蜂的影响。间接影响来自于遗传转化可能使转基因植物的表型产生的异常变化,特别是花的改变。这种影响是用转基因植物进行评估的。转基因植物对蜂类的影响研究所测定的参数包括蜂类的肠道生理、取食和嗅觉学习行为、经口毒性和寿命等。对在实验室中以幼蜂或者成年蜂为对象、在封闭条件下针对蜂群的研究以及蜂类在转基因植物上的取食行为方面的研究进行了总结。结果表明,转基因植物是否对传粉蜂类产生影响以及影响的大小主要取决于转基因植物的生物学特征、转基因蛋白的性质和表达量。一般来说,Bt毒素蛋白和葡聚糖酶等蛋白质对蜂类没有影响;而某些蛋白酶抑制剂和几丁质酶则可能对蜂类产生不利影响,蜂类所摄取到这类蛋白质的剂量将决定影响的程度。然而,由于采用的研究方法各不相同,难以对不同的研究结果进行分析和比较,并得出明确的结论。  相似文献   

3.
榕-蜂共生系统是桑科榕属(Ficus)植物与传粉榕小蜂专一互惠形成的生态学关系。但是,也有一些非传粉的小蜂出现在这个系统中,对榕-蜂共生系统可能产生较大的影响。西双版纳的聚果榕(Ficus racemosa)树上主要有5种非传粉小蜂,分别在榕果发育的不同阶段从果外向果内产卵。在传粉榕小蜂进果之前的花前期,Platyneura testaceApocrypta sp.和P. mayri这3种非传粉小蜂先后到果外产卵繁殖后代,对榕-蜂共生系统造成显著影响,尤其是影响传粉榕小蜂的繁殖。在传粉榕小蜂进果之后的间花期,P. mayriA. westwoodiP. agraensis这3种非传粉小蜂相继到果外产卵,它们虽然能减少种子形成和传粉榕小蜂繁殖的数量,但最终没有对榕-蜂共生系统造成显著的影响。造瘿类的P. mayri可在花前期和间花期产卵繁殖,在花前期产卵时它主要是影响传粉榕小蜂的繁殖,而在间花期产卵时它则更多地是影响种子的生产。  相似文献   

4.
榕小蜂的传粉结构、 传粉行为以及寄主榕树的花药胚珠比是判断榕-蜂互惠系统传粉模式的重要依据。本研究于2010年8月至2011年6月对位于云南西双版纳地区的试验样树环纹榕Ficus annulata进行观察, 对出榕果的环纹榕传粉榕小蜂Deilagaon annulatae进行电镜扫描和室内显微镜下对其进行行为观察。电镜扫描显示: 环纹榕传粉榕小蜂D. annulatae位于胸部的花粉筐消失, 具一片可粘附花粉的毛区, 提示其属于被动传粉的种类。传粉行为观察发现, 该蜂没有主动采集花粉的行为, 显然存在的花粉刷已丧失了主动收集花粉的功能。寄主植物环纹榕F. annulata属于典型的自动散粉让榕小蜂沾附花粉的榕树种类。环纹榕传粉榕小蜂D. annulatae是西双版纳热带地区已知58种传粉榕小蜂中唯一体色为黄色的种类, 该蜂偏爱在低温的夜晚出蜂。除了传粉榕小蜂, 一种金小蜂Lipothymus sp.也在雌花期进入榕果内繁殖, 并且其数量显著高于环纹榕传粉榕小蜂D. annulatae (P<0.0001)。自然单果的繁殖中, 环纹榕传粉榕小蜂的数量显著高于种子数量, 呈现出榕-蜂互惠系统中罕见的传粉榕小蜂主导的局面。综合榕-蜂的传粉特征显示, 环纹榕F. annulata及其传粉榕小蜂D. annulatae互惠系统是被动传粉的模式。  相似文献   

