Soil mycoflora from the Dead Sea Oases of Ein Gedi and Einot Zuqim (Israel)

Samples were taken from the top 10 cm of soils from 24 points in the Ein Gedi area. Among 329 isolates, 142 species were identified: 11 genera of ascomycetes, one genus of coelomycetes, 28 genera of hyphomycetes, 7 genera of zygomycetes and one yeast, in addition to some unidentified basidiomycetes. The hyphomycetes were represented by 17 dematiaceous, 9 mucedinaceous and two tuberculariaceous. Melanconiaceous and stilbellaceous genera were not found. Two new varieties of Microascus recently described were reisolated. No strict thermophiles or halophiles were obtained. There is apparently no very characteristic or specific fungal flora of the Dead Sea Oases although it was different from that found in the desert soil surrounding this area.     

白木香内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性

从白木香Aquilaria sinensis（Lour．）Gilg木质部的树脂形成部位和健康部位中共分离获得42株内生真菌,经初步鉴定,产孢的33株分属于3目4科7属,其余未产孢的9株暂归为无孢菌群。采用杯碟法和MTT法分别测定了各菌株的发酵上清液对3种病原菌的体外抑菌活性和2种肿瘤细胞的体外细胞毒活性。结果表明,白木香木质部健康部位内生真菌以枝顶孢霉属为优势属,而树脂形成部位的内生真菌种类比健康部位要多,且以青霉属为优势属。其中26株至少能抑制一种指示菌,占总数的61．9％;7株对指示瘤株具有细胞毒活性,占总数的16．7％。抑菌活性菌株主要分布在枝顶孢霉属和青霉属。枝顶孢霉属菌株抑菌活性较强,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究。     

山西土壤中的暗色丝孢真菌I

从山西省不同地区采集混合土壤样品45份,从中分离获得49个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分属于27属中的36种.其中包括1个新种,草原链格孢Alternaria pratensis;1个中国新记录属,锥梗围瓶孢属Chaetopsina;5个中国新记录种:锥梗围瓶孢Chaetopsina fulva、长椭暗双孢Cordana oblongispora、短小腐质霉Humicola brevis、伦德伯格小粘束霉Leptographium lundbergii和亚简黑乌霉Memnoiella subsimplex;其余30个为中国已知种.除对新种进行拉丁文描述和图示外,对中国新记录种也作了简要描述和描绘,对30个国内已报道种则只作分布和生境的引证.所有研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种均保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP).     

New sources of cytochalasins A and B from dematiaceous hyphomycetes

One hundred isolates of 27 species belonging to 13 genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes were screened for production of cytochalasins A and B. Most of these isolates (94) were obtained from Assiut University Culture Collection, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt; three isolates from CBS, The Netherlands; two isolates from DSM, Germany; and one isolate from IMI, UK. The results revealed that 10 isolates of six species representing five genera of fungi produced cytochalasins A and/or B. These species are Alternaria chlamydospora, Cochliobolus spicifer, Diplococcum spicatum, Phoma herbarum, Phoma multipara and Setosphaeria rostrata. This is the first report for the production of cytochalasins A and/or B by these species of dematiaceous hyphomycetes.     

Microbial Community Composition and Ecology of an Acidic Aquatic Environment: The Tinto River, Spain

We studied the correlation between physicochemical and biological characteristics of an acidic river, the Tinto River, in Southwestern Spain. The Tinto River is an extreme environment characterized by its low pH (mean of 2.2) and high concentrations of heavy metals (Fe 2.3 g/L, Zn 0.22 g/L, Cu 0.11 g/L). These extreme conditions are the product of the metabolic activity of chemolithotrophic microorganisms, including iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, that can be found in high concentrations in its waters. The food chain in the river is very constrained and exclusively microbial. Primary productivity in the Tinto River is the sum of photosynthetic and chemolithotrophic activity. Heterotrophic bacteria and fungi are the major decomposers and protists are the major predators. A correlation analysis including the physicochemical and biological variables suggested a close relationship between the acidic pH values and abundance of both chemolithotrophic bacteria and filamentous fungi. Chemolithotrophic bacteria correlated with the heavy metals found in the river. A principal component analysis of the biotic and abiotic variables suggested that the Tinto River ecosystem can be described as a function of three main groups of variables: pH values, metal concentrations, and biological productivity.     

Biodiversity of freshwater fungi

There are more than 600 species of freshwater fungi with more known from temperate, as compared to tropical regions. These includeca 340 ascomycetes, 300 deuteromycetes, and a number of lower fungi which are not discussed here.Aniptodera, Annulatascus, Massarina, Ophioceras andPseudohalonectria are common freshwater ascomycetes, which appear to be well adapted for this lifestyle either in their ascospore types or their competitive-degradative characters. The most common genera of wood-inhabiting deuteromycetes includeCancellidium, Dactylaria, Dictyosporium andHelicomyces. They are categorized into four groups depending on their form and life style: the ingoldian hyphomycetes; the aero-aquatic hyphomycetes; the terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes; and the submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes. The adaptations of aquatic fungi for their dispersal and subsequent attachment to new substrates are discussed.     

