生长因子诱导人脐带/胎盘间充质干细胞定向分化

近年来,间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)已成为干细胞领域的研究热点,其不仅支持造血系统,还可在特定的培养条件下向多种组织细胞分化。人脐带和胎盘来源的MSC取材容易,较骨髓间充质干细胞有更广泛的应用前景。本文就含有特定生长因子的培养基诱导人脐带MSC和人胎盘MSC定向分化的研究进展作一简要的综述。     

Micro-CT评价Runx2基因修饰的骨髓间充质干细胞静脉移植促进缺血性股骨头坏死兔坏死股骨头修复效果

目的:应用Micro-CT评价Runx2基因修饰的骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)静脉移植促进兔坏死股骨头修复效果。方法:24只大耳白兔经缺血性股骨头坏死造模4周后随机分为4组,A组静脉移植1×107个Runx2基因修饰的MSC,B组静脉移植1×107个Runx2 si RNA修饰的MSC,C组单纯植入1×107个MSC,D组静脉植入等量生理盐水,细胞移植后2、4、6、8周取出股骨头标本行Micro-CT检测,评价股骨头坏死修复情况。结果:2周后各组动物股骨头关节面模糊,骨密度降低,骨小梁数量及厚度均下降,骨小梁结构紊乱,但组间差异不明显;4、6周后,A、B、C组动物股骨头内骨密度和骨小梁结构未明显变化,但可见修复反应,而D组动物股骨头内骨小梁结构破坏进一步加剧;8周后,D组动物股骨头关节面塌陷,骨小梁严重缺失形成较大空洞,A、B、C组股骨头可见明显修复反应,关节面完整度、关节面下骨密度、骨小梁体积及数量、骨小梁连续性表现为ACBD组。结论:MSC静脉移植可有效治疗股骨头坏死,且过表达Runx2基因修饰后能有效提升MSC移植后的治疗效果。     

基因修饰细胞介导的肿瘤治疗

肿瘤的基因治疗,最终都是通过基因修饰细胞介导完成的,这些基因修饰细胞可分为（1）免疫基因修饰的肿瘤细胞疫苗;（2）自杀基因或抑癌基因修饰的细胞疫苗;（3）基因修饰的树突状细胞（DC）疫苗;（4）基因修饰造血干细胞;（5）基因修饰淋巴细胞;（6）基因修饰血管内皮细胞及其它。它们在肿瘤的基因治疗中各有特点,本主要介绍这些方面的研究进展。     

细胞移植中的基因修饰技术

基因治疗的发展已经取得了可喜的成果——将实验研究成果转化为临床治疗。基因修饰技术已被大量运用于细胞移植,但瓶颈是有效的基因传递系统。几种病毒载体已被用于转导终末期的分化细胞,近来的大部分成功的案例都是应用腺病毒相关载体。作为一种替代方法,人类胚胎干细胞和干细胞样体系已被建立用来产生组织特异性的基因修饰细胞。     

Microdystrophin基因重组腺病毒的构建及转染mdx骨髓间充质干细胞的表达

构建含有人microdystrophin基因的重组腺病毒,来感染dystrophin基因敲除小鼠mdx的骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)进行基因修饰,为同种异体基因修饰的干细胞移植治疗DMD疾病奠定基础。用NotⅠ酶切含microdystrophin基因的pBSK-MICRO质粒,获得microdystrophin基因。片段回收后定向插入腺病毒穿梭质粒pShuttle-CMV,获得重组质粒pShuttle-CMV-MICRO。PmeⅠ线性化重组质粒pShuttle-CMV-MICRO,去磷酸化后回收后与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdeasy-1共电转化BJ5183感受态细胞。同源重组后用选择性培养基筛选阳性克隆,提取质粒,用脂质体介导转染293细胞,通过观察293细胞病变及PCR扩增目的基因等方法鉴定重组的腺病毒。然后将病毒上清转染DMD模型鼠mdx小鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞,通过RT-PCR以及间接免疫荧光检测microdystrophin的转录及蛋白表达。成功构建了含有microdystrophin基因的重组腺病毒,病毒滴度为5·58×1012vp/mL。间接免疫荧光检测可见microdystrophin蛋白在mdx小鼠MSCs中高效表达。该重组腺病毒载体的构建及成功转染到mdxMSCs内表达为下一步用microdystrophin基因修饰的mdxMSCs进行同种异体移植治疗DMD疾病奠定了基础。     