5.
油茶地蜂是普通油茶的主要传粉昆虫,为深入研究其传粉生物学特性,采用标准株全天观察法、杯罩法、花粉计数法,对油茶地蜂访花行为、访花过程、访花节律、携粉足构造及载粉量等传粉生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,典型的油茶地蜂访花过程呈现"双峰型"的访花节律。油茶地蜂每天进出巢3~4次。第一次回巢到达的最早时间为10:22,最后一次出巢的最晚时间为16:34。出巢到进巢的时间间隔为(1.67±0.46)h(n=27),进巢到出巢的时间为(21.43±8.09)min(n=46)。地蜂总的携粉数量为(2 036±860)粒(n=25)。地蜂携粉足的结构分为两部分,第一部分是由胫节及第一跗节上密集轮生的、较坚硬的、圆锥状毛丛组成的花粉刷;第二部分为股节外部和转节端部有羽状分枝的弧形长毛组成的花粉篮。每只携粉足上的载粉量为(1.64±0.56)mg(n=10),携带的花粉总数为(9 068±2 364)粒(n=42)。地蜂对白色有偏好。对地蜂的传粉生物学特性和普通油茶花的传粉综合征的研究表明,油茶地蜂是高度特化的传粉者,而普通油茶花的传粉综合征是泛化的,两者间构成了一种非对称的进化关系。  相似文献   

6.
7.
蜂类传粉昆虫体表的毛发在植物花粉采集、传输及保障成功授粉过程中发挥着重要作用,但当前对其形态及分布特征的研究尚不多见。本研究采集并鉴定了大分舌蜂、油茶地蜂、萃熊蜂、中华蜜蜂及墨胸胡蜂5种油茶蜂类传粉昆虫,比较了5种蜂类后足的形态特征及各部分刚毛形态、长度、数量和密度等。结果表明:大分舌蜂、油茶地蜂、萃熊蜂和中华蜜蜂后足均具有花粉篮结构,其中大分舌蜂和油茶地蜂的后足结构相似性较高。5种蜂后足长刚毛可分为羽状长分支长毛、短分支长毛、端部长分支长毛、刺状分支长毛和无分支锥状长毛5种类型。5种蜂类种间后足刚毛的数量和密度存在显著性差异,种内后足腿节上刚毛的分布特征差异显著,进一步证实大分舌蜂、油茶地蜂和萃熊蜂是油茶较为理想的传粉昆虫。本研究明确了不同蜂类传粉昆虫后足刚毛特征性状的差异,探究了其与传粉功能的关系,为油茶传粉昆虫的保护和利用提供了理论参考。  相似文献   

8.
2004年8月至2005年8月在西双版纳热带植物园内,通过广泛收集歪叶榕榕小蜂标本、非传粉小蜂产卵行为学观察和阻止传粉者入果等实验方法,研究了我国西双版纳热带雨林下的一种榕树——歪叶榕Ficus cyrtophylla的榕小蜂群落组成结构、非传粉小蜂的繁殖策略以及它们对榕-蜂共生系统的影响。结果表明,歪叶榕中除了具有唯一传粉榕小蜂Blastophag sp.以外,还具有3种非传粉小蜂Platyneura sp.、Philotrypesis sp.和Sycoscapter sp.。在歪叶榕榕小蜂群落中,传粉榕小蜂占整个群落总数的92.21%,是群落的最主要组成者;主要的非传粉小蜂是Sycoscaptersp.,占5.78%; 其次是Philotrypesissp.,占1.84%,而Platyneurasp.仅占群落总数的0.17%。歪叶榕中的非传粉小蜂通过各自产卵时间和食性分化的策略来利用榕果中的资源繁殖后代。非传粉小蜂寄生使传粉榕小蜂的总数和其雌蜂数量都显著地降低,但是对传粉小蜂雄蜂数量没有显著影响,从而导致传粉榕小蜂的雄性性比显著地增加。这说明非传粉小蜂在选择寄居宿主时具有明显的倾向性,而且更多地将卵产于含有雌性传粉小蜂的瘿花之中。因此,非传粉小蜂通过减少雌性传粉小蜂的数量而降低了榕树的雄性适合度,从而在一定程度上对榕 蜂共生系统的稳定存在和发展产生了负面影响。  相似文献   