水生丝孢菌研究进展

本文回顾了自1942年水生丝孢菌发现以来,该类群的研究进展。世界范围内已有约80属、200种的水生丝孢菌被报道。中国发现20属、28种。12属中的15种水生丝孢菌的有性阶段已发现,它们大多数是子囊菌,少数为担子菌。生理学研究证实,该类真菌普遍地可以分泌胞外多糖酶,从而能较好地利用多种碳源。其它生理特性,如氮源和矿物的需求等,本文也作了综述。一些植物寄生性水生丝孢菌也有报道。生态学研究表明,秋季和冬季是水生丝孢菌大发生季节。它们在水环境中的重要作用,文中也作了较详细的讨论。最后涉及的是水生丝孢菌的传布和陆生情况的发现。本文还对该类群真菌的研究前景作了展望。     

黄河源头地区土壤中的暗色丝孢真菌Ⅰ

从黄河源头下游8县区采集的24份土壤样品中分离得到19属34种暗色丝孢真菌,其中长孢齿梗孢Scolecobasidium longisporum和戈壁维罗纳霉Veronaea gobica为两个新种,芦竹节菱孢Arthrinium arundinis为一个新组合名称,并对灰色瓶霉Phialophora cinerescens进行了补充描述。对该地区31个中国已知种亦作了标本引证。所研究真菌的干制培养物及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

The molecular phylogeny of aquatic hyphomycetes with affinity to the Leotiomycetes

Aquatic hyphomycetes play a key role in decomposition of submerged organic matter and stream ecosystem functioning. We examined the phylogenetic relationships among various genera of aquatic hyphomycetes belonging to the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota) using sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of rDNA generated from 42 pure cultures including 19 ex-types. These new sequence data were analyzed together with additional sequences from 36 aquatic hyphomycetes and 60 related fungi obtained from GenBank. Aquatic hyphomycetes, characterized by their tetraradiate or sigmoid conidia, were scattered in nine supported clades within the Helotiales (Leotiomycetes). Tricladium, Lemonniera, Articulospora, Anguillospora, Varicosporium, Filosporella, and Flagellospora are not monophyletic, with species from the same genus distributed among several major clades. The Gyoerffyella clade and the Hymenoscyphus clade accommodated species from eight and six different genera, respectively. Thirteen aquatic hyphomycete taxa were grouped in the Leotia-Bulgaria clade while twelve species clustered within the Hymenoscyphus clade along with several amphibious ascomycetes. Species of Filosporella and some species from four other aquatic genera were placed in the Ascocoryne-Hydrocina clade. It is evident that many aquatic hyphomycetes have relatives of terrestrial origin. Adaptation to colonize the aquatic environment has evolved independently in multiple phylogenetic lineages within the Leotiomycetes.     

Selective medium for isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals.

A selective medium containing 2 micrograms of dichloran per ml, 200 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml, and 1.5% bacteriological peptone was developed for the isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals. The medium, designated DCPA, was shown to select against species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and mucoraceous fungi. DCPA was evaluated for use as an enumeration medium and compared satisfactorily with dichloran-rose bengal-chloramphenicol agar when both media were tested with a range of cereal samples. Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes produced well-formed colonies with good conidial production on DCPA, permitting rapid identification of such isolates on this medium.     

Dihydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone in positions 7α and 15α by mycelial fungi

The ability of 485 fungal strains is studied for catalysis of the process of 7α, 15α-dihydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one), a key intermediate of the synthesis of physiologically active compounds. The ability for the formation of 3β, 7α, 15α-trihydroxy-5-androstene-17-one (7α, 15α-diOH-DHEA) was found for the first time for representatives of 12 genera, eight families, and six orders of ascomycetes, eight genera, four families, and one order of zygomycetes, one genus, one family, and one order of basidiomycetes, and four genera of mitosporic fungi. The most active strains are found among genera Acremonium, Gibberella, Fusarium, and Nigrospora. In the process of transformation of DHEA (2 g/l) by strains of Fusarium oxysporum VKM F-1600 and Gibberella zeae BKM F-2600, the molar yield was 63 and 68%, respectively. Application of the revealed active strains of microorganisms opens prospects for the efficient production of key intermediates of synthesis of modern medical preparations.     

