三种被动式采集方法对甲虫收集效果的比较研究: 以香港城门样地为例

标本标准化采集是昆虫多样性研究的根本。昆虫种类繁多、习性复杂、分布广泛, 基于不同的研究目标, 昆虫学家会选用不同的采集方法。由于主动式采集方法存在较多干扰因素和重现性差等问题, 以飞行阻隔器(flight interception trap, FIT)、马氏网(Malaise trap, MT)和罐诱(pitfall trap, PT)为代表的被动式采集方法被广泛应用, 并在昆虫多样性研究中展现独特的优势。然而关于这些被动式采集方法的收集特点和采集效果等还缺乏系统性研究。本研究选取香港城门13个样点, 利用上述3种被动式采集方法共156个采集装备开展为期24天的鞘翅目昆虫采集工作, 并通过多样性指数分析、多度分析、体型与食性相关分析、相似性分析以及物种累积曲线分析评估了不同采集方法对甲虫的收集效果。本研究共采集甲虫6,380头, 涉及40科197种, 分析结果显示: (1)采用不同采集方法获得的物种数量和组成存在差异。从科级和种级的数量来看, FIT (36科, 149种) > MT (24科, 79种) > PT (17科, 60种); 在物种组成方面, FIT与PT之间、MT与PT之间区别较大, FIT与MT对应的物种相似度稍高于前两组。(2)多样性指数和物种多度分布分析显示: 丰富度指数为FIT > MT > PT, 优势度指数为FIT > PT > MT, 多样性指数为MT > FIT > PT, 均匀度指数为MT > PT > FIT。3种方法采集到的甲虫个体数为1头的种较多, 个体数超过1头的种在时间和空间方面的分布较广, 优势科的种类较少, 但其个体数占总个体数的比例较高。(3) FIT和PT均采集到了6类食性的甲虫, 其中藻食性的缨甲科甲虫仅见于FIT和PT采集方法。(4)物种累积曲线的结果表明3种采集方法效果均较好。3种采集方法各有特点, 但FIT采集的综合效果最优。FIT和MT两种方法的结合提升了采集甲虫的种类、食性和体型等方面的覆盖度, 更利于对甲虫多样性及类群与生态环境功能互作的研究。3种方法所收集到的甲虫存在一定差异, 因此可以针对不同研究目的选取适宜的采集方式。     

农田边界生物多样性保护功能的初步研究——以北京东北旺步甲群落多样性研究为例

农田边界是农田间的过渡带 ,包含了树篱、防护林、草皮 (带 )、墙、篱笆、沟渠、道路、作物边界带等景观要素[3] 。许多研究表明 ,农田边界在保护生物多样性方面有着重要的作用。Ｄｅｎｎｉｓ等[7] 的研究表明 ,通过为节肢动物提供多样、稳定的栖息地和越冬场所 ,增加农田中节肢动物的多样性。Ｈｏｌｌａｎｄ等[12 ] 的研究也表明 ,林地边界在农业生态系统中能起到保护生物多样性的作用 ,这种作用不仅使林地中有较高的多样性 ,而且还使相邻农田生物多样性增加。同时 ,多样化的农田生态系统比纯作系统具有更为丰富和多样的害虫天敌[6 ] 。国…     

海岸带生态系统健康评价中能质和生物多样性的差异——以江苏海岸带为例

生态系统健康评价是生态系统保护和监测研究的重要内容,该过程迫切需要综合性强、准确性高的指标,能质和生物多样性指标都是生态系统健康评估中的有效指标.以江苏省海岸带游泳和底栖生物群落为对象,沿海岸线从海州湾到长江入海口北岸选取15个站点,调查研究江苏省海岸带生态系统能质和生物多样性及其空间分布格局.结果表明:江苏海岸带除了中部地区能质和结构能质值较一致(都偏小)外,南北差异明显,生物多样性指数空间分布情况为南部Margalef指数略大于北部,中部较小,Shannon Wiener和Simpson指数空间分布都为南部＞中部＞北部;能质与生物多样性指标在高级生态系统中反映的生态系统健康状态一致,在中低级生态系统中差异明显;能质与生物多样性指标关联程度低,前者的测算侧重于生态系统中物种的等级,后者的测算侧重于物种的数量;总结能质和生物多样性指标在理论支撑、建立理论视角、与生态系统健康对应关系、应用模型以及局限性等方面的差异,研究结果在一定程度上可以丰富和完善生态系统健康评价研究理论与方法体系.     

