Molecular genetic key for the identification of 17 Ixodes species of the United States (Acari:Ixodidae): a methods model.

A taxonomic key, based on restriction enzyme analysis of the second internal-transcribed spacer (ITS-2) in the nuclear ribosomal DNA gene, was developed for identification of 17 Ixodes tick species in the United States. This key includes: Ixodes affinis Neumann, Ixodes angustus Neumann, Ixodes baergi Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes brunneus Koch, Ixodes cookei Packard, Ixodes dentatus Marx, Ixodes jellisoni Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes kingi Bishopp, Ixodes minor Neumann, Ixodes muris Bishopp and Smith, Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, Ixodes scapularis Say, Ixodes sculpularis Neumann, I. spinipalpis Hadwen and Nuttall, Ixodes texanus Banks, Ixodes uriae White, and Ixodes woodi Bishopp. A 900-bp fragment of the ITS-2 was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. This fragment was then digested with the restriction enzymes MspI and CfoI, and the digested fragments were size fractionated on a 2.5% high-resolution agarose gel. A dichotomous key was developed based on digested fragment sizes relative to a standard set of size markers. Little intraspecific variation in restriction fragment banding patterns was detected.     

Controlling the Connections of Cells to the Biofilm Matrix

The importance of cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) and its control of biofilm matrix assembly and production has been a focal point of researchers in recent history. In this issue, Cooley et al. (Cooley RB, Smith TJ, Leung W, Tierney V, Borlee BR, O’Toole GA, Sondermann H, J Bacteriol 198:66–77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00369-15) demonstrate that two c-di-GMP controlled features of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the periplasmic protease LapG and the surface adhesin CdrA, are linked. CdrA is shown to be a substrate of LapG, with LapG activity controlled by intracellular c-di-GMP levels. This commentary discusses the significance of this finding.     

Mitotic crisis: The unmasking of a novel role for RPA

Mitotic DNA damage is a constant threat to genomic integrity, yet understanding of the cellular responses to this stress remain incomplete. Recent work by Anantha et al. (PNAS 2008; 105:12903–8) has found surprising evidence that RPA, the primary eukaryotic single-stranded DNA-binding protein, can stimulate the ability of cells to exit mitosis into a 2N G₁ phase. Along with providing additional discussion of this study, we review evidence suggesting that DNA replication and repair factors can modulate mitotic transit by acting through Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) and the centrosome. “A crisis unmasks everyone.”—Mason Cooley, US aphorist.     

Three new species ofAphytis [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae], parasites ofPseudaulacaspis spp. [Homoptera: Diaspididae] in India and Australia

Three new species ofAphytis Howard, parasitic upon species ofPseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, are described and illustrated:A. bangalorensis sp. nov. exP. barberi (Green) from India.A. sankarani sp. nov. exP. cockerelli (Cooley) from India, andA. landii sp. nov. ex an undescribedPseudaulacaspis sp. from Australia.

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Résumé Trois nouvelles espèces d'Aphytis Howard, parasites d'espèces du genrePseudaulacaspis MacGillivray, sont décrites et représentées:A. bangalorensis sp. nov. exP. barberi (Green) en provenance de l'Inde;A. Sankarani sp. nov. exP. cockerelli (Cooley) en provenance de l'Inde, etA. landii sp. nov. ex espèce non décrite dePseudaulacaspis spp. en provenance d'Australie.

     

Bacteriophage T4 gol site: sequence analysis and effects of the site on plasmid transformation.

The Escherichia coli lit gene product is required for the multiplication of bacteriophage T4 at temperatures below 34 degrees C. After infection of a lit mutant host, early gene product synthesis is normal, as is T4 DNA replication; however, the late gene products never appear, and early gene product synthesis eventually ceases. Consequently, at late times, there is no protein synthesis of any kind (W. Cooley, K. Sirotkin, R. Green, and L. Snyder, J. Bacteriol. 140:83-91, 1979; W. Champness and L. Snyder, J. Mol. Biol. 155:395-407, 1982), and no phage are produced. We have isolated T4 mutants which can multiply in lit mutant hosts. The responsible T4 mutations (called gol mutations) completely overcome the block to T4 gene expression (Cooley et al., J. Bacteriol. 140:83-91). We have proposed that gol mutations alter a cis-acting regulatory site on T4 DNA rather than a diffusible gene product and that the wild-type form of the gol site (gol+) somehow interferes with gene expression late in infection (Champness and Snyder, J. Mol. Biol. 155:395-409). In this communication, we report the sequence of the gol region of the T4 genome from five different gol mutants. The gol mutations are all single-base-pair transitions within 40 base pairs of DNA. Therefore, the gol site is at least 40 base pairs long. The sequence data confirm that the gol phenotype is not due to an altered protein. We also report that the gol+ site in plasmids prevents transformation of Lit- but not Lit+ E. coli. Thus, the gol site is at least partially active in the absence of the T4 genome.     