9.
连续3年在苹果园内人工释放条件下对我国凹唇壁蜂OsmiaexcavataAlfken和紫壁蜂O.jacotiCockerel的筑巢、访花行为和传粉生态学的观察研究表明,两种壁蜂都能够在释放的果园区定居,并选择人工提供的巢管构筑巢室、采集蜂粮和产卵,繁殖后代。同时,对苹果花朵的采访专一性强,可以为果树提供有效的授粉服务,替代人工授粉。两种壁蜂尽管利用的食物资源基本一样,但是由于它们对巢管的选择、采粉时间、访花部位及其行为等方面存在着差异。凹唇壁蜂活动起点温度低、日工作时间长、访花速度快、定巢能力强,其传粉效果明显地比紫壁蜂好,是苹果园最有效的传粉昆虫。紫壁蜂的活动受气候条件的影响较大,更适合山区果园使用  相似文献   

10.
塔落岩黄芪主要传粉蜂的传粉效率研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
塔落岩黄芪 (Hedysarum laeve)是毛乌素沙地重要豆科植物, 在我国西部生态系统恢复与重建中起着重要作用, 但其自交率非常低, 必须依靠传粉昆虫授粉才能结实。野生传粉蜂是其主要传粉者。为了明确塔落岩黄芪的主要传粉蜂组成及优势传粉蜂的传粉效率, 2004–2006年, 我们设置了4个2 m×2 m样方观测访花昆虫的组成并对主要传粉蜂的访花频率、花粉移出率和柱头花粉沉降数目及单花停留时间进行了观测。结果表明白脸条蜂(Anthophora albifronella)、海切叶蜂(Megachile maritima)和散熊蜂(Bombus sporsdicus)是塔落岩黄芪的主要传粉蜂, 其中白脸条蜂在数量和访花频率上占有明显优势, 但其花粉移出率比海切叶蜂和散熊蜂的低, 3种蜂的柱头花粉沉降数目没有显著区别。通过对这3种蜂的花粉移出率、柱头花粉沉降数目和访花频率综合分析后, 我们认为白脸条蜂是塔落岩黄芪最有效的传粉蜂。  相似文献   

11.
Effects of perceived danger on flower choice by bees   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Studies on animal–flower interactions have mostly neglected the third trophic level of pollinators' predators, even though antipredatory behaviour of pollinators may affect patterns of pollinator visitation, pollen transfer and floral traits. In three experiments, it was found that honeybees showed sensitivity to perceived danger at flowers by preferring apparently safe flowers over equally rewarding alternatives harbouring either a dead bee or a spider, and avoiding revisitation of a site where the bees had escaped a simulated predation attempt. These results suggest that bees, like other animals, take antipredatory measures, which may have far reaching effects on animal–flower interactions.  相似文献   

12.
13.
    
The preservation of pollinator habitat on croplands in the form of hedgerows, wildflower strips, and natural and semi-natural areas can help maintain and enhance wild bee populations in agricultural landscapes. However, there have been few comparisons of the effectiveness of different types of field-margin pollinator habitat in maintaining bee diversity and pollination of the focal crops. We compared wild bee abundance, species richness and community composition between strawberry crops bordered by hedgerows, and those bordered by larger expanses of natural land (forests). Strawberry is an ideal crop in which to investigate pollinator export from field margins as the rows are covered with straw, which reduces habitat for ground-nesting bees within the crop; thus, most wild pollinators need to enter the crop from the margins. We sampled bees in six strawberry fields with hedgerow margins and six strawberry fields with forested margins of at least 200 m in length, using a paired design. We examined strawberry pollen deposition at regular intervals into the fields, and the magnitude of pollinator export from the field margins towards the centre of the crops. We found that bees as a group were no more species-rich or abundant in crops bordered by forests than in crops bordered by hedgerows, although large-bodied bees were more abundant in the former than the latter. Regardless of field-margin type, we found that small wild bee abundance declined significantly from the edge to the centre of the crop, but honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and large-bodied bee abundance did not. Strawberry pollen deposition also did not decline with distance into the crop. Although previous work indicates that small wild bees are more effective (yield-increasing) pollinators of strawberry on a per-visit basis, their limited foraging ranges suggest they may only pollinate areas near the crop margins, given typical field sizes in our area.  相似文献   