民族民间医药与农业生物多样性保护——以西双版纳大卡老寨为例

运用户级农业生物多样性的评估方法 ,以西双版纳大卡老寨为例 ,随机抽取 1 2户农户进行庭院样方和 2户典型样方调查 ,并对关键人物访谈 ,进行民族医药与生物多样性保护的关系研究。结果表明 :1 民族医药对农业生物多样性保护具有促进作用 ;2 传统医药知识正在大量流失 ,值得重视 ;3 市场收购对当地物种具有不良影响。提出相应的对策为 :1 加强民族民间医药的整理工作 ;2 加强对农户的培训 ,传承传统知识 ;3 制定合理的经济发展措施 ,保证民族经济的协调发展 ;4 利用庭院进行稀有、濒危药用植物的保护     

增进城市地区生物多样性——以新加坡模式为例

自 1963 年以来,新加坡开展实施了绿化计划,并经历了从“花园城市”到“花园中的亲生态城市”的演变。为了在新加坡实现生物多样性保护,国家公园局制定了自然保护蓝图,重点介绍该规划实施的关键是利用技术创新。新加坡城市生物多样性指数是一种评价生物多样性成效的自我评估工具,已在全球范围内的多个城市得到应用。     

生物多样性保护优先区抽样调查策略研究——以武陵山地区为例

生物多样性保护优先区是我国为加强生物多样性保护和监管划定的重要区域,目前部分优先区已陆续开展生物本底资料的调查评估工作,但受限于经费、时间等条件,对区内所有县域或网格全覆盖式科考,既不现实也无必要,因而区域尺度的抽样设计是一个亟需解决的关键问题。以武陵山生物多样性保护优先区为例,结合层次聚类和系统抽样方法,同时考虑历史调查资料的系统完整程度和空间保护属性,提出了一个科学可行的抽样方案。首先将研究区域内的所有县域聚为5类,每类挑选出2个重点县域,共获得6个历史上进行过系统科学考察的县域和4个本底资料相对缺乏的县域,进而挑选出76个重点调查网格（10 km×10 km）,其中生物多样性富集网格36个,保护区外的人类干扰网格40个,抽样比例为11.09%,每个网格平均调查经费为2.52万元。该抽样策略区分了调查层次并突出重点区域,使调查和评估更有针对性,进一步完善了保护优先区基础调查系统,也强化了项目管理能力,对其他保护优先区项目开展具有一定参考价值。     

生物多样性保护与文化多样性保护是一枚硬币的两面:以西双版纳傣族生态文化为例

至今,包括我国在内的国际社会在生物多样性保护上采取了多种行动计划,但世界各国领导人在2002年于南非召开的联合国"世界可持续发展"峰会上所作的在2010年"国际生物多样性年"前扭转生物多样性快速丧失趋势的承诺至今都无法实现。究其主要原因,除了没有解决好生物多样性的可持续利用外,还在于所采取的多种保护行动中忽视了文化层面,尤其是土著民族生态文化多样性的保护与应用。本文以地处滇南的西双版纳傣族热带雨林生态文化为例,讨论了民族生态文化在生物多样性保护与持续利用上的重要作用,即生物多样性保护与文化多样性保护是一枚硬币的两面,相辅相成,缺一不可。     

喀斯特山地高校苔藓植物多样性及环境响应——以贵州大学为例

以贵州大学喀斯特山地校园为对象,调查其苔藓植物物种多样性及其生境特征,探讨苔藓植物生长与环境的关系。结果表明,研究区域内苔藓植物共12科27属51种。优势科是丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和灰藓科(Hypnaceae);主要生活型为丛集型、交织型和垫型;不同功能区域的苔藓植物生物多样性从高到低依次为行政办公区、休闲游憩区、教学科研区、体育运动区、宿舍休息区;不同生境物种丰富度从高到低依次是疏林草坪、林下、草坪环境、灌丛花池、道路;人为干扰程度与光照、湿度是影响苔藓植物多样性组成的重要因子。研究区域内苔藓植物多样性较低,多为土生藓类。在苔藓生长的微生境中,人为干扰低、空气湿度大的林地、疏林草坪更利于苔藓生长。     