Mitotic crisis: The unmasking of a novel role for RPA

Mitotic DNA damage is a constant threat to genomic integrity, yet understanding of the cellular responses to this stress remain incomplete. Recent work by Anantha et al. (PNAS 2008; 105:12903–8) has found surprising evidence that RPA, the primary eukaryotic single-stranded DNA-binding protein, can stimulate the ability of cells to exit mitosis into a 2N G₁ phase. Along with providing additional discussion of this study, we review evidence suggesting that DNA replication and repair factors can modulate mitotic transit by acting through Polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1) and the centrosome. “A crisis unmasks everyone.”—Mason Cooley, US aphorist.     

Triple Starr Valve Replacement

Of nine patients who have had triple valve replacements for organic rheumatic triple valve disease two died in the postoperative period from inadequate myocardial reserve, and a third died four months later from cerebral embolism originating from clot on the left atrial wall. The remainder are well and, except for one, leading normal lives. Though cardiac transplantation has been recommended and used successfully for triple valve disease by Cooley, it is suggested that the long-term outlook today of triple valve replacement is likely to be better than that of transplantation.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Introduction to Social Psychology. E. Llewellyn Queener.
The Development of Human Behavior. Richard Dewey and W. J. Humber.
Social Psychology. Solomon E. Asch.
Social Psychology: An Analysis of Human Behavior. Leonard W. Doob.
Social Psychology. Robert E. L. Faris.
Fundamentals of Social Psychology. Eugene L. and Ruth E. Hartley.
Readings in Social Psychology. Prepared for the Committee on the Teaching of Social Psychology of The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. Revised Edition. Editorial Committee: Guy E. Swanson, Theodore M. Newcomb, Eugene L. Hartley, and others.     

Nosema parkeri sp. n., a microsporidan from the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley.

Nosema parkeri sp. n. is described from nymphs and adults of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, from a laboratory colony. Schizogonic and sporogonic stages are described from various tick tissues. Spores are binucleate, measuring 3.2 (3-4) x 1.9 (1.8-2.5) micronm. Transmission is transovarial and transstadial. The parasite does not appear to affect adversely the development or reproduction of the tick. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles was experimentally infected. Attempts to infect Swiss mice by tick feeding or by injection of infected tick suspensions were unsuccessful. The microsporidan differs in structure from Encephalitozoon ixodis Weiser) and Nosema slovaca Weiser & Rehácek, the only other microsporidans known from ticks.     

Genetic and physical location of the Escherichia coli rap locus, which is essential for growth of bacteriophage lambda.

The Escherichia coli rap mutant does not support the growth of bacteriophage lambda (D. Henderson and J. Weil, Virology 71:546-559, 1976). We located the rap site at 26 min in the E. coli genetic map and determined the gene order fadR-rap-supF-trp from our transduction experiments. Plasmid pHO1 harbors a 5.6-kilobase-pair segment of the E. coli chromosome which contains the pth gene (B. Hove-Jensen, Mol. Gen. Genet. 201:269-276, 1985). This plasmid complemented rap bacteria, suggesting that it carries the dominant allele rap+. Subcloning experiments reduced the rap-complementing segment to 1.5 kilobase pairs. This segment still contained pth; thus, both loci are tightly linked. The lit mutations that inhibit phage T4 growth in E. coli are located nearby at 25 min (W. Cooley, K. Sirotkin, R. Green, and L. Snyder, J. Bacteriol. 140:83-91, 1979). We showed that rap and lit mutations are phenotypically and genetically different.     

Nosema parkeri sp. n., a Microsporidan from the Argasid Tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley

SYNOPSIS. Nosema parkeri sp. n. is described from nymphs and adults of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley, from a laboratory colony. Schizogonic and sporogonic stages are described from various tick tissues. Spores are binucleate, measuring 3.2 (3–4) × 1.9 (1.8–2.5) μm. Transmission is transovarial and transstadial. The parasite does not appear to affect adversely the development or reproduction of the tick. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles was experimentally infected. Attempts to infect Swiss mice by tick feeding or by injection of infected tick suspensions were unsuccessful. The microsporidan differs in structure from Encephalitozoon ixodis Weiser) and Nosema slovaca Weiser & Reháček, the only other microsporidans known from ticks.     

Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil

During an ecological study, carried out between 1994 and 1996 with Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds, that inhabit caves in the Quatro Barras County, State of Paran , Southern Brazil, a new tick species of the subgenus Multidentatus was observed. The female, male, nymph, and larva of Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp., are described. Of the 12 known species of the subgenus Multidentatus, only I. (M.) auritulus Neumann, 1904 and I. (M.) murreleti Cooley and Kohls, 1945 occur in the Neartic region and only I. (M.) auritulus occurs in the Neotropical region. As such, I. (M.) paranaensis n. sp. increases the number of species and the distribution area of the subgenus Multidentatus in the Americas.     