间充质(干)细胞的定义变迁

1966年Friedenstein发现了一群贴壁生长的、成纤维样的,可以体外诱导分化成多种中胚层组织的细胞。1991年Caplan正式命名为间充质干细胞(MSC),成为了全球最常用的描述。随着这群细胞生物学特性研究的进展,MSC到底是不是真正的干细胞引起了争论。目前研究资料表明,MSC的治疗效果主要是通过作为支持细胞分泌生物活性因子,刺激患者体内残留的组织特异性干细胞再生组织,而不是通过其干细胞的特性分化成新的组织。但一些研究者过分强调MSC的干细胞性能,误导患者以为输注的MSC可以再生成新组织。因此,有学者呼吁需将MSC的名称改为间充质细胞或药用信号细胞(medicinal signal cell)。本文将对MSC的定义和起源的发展过程进行梳理,并讨论如何合理的应用MSC的名称。     

间充质干细胞改善实体器官移植效果的临床研究

综述在临床实体器官移植(SOT)中使用间充质干细胞(MSC)的临床试验结果和研究进展。现己发现从人体不同组织中获得的MSC均有组织修复与免疫调节的功能。以MSC为基础的治疗方法旨在减少缺血-再灌注性损伤和促进免疫耐受。目前的临床研究结果显示:在SOT中使用自体或异体MSC是安全有效地。整体而言,活体亲属肾移植受者使用MSC与改善移植后肾功能、减少排斥反应等密切相关,并可替代免疫诱导和降低免疫抑制剂用量。目前己完成的改善SOT预后的临床试验以评估包括使用MSC的细胞治疗方法的安全性、可行性和有效性。结果支持基于MSC的细胞治疗具有安全性并证实可改善移植后近期疗效。     

hESC衍生间充质干细胞可显著促进体外血管生成

人胚胎干细胞(hESC)是具有体外无限增殖能力和多向分化潜能的一类亚全能干细胞,在特定的条件下可被诱导分化为机体的各种细胞包括间充质干细胞(MSC)。该研究以人脂肪间充质干细胞(ADSC)和脐带间充质干细胞(UC-MSC)为对照,对hESC衍生间充质干细胞(hESC-MSC)在体外血管生成中的作用进行了系统的研究,包括其条件培养上清对脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)的功能和向血管内皮细胞分化潜能的影响。研究发现,hESC-MSC的条件培养上清可显著促进HUVEC的增殖和迁移,其促进HUVEC增殖的作用显著高于UC-MSC的条件培养上清;hESC-MSC经不同血管内皮细胞诱导方案诱导后均具有体外类血管网络生成的能力,其网络长度均显著高于ADSC和UC-MSC经单一血管内皮细胞诱导方案诱导后的长度。因此,hESC-MSC可显著促进体外血管生成,提示该细胞有望成为一种有效的治疗新型心血管疾病的细胞。     

脐血CD-34单个核细胞来源间充质干细胞研究

目的 :探讨分离培养脐血CD-3 4 细胞来源间充质干细胞 (MSC)及研究其生物学特征。方法 :取足月妊娠健康产妇胎儿脐血 ,分离其中单个核细胞 (MNC) ,去除CD 3 4 细胞 ,体外用低糖型DMEM培养基培养。观察细胞形态、测定生长曲线、利用流式细胞仪对培养细胞进行表型测定、细胞周期分析、体外诱导分化实验以及检测造血因子的表达情况。结果 :脐血CD-3 4 细胞中可培养出间充质干细胞 ,可诱导向成骨和脂肪细胞分化并表达IL 6、SCF和SDF 1等造血生长因子。结论 :从足月妊娠健康产妇脐血CD-3 4 细胞可分离培养出间充质干细胞 ,具有与其它来源MSC类似的表型及分化潜能 ,在体外传代可保持其低分化状态并表达造血因子 ,可作为组织工程的种子细胞和具有促进造血作用     