基于社区发展的生物多样性保护策略——以浑善达克沙地生态恢复为例

生物多样性保护,必须考虑保护与发展这一对矛盾的合理解决,如果要同时满足保护和发展的要求,两者的利益都应考虑。基于社区发展的生物多样性保护(Community-basedconservation,CBC)策略就是在这一理念指导下应运而生的,它强调社区居民在保护行动中的主动参与,使他们的意见和利益能在土地利用决策中得到重视,在社区经济发展的基础上达到保护的目的。该模式在全球生物多样性保护中发挥了重要作用,但这种模式是多学科交叉的产物,其成功关键在于资源管理权力的转移,对有关问题进行了分析。在我国浑善达克沙地退化生境恢复和生物多样性保护实践中,采用CBC模式,通过政府、科学家以及社区居民共同参与,对当地自然条件和社会经济基础综合分析,使大面积的退化沙地草地得以恢复。具体地,在有水分、电力、肥料、交通等有保证的土地上进行高效集约化利用,腾出大量退化土地进行封育,借助自然力恢复受损的生境。同时积极建设生态小城镇,提高社区居民的生活水平,使生物多样性得到保护和草地资源得到可持续利用,在环境改善的同时促进了经济发展。     

生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例

本研究依据《县域生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估技术规定》, 调查评估了云南省澜沧县和四川省康定市两县域生物多样性相关传统知识的分布数量与特征, 分析了传统知识保护与传承状况, 识别了主要受威胁因素和保护空缺, 旨在为我国传统知识保护和民族地区实施传统知识获取与惠益分享制度提供科学依据, 推动《生物多样性公约》与《名古屋议定书》等国际公约的履行。研究结果如下: 分别调查编目澜沧县、康定市的生物多样性相关传统知识145项、98项; 这些传统知识具有明显的地区气候与自然环境特征、生产生活实践特征、传统文化特征和地区社会经济特征; 相关部门在传统知识保护管理方面做出了积极努力, 同时包括习惯法、传统节庆等传统文化和包括祭祀、神山、神林等宗教方式在内的地方社区行动在传统知识保护与传承方面也发挥了重要作用; 生物多样性相关传统知识、创新和做法已被广泛应用于地方社区脱贫攻坚和产业发展; 传统知识保护立法仍不健全、受到威胁、保护意识薄弱及承载传统知识的生物资源减少是制约传统知识保护传承的主要因素。两县域生物多样性相关传统知识丰富, 并且地方社区有效参与了生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与可持续利用。今后应建立传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度; 加强宣传教育, 提升保护传承意识; 因地制宜开展传统知识保护; 推动传统知识相关生物资源的保护与可持续利用。     

Thismia tentaculata （Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae） from Hong Kong： first record of the genus and tribe from continental China

Populations of Thismia tentaculata （Burmanniaceae tribe Thismieae） are described and illustrated from Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong, southern China. This represents the first report of the genus and tribe from continental China.     

A population-based study of Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese children resident in Hong Kong: prevalence and potential risk factors

Background: Data of Helicobacter pylori prevalence in children and its risk factors provide clues to the health authority to estimate burden of H. pylori‐associated diseases usually encountered in adulthood and facilitate healthcare planning. Materials and Methods: A cross‐sectional population‐based study was conducted in Chinese children in elementary and high schools. Schools were selected from all three major areas of Hong Kong. H. pylori infection was defined by a positive ¹³C‐urea breath test. Study subjects were stratified into six age groups for estimation of prevalence. Potential risk factors were analyzed from data of self‐administered questionnaires. Results: A total of 2480 children (aged 6–19, male: 47.3%) participated in the study. Overall, 324 (13.1%) were positive for H. pylori. There was no difference in prevalence between sexes, and no statistical trend in the prevalence across the six age groups. Multivariate logistic regression identified lack of formal education of mother (OR = 2.43, 95%CI 1.36–4.34), family history of gastric cancer (OR = 2.19, 95%CI 1.09–4.41), and household member > 5 (OR = 1.57, 95%CI 1.12–2.19) to be positively associated with H. pylori infection in our children. Conclusions: The H. pylori prevalence of Hong Kong children is comparable to the data of developed countries. The association with family history of gastric cancer justifies further study to investigate the cost‐benefit of community screening program for such children to decrease the incidence of gastric cancer in adulthood.     