14.
A recent claim that evening primrose flowers adaptively secrete nectar in response to vibrations from hovering bees lacks supporting evidence. The authors fail to demonstrate that bees can access the concealed nectar and that their visits enhance plant fitness. Reanalysis of the authors’ data raises additional concerns about their conclusions.  相似文献   

15.
    
1. Consequences of a decline in pollination function in semi-natural ecosystems are largely unknown due to variability in pollinator effectiveness, that is, their contribution to pollen deposition alone. While pollination effectiveness has been shown to be related to body size and hairiness of pollinators for some crops, studies encompassing a wide diversity of pollinators interacting with wild plant communities are lacking. 2. Thus, the relationships between pollen load, which is a measurement of pollen transport ability and a proxy of pollinator effectiveness, and morphological traits of pollinators sampled in 16 grasslands in Moselle, France, were investigated. The area, hairiness, and pollen load of each pollinator's face were measured for 658 individuals from 127 bee and fly species interacting with 36 wild plant species. Pollinator dry mass was also measured on 543 individuals from 109 species. 3. Dry body mass and facial area of pollinators were positively linked. This study highlights that bees transported significantly more pollen grains on their face than flies. Furthermore, bees' faces were larger and hairier. We also found that pollinators' facial pollen load increased with facial area and hairiness when we considered all pollinators. However, hairiness is not significant within pollinator group (bees or flies), mirroring a potential phylogenetic signal. 4. Hence, this study shows a wide diversity of pollinator and plant species in which larger and hairier pollinators may transport more pollen grains, at least on their face. However, future studies involving other pollinator body parts are needed to generalise these relationships.  相似文献   

16.
    
More diverse biological communities may provide ecosystem services that are less variable over space or time. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are rarely investigated empirically in real‐world ecosystems. Here, we investigate how a potentially important stabilising mechanism, response diversity, the differential response to environmental change among species, stabilises pollination services against land‐use change. We measured crop pollination services provided by native bees across land‐use gradients in three crop systems. We found that bee species responded differentially to increasing agricultural land cover in all three systems, demonstrating that response diversity occurs. Similarly, we found response diversity in pollination services in two of the systems. However, there was no evidence that response diversity, in general, stabilised ecosystem services. Our results suggest that either response diversity is not the primary stabilising mechanism in our system, or that new measures of response diversity are needed that better capture the stabilising effects it provides.  相似文献   

17.
    
Climate change has the potential to alter the phenological synchrony between interacting mutualists, such as plants and their pollinators. However, high levels of biodiversity might buffer the negative effects of species‐specific phenological shifts and maintain synchrony at the community level, as predicted by the biodiversity insurance hypothesis. Here, we explore how biodiversity might enhance and stabilise phenological synchrony between a valuable crop, apple and its native pollinators. We combine 46 years of data on apple flowering phenology with historical records of bee pollinators over the same period. When the key apple pollinators are considered altogether, we found extensive synchrony between bee activity and apple peak bloom due to complementarity among bee species’ activity periods, and also a stable trend over time due to differential responses to warming climate among bee species. A simulation model confirms that high biodiversity levels can ensure plant–pollinator phenological synchrony and thus pollination function.  相似文献   

18.
    