小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及内生真菌多样性分析

为了解喀斯特典型物种-小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及不同部位内生真菌多样性,采用沿等高线等距离取样法采集小蓬竹根际土壤及健康植株,通过可培养对根际土微生物及内生菌进行分离,利用分子技术对其进行鉴定,根据鉴定结果构建系统发育树,并计算小蓬竹根际土壤微生物和根茎叶内生真菌多样性。结果如下：（1）共从根际土壤、根、茎、叶分离得到139个真菌菌株,隶属于27属,其中根际土壤分离得到34个真菌菌株隶属于12属,根部分离得到的63个内生真菌菌株隶属于17个属,茎部分离得到的14个内生真菌菌株隶属于8个属,叶部分离得到28个内生真菌菌株隶属于9个属;（2）根际土壤共分离得到41株细菌菌株,隶属于7个属26个种,20株放线菌菌株,隶属于1属15种;从Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson指数排序来看,真菌主要表现为根 > 根际土壤 > 茎 > 叶,细菌和放线菌多样性均较低。（3）按层次聚类分析可分别将真菌、细菌、放线菌聚为3支。小蓬竹根际土壤、根、茎和叶具有丰富的微生物多样性,不同部位菌群组成存在差异性（P<0.05）,且存在以假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等为优势属的抗盐耐旱菌群,这有助于揭示小蓬竹对喀斯特生境的适应性,以及为微生物-植物群落之间相互关系提供一定基础数据,为后期寻找小蓬竹相关耐性功能菌奠定基础。     

Selective medium for isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals

A selective medium containing 2 micrograms of dichloran per ml, 200 micrograms of chloramphenicol per ml, and 1.5% bacteriological peptone was developed for the isolation of Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from cereals. The medium, designated DCPA, was shown to select against species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and mucoraceous fungi. DCPA was evaluated for use as an enumeration medium and compared satisfactorily with dichloran-rose bengal-chloramphenicol agar when both media were tested with a range of cereal samples. Fusarium species and dematiaceous hyphomycetes produced well-formed colonies with good conidial production on DCPA, permitting rapid identification of such isolates on this medium.     

内蒙古高原土壤中的暗色丝孢菌

从内蒙古高原及河套地区不同生境中,采集混合土样52份。分离获得51个暗色丝孢菌菌株,经鉴定分隶于18属27种。其中包括1个新种,贺兰山小镰孢Fusariella helanshanensis和1个中国新记录种,葫芦细基格孢Ulocladium cucurbitae。除新种具拉丁文特征集要和图示、对中国新记录种作简要描述和绘图外,25个国内已报道种附有分布和生境的引证。所有供研究标本(干制培养物)与活菌种,均保存于山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

Filamentous fungi of the submarine soils of the Sakhalin Gulf (Sea of Okhotsk)

This study examines the biodiversity of submarine-soil filamentous fungi in Sakhalin Gulf for the first time. A total of 82 species of fungi belonging to 35 genera were isolated and identified. Of these, representatives of Anamorphic fungi were predominant. All species identified were facultative marine fungi, except one, Acremonium fuci, which was known until now only from marine habitats. The qualitative and quantitative structure of submarine-soil fungal assemblages of the eastern part (Amur River plume) and the western part (continental shelf) of Sakhalin Gulf was studied.     

雅鲁藏布江谷地的土壤暗色丝孢菌

笔者从采自雅鲁藏布江谷地的29份土样中,分离获得59个暗色丝孢菌分离物,经鉴定分别属于18属中的27种。其中包括2个新种:浅色平脐蠕孢Bipolaris pallescens和光滑腐质霉Humicola levis。对新种进行了详尽的描绘,对其他25个中国已报道种亦作了分离地点和生境的引证。研究过的标本(干制培养物)与活菌种存放在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

Yeasts and Yeast-Like Fungi Associated with Tree Bark: Diversity and Identification of Yeasts Producing Extracellular Endoxylanases

A total of 239 yeast strains was isolated from 52 tree bark samples of the Medaram and Srisailam forest areas of Andhra Pradesh, India. Based on analysis of D1/D2 domain sequence of 26S rRNA gene, 114 strains were identified as ascomycetous; 107 strains were identified as basidiomycetous yeasts; and 18 strains were identified as yeast-like fungi. Among the ascomycetous yeasts, 51% were identified as members of the genus Pichia, and the remaining 49% included species belonging to the genera Clavispora, Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces, Hanseniaspora, Issatchenkia, Lodderomyces, Kodamaea, Metschnikowia, and Torulaspora. The predominant genera in the basidiomycetous yeasts were Cryptococcus (48.6%), Rhodotorula (29%), and Rhodosporidium (12.1%). The yeast-like fungi were represented by Aureobasidium pullulans (6.7%) and Lecythophora hoffmanii (0.8%). Of the 239 yeast strains tested for Xylanase, only five strains of Aureobasidium sp. produced xylanase on xylan-agar medium. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis and N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the xylanase of isolate YS67 showed high similarity with endo-1-4-β-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) of Aureobasidium pullulans var. melanigenum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

内蒙古大兴安岭地区土壤中的暗色丝孢真菌Ⅱ

从内蒙古大兴安岭地区,根据不同生境,采集混合土样48份。分离获得44个菌株,经鉴定分别隶属于暗色丝孢真菌18属27种,其中包括4个中国新记录种:外来漆斑霉Myrothecium advena、卡氏漆斑霉Myrothecium carmichaelii、橙色葡萄穗霉Stachybotrys aurantia和加拿大短梗蠕孢Trichocladium canadense。除对中国新记录种作了简要描述和绘图外,对23个国内已报道种亦作了分布和生境的引证。所有供研究标本(干制培养物)与活菌种均保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。