中国香港虫目昆虫以及管虫属的研究(目)

根据近年来在香港地区采集到的一些虫目昆虫 ,经整理鉴定及文献记录 ,记述香港虫目昆虫 3科 6属 9种 ,其中有 1新种 :树基管虫 Sipyloidea shukayi,sp.nov.。制定了分类检索表 ,结合新种的鉴别 ,整理了全国管虫属 Sipyloidea已知种 ,制定出 8个种的检索表。新种模式标本保存在中国科学院上海昆虫研究所     

香港嘉道理农场次生林区碰撞诱捕网和黑光灯捕虫器采集所得鞘翅目甲虫多样性比较

本文根据1990-1995年在香港嘉道理农场次生林区采集的昆虫标本,首次分析了鞘翅目及其优势科的种类、数量和季节性变化,以及由碰撞诱捕网和黑光灯捕虫器采集所得甲虫在种类、数量和季节性上的差异。在13260号标本中,已鉴定到科的有13253号,分属45科,231种。其中,朽木甲科(Alleculidae)、毛蕈甲科(Biphyllidae)、丸甲科(Byrrhidae)、坚甲科(Colydiidae)、拟球甲科(Corylophidae)、隐食甲科(Cryptophagidae)、水缨甲科(Hydroscaphidae)、伪叶甲科(Lagliidae)、薪甲科(Lathridiidae)、泽甲科(Limnichidae)、黑蕈甲科(Zopheridae)等11个科为香港地区的首次报道,约占本次调查科总数的25％。分析表明：(1)该次生林区的鞘翅目甲虫以蛀木性为主。天牛科(Cerambycidae)、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)、象甲科(Curculionidae)、花蚤科(Mordellidae)、金龟甲科(Scarabaeidae)、小蠹科(Scolytidae)等6科均为多样性较高(种类≥15或者个体数量≥200)的优势科。(2)鞘翅目个体数量季节性明显,每年自2月开始数量逐渐增加,6—7月为甲虫发生的高峰期,8月显著减少。各优势科甲虫的季节性也存在一定的差异,庞大的小蠹标本数量(85％)说明在此调查期间该科正处于大发生时期。(3)黑光灯捕虫器所捕的甲虫科类和种类较之碰撞诱捕网所捕不尽相同,黑光灯捕虫器所捕的甲虫数量发生高峰期比碰撞诱捕网所捕的甲虫提前一个月。(4)各项多样性指数对不同捕虫器采集所得鞘翅目的测度差异明显,黑光灯捕虫器所捕甲虫的多样度和均匀度指数高于碰撞诱捕网。     

Seasonal dispersal of water beetles (Coleoptera) in an agricultural landscape: a study using Moericke traps in northwest Spain

Information on flight dispersal in water beetles in the Iberian Peninsula is scarce. This study provides new data on the dispersion flight phenology of 21 species captured using Moericke traps in an agricultural system in León province (NW Spain) during two annual cycles (1992 and 1993). The species captured form part of the assemblage of aquatic Coleoptera commonly found in stagnant environments in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Most of them are good flyers and colonisers. These flights are related to two environmental variables: mean atmospheric temperature and rainfall. The results show a clear relation between temperature and the flight period as most of the specimens dispersed during peaks of high mean daily temperatures, and a negative relation with rainfall. With regard to phenology, two types of dispersion strategy were identified: flights in the middle of summer to escape from drought and flights in spring and autumn for colonising new habitats. The first group includes Hydroglyphus geminus (Fabricius) and, in particular, Helophorus brevipalpis Bedel, whose great abundance in the dispersal stage is related to parthenogenetic reproduction and the rapid production of a large number of colonising females. The second strategy corresponds to univoltine species with overwintering adults such as Helophorus alternans Gené or species from the genus Hydroporus Clairville.     