Pollen and nectar are usually lumped together as floral rewards for pollinating bees, but they play totally different roles for flowers and bees (Table 1), as well as in the relationship between them. While flowers are specialized for certain pollinators via nectar, bees specialize on certain flowers via pollen. While flowers need pollen as a prerequisite for pollination, it is the essential larval food in bees. Thus, there is a strong competition between them for pollen. Foraging for pollen must be divided into three phases: uptake in the flower, reloading into and homeward transport within a carrying container. Bees have specializations for transport but hardly any for pollen uptake - and thus for pollination. Bees actively harvesting pollen usually do not pollinate. This only happens as a consequence of contamination of the bee by pollen. From these data a scenario is provided for the evolution of bees and bee flowers. Specialized bee flowers are often characterized by their ability to hide pollen from the bees and at the same time use them as optimal pollinators. If the relationship of bees and flowers is mutualistic at all it is best described as a balanced mutual exploitation.  相似文献   

19.
    
Abstract. 1. Habitat fragmentation is thought to threaten biodiversity, but the response of pollinators to fragmentation is still poorly understood, and research seldom includes pollinator nesting requirements. 2. We investigated pollinator community composition in a highly fragmented oak‐savannah ecosystem in south‐western British Columbia, Canada. We sampled pollinators in 19 fragments ranging from 0.3 to 31 ha and surrounded by a variety of land‐use types, including forest, low‐density suburban, and urban neighbourhoods. Pan‐trapping and netting surveys captured 4464 bees, flies, and wasps in 138 species and 48 genera. 3. Contrary to expectations, overall species richness did not increase with fragment size. However, ground‐nester abundance (not diversity) and cavity‐nester diversity (not abundance) were higher in larger fragments, as expected. Floral richness and abundance did not foster pollinator diversity for either guild. Brood parasite responses were complex: host availability (ground‐nesting bees) was generally important, richness and abundance increased in fragments with high surrounding road density, and abundance also increased in fragments with other habitat fragments nearby. 4. Responses of different nesting guilds to fragmentation may be related to their use of the landscape surrounding habitat fragments. Some common cavity nesters can nest in fences and gardens, but urban land use may be less hospitable for ground nesters. Brood parasites apparently respond both to host availability and landscape characteristics associated with movement among fragments. 5. Consideration of nesting requirements of pollinators provided some insight into their response to habitat loss in our analysis and should be considered in future studies of fragmentation impacts on pollinator biodiversity.  相似文献   

20.
    
Aim Bees are the most important pollinators of flowering plants and essential ecological keystone species contributing to the integrity of most terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we examine the potential impact of climate change on bees’ geographic range in a global biodiversity hotspot. Location South Africa with a focus on the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) diversity hotspot. Methods  Geographic ranges of 12 South African bee species representing dominant distribution types were studied, and the climate change impacts upon bees were examined with A2 and B2 climate scenarios of HadCM3 model, using MaxEnt for species distribution modelling. Results The predicted levels of climate change‐induced impacts on species ranges varied from little shifts and range expansion of 5–50% for two species to substantial range contractions between 32% and 99% in another six species. Four species show considerable range shifts. Bees of the winter rainfall area in the west of South Africa generally have smaller range sizes than in the summer rainfall area and generally show eastward range contractions toward the dry interior. Bee species prevalent in summer rainfall regions show a tendency for a south‐easterly shift in geographic range. Main conclusions The bee fauna of the CFR is identified as the most vulnerable to climate change due to the high level of endemism, the small range sizes and the island‐like isolation of the Mediterranean‐type climate region at the SW tip of Africa. For monitoring climate change impact on bees, we suggest to establish observatories in the coastal plains of the west coast that are predicted to be worst affected and areas where persistence of populations is most likely. Likely impacts of climate change on life history traits of bees (phenology, sociality, bee‐host plant synchronization) are discussed but require further investigation.  相似文献   

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