European and Mediterranean Studies, an Overview

Social Change in a Peripheral Society: The Creation of a Balkan Colony . Daniel Chirot. Studies in Social Discontinuity
People of the Mediterranean: An Essay in Comparative Social Anthropology . J. Davis.
Catholics and Protestants: Agricultural Modernization in Two German Villages . Gunter Golde.
Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200–1800 . Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk , and E. P. Thompson.
The One Blood: Kinship and Class in an Irish Village . Elliott Leyton.
Mediterranean Family Structures . J. G. Peristiany. Studies in Social Anthropology, 13
Kinship and Modernization in Mediterranean Society . J. G. Peristiany.
The Fate of Shechem: Or the Politics of Sex . Julian Pitt-Rivers.
East European Peasantries: Social Relations: An Annotated Bibliography of Periodical Articles . Irwin T. Sanders and Walter C. Bisselle
Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily . Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider. Studies in Social Discontinuity
Three Bells of Civilization: The Life of an Italian Hill Town . Sydel Silverman.
Peasant Wisdom: Cultural Adaptation in a Swiss Village . Daniela Weinberg.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: The Land and People of Northeast Brazil. By Manuel Correia de Andrade Development and Dependency. The Political Economy of Papua New Guinea. By Azeem Amarshi Australian Imperialism in the Pacific. The Expansionist Era 1820–1920. By Roger C. Thompson Law and State in Papua New Guinea. By Peter Fitzpatrick The Voice of Tambaran. Truth and Illusion in Ilahita Arapesh Religion. By Donald F. Tuzin Social Organization in Aboriginal Australia. By Warren Shapiro The Camp at Wallaby Cross: Aboriginal Fringe Dwellers in Darwin. By Basil Sansom Oenpclli Bark Painting. By The Aboriginal Arts Board. Paul Hamlyn The Languages of Australia. By R. M. W. Dixon The World as a Company Town: Multinational Corporations and Social Change. Edited by Ahmed Idris-Soven Hunters, pastoralists and ranchers. By Tim Ingold Green and Pleasant Land? Social Change in Rural England. By Howard Newby Rural Sociology in the Soviet Union. Its History and Basic Concepts. By Terence M. Cox. C. Hurst Challenging Anthropology: A Critical Approach to Social Anthropology. Edited by David H. Turner and Gavin A. Smith Marxism and Anthropology: The Concept of ‘Human Essence’ in the Philosophy of Marx. By George Markus Ideology and Everyday Life: Anthropology, Neo-marxist Thought, and the Problem of Ideology and the Social Whole. By Steve Barnett and Martin G. Silverman Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke. Edited by I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond     

Effects of temperature and tick weight on expression of autogeny in the argasid tick Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley (acari: Argasidae)

The effects of different temperatures on the expression of autogenic development in unfed/mated Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley females were examined. High temperature (29 C) induced autogeny in lower, middle and higher weight classes (11-20, 21-30, 31-40 mg, respectively) with all females in the highest weight class and most in the middle weight class ovipositing within 51 days post-mate. At a lower temperature (21 C) autogenic development was not expressed by higher and middle weight females, whereas lower weight females exhibited similar degrees of autogeny at both temperatures. Results are discussed in relation to presumptive factors involved in the control and mediation of autogeny.     

Primate Ecology and Social Structure Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers: Primate Ecology and Social Structure Vol. 2: New World Monkeys: Primate Ecology and Social Structure Vol. 3: Old World Monkeys and Apes

Primate Ecology and Social Structure Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights. MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 1999. 284 pp.
Primate Ecology and Social Structure Vol. 2: New World Monkeys. Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights. MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2000. 207 pp.
Primate Ecology and Social Structure Vol. 3: Old World Monkeys and Apes. Robert W. Sussman. Needham Heights. MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, in press.     

Recognition of nestmate eggs in the ant Formicafusca is based on queen derived cues

Inclusive fitness benefits depend on recognizing the right individuals to interact with. Social insect nests protect themselves from non-kin intruders through nestmate recognition based on chemical cues. The recognition cues on adult individu- als are from a mixture of genetic and environmental sources, but the ontogeny and use of recognition cues on eggs has not been previously assessed. We studied recognition by workers of eggs that were either nestmates or non-nestmates, and the ontogeny of recognition cues on eggs in the ant Formica fusca, a species with precise egg recognition abilities. Workers were able to dis- criminate among freshly laid eggs with no nest derived cues on them, and the egg surface chemicals varied among nests in these eggs, suggesting that queen derived cues are used in nestmate recognition. The results are discussed in the light of their implica- tions on deceptive social parasite strategies and within colony conflicts     

Book Review

Book reviewed in this article:
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Social Anthropology in Polynesia. F elix M. K eesing
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Social Anthropology in Melanesia. A. P. E lkin .     

What Is Canadian Anthropology?

The Management of Myths: The Politics of Legitimation in a Newfoundland Community. Anthony P. Cohen . Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies, 14. St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1975. viii + 146 pp. n.p. (cloth).
Saint Pascal: Changing Leadership and Social Organization in a Quebec Town. Gerald L. Gold . Cultures and Communities: A Series of Monographs, Community Studies. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1975. viii + 215 pp. n.p. (paper).
Natives without a Home. Mark Nagler . Canadian Social Problems Series. Don Mills, Ontario: Longman Canada, 1975. xvii + 85 pp. $2.95 (paper).
Crime in Canadian Society. Robert A. Silverman and James J. Teevan, Jr ., comps. Toronto: Butterworth, 1975. xi + 455 pp. $7.95 (paper).