香港大蹄蝠出飞时间及其季节变化

于2014年5月至2015年4月,对香港低海拔栖息地的大蹄蝠夜晚出飞活动时间进行了研究。结果显示大蹄蝠出飞时间平均为日落后（14.6±6.1) min,出飞时间与民用曙暮光呈强正相关（r = 0.968, P < 0.0001）,而出飞结束时刻同样与民用曙暮光时间呈现显着相关(r = 0. 977, P < 0. 0001)。。在一年中较冷的12月和1月则没有蝙蝠出飞记录。大蹄蝠虽然在亚洲分布广泛,但是相对于温带地区的蝙蝠物种来说, 关于该物种的基础生态学研究较少。本文对大蹄蝠的季节性出飞行为所开展研究工作,以利有关长远保育的深入研究。     

The population dynamics of some freshwater carideans (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Hong Kong,with special reference to Neocaridina serrata (Atyidae)

During a 15-month investigation of the population dynamics of three caridean shrimp species in the Lam Tsuen River, New Territories, Hong Kong, the numbers of the commonest species, Neocaridina serrata (Stimpson)(Atyidae), were reduced as water temperatures fell. By contrast, Caridina lanceifrons Yu became more numerous during the winter. The relatively scarce Macrobrachium hainanense (Parisi)(Palaemonidae) tended to be more abundant during the summer, and the abundance of this species was directly correlated with that of N. serrata. The population size of these two species was positively correlated with water temperatures prevailing one and two months prior to the collection of samples, but there was no significant relationship between C. lanceifrons abundance and water temperature.All species exhibited similar growth patterns with an inflection at the attainment of sexual maturity, occurring after the (presumed) 14th moult for N. serrata and in the (presumed) 13th and 18th stadium for C. lanceifrons and M. hainanensis respectively. Ovigerous shrimps of all species were only recorded when water temperatures exceeded 20 °C and the % incidence of ovigerous N. serrata was positively correlated with prevailing temperatures. It is suggested that restriction of freshwater caridean breeding periods by low temperatures may be common in the subtropics while perennial breeding is more likely to be typical of tropical regions.The mean carapace length of N. serrata populations was negatively correlated with prevailing temperatures, but more strongly correlated with temperatures recorded one and two months prior to sampling when gametogenesis may have taken place. Smallest mean sizes were recorded in late summer upon the cessation of juvenile recruitment. N. serrata has a maximum longevity of approximately 12 months and reproduction occurs in the 7th month of life or later. The hatchlings are well developed and clutch size is not related to the size of the brooding female. An annual life cycle, as seen in N. serrata, may be typical of many small freshwater carideans.Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong     

中国伪叶甲亚族一新记录属二新记录种

Neogria cyanipennis Borchmann,1909 and Aulonogria coerulescens (Gyllenhal,1817) are recorded for the first time from China.The specimens studied are preserved in the Museum of Hebei University.     

Age composition,growth and body condition of the introduced Sarotherodon mossambicus (Cichlidae) in Plover Cove Reservoir,Hong Kong

Synopsis Age composition, growth and body condition of the Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) stock in the Plover Cove Reservoir were investigated. The fish in this reservoir have a relatively short life cycle; the stock consisted of mainly two to three age groups. Influx of recruits in September and October maintained a high proportion of O-age group fish in the stock. This percentage remained high until the following March or April when the I-age group attained dominance. Length-weight analyses indicated that S. mossembicus conform to the allometric formula W = aLⁿ with a and n exhibiting marked seasonal variations. Growth was most rapid during the first 20 months of life and decreased noticeably after 30 months. In general growth was limited to those months when the water temperature was above 20° C. Both body condition and visceral fat content exhibited seasonal variations which were not correlated with each other or with variations in temperature. However, body condition appears to be directly related to feeding intensity. Mean body condition decreased with increasing age and also decreased progressively during this study. This progressive decrease was probably related to the progressive decrease in salinity of the water and also the carrying capacity of the reservoir rather than to the nutrient content of the water. Mean values for the body condition of females were in general higher than for males, suggesting that females are more robust than males.Maximum accumulations of fat occurred in June and July, corresponding to the breeding period. Such accumulations are thought to be a prerequisite before spawning.