间充质干细胞免疫学特性研究进展

间充质干细胞(MSC)是一群中胚层来源的具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的多能干细胞,具有低免疫原性和免疫调节的生物学特性,广泛应用于器官移植、组织创伤修复、细胞治疗等多个领域。随着人们对MSC免疫调节机制研究的不断深入,作为一种疾病治疗新制剂和理想的种子细胞,MSC在异基因造血干细胞移植、自身免疫性疾病治疗和组织工程中的应用备受关注。本文就近年来MSC免疫调节作用和机制的研究进展作一综述。     

恒河猴骨髓间质干细胞的体外分离培养及形态学特征分析(英文)

探索恒河猴骨髓间质干细胞(MSC)的体外分离培养方法,为其应用提供实验基础。取恒河猴骨髓细胞悬液,经梯度离心去除大部分血细胞,取含有MSC的中间单核细胞层,在含10%胎牛血清及1ng/mL碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的L-DMEM中培养扩增,并不断换液去除杂细胞,经过18d的原代培养,获得呈致密单层生长的MSC,其形态为较规则的长梭形细胞,排列有方向性,呈现一定的漩涡状、辐射状生长趋势。将原代细胞以1∶2传代,传代培养后期,细胞增殖速度逐渐变缓,细胞形态逐渐出现三角形、多边形及扁平宽大形等不规则形态。结果显示,恒河猴骨髓间质干细胞可在体外进行传代培养,但需进一步优化其培养条件。     

Markers of stemness in equine mesenchymal stem cells: a plea for uniformity

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a very promising subpopulation of adult stem cells for cell-based regenerative therapies in veterinary medicine. Despite major progress in the knowledge on adult stem cells during recent years, a proper identification of MSC remains a challenge. In human medicine, the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) recently proposed three criteria to define MSC. Firstly, cells must be plastic-adherent when maintained under standard culture conditions. Secondly, MSC must express CD73, CD90 and CD105, and lack expression of CD34, CD45, CD14 or CD11b, CD79α or CD19 and MHC class II antigens. Thirdly, MSC must be able to differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts in vitro. Successful isolation and differentiation of equine MSC from different sources such as bone marrow, fat tissue, umbilical cord blood, Wharton's Jelly or peripheral blood has been widely reported. However, their unequivocal immunophenotyping is hampered by the lack of a single specific marker and the limited availability of monoclonal anti-horse antibodies, which are two major factors complicating successful research on equine MSC. Detection of gene expression on mRNA level is hereby a valuable alternative, although the need still exists to test several antibody clones in search for cross-reactivity. To date, commercial antibodies recognizing equine epitopes are only available for CD13, CD44 and MHC-II. Moreover, as the expression of certain adult stem cell markers may differ between species, it is mandatory to define a set of CD markers which can be uniformly applied for the identification of equine MSC.     

Generation of mesenchymal stem cell lines from murine bone marrow

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), because of their multipotency and ease of purification and amplification, are an ideal stem cell source for cell therapies. Bone-marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) can be used to develop MSC-like immortalized cell lines with large proliferation and differentiation potentialities. Their immortalized status prevents the maintenance of MSC function and characters; this can be negated by modifying the isolation and maintenance protocol. Adult murine BMSC were isolated and maintained in media without additional growth factors together with passage-dependent reseeding following trypsinization. Cells maintained over 25 passages were considered as putative cell lines and characterized. The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and multilineage differentiation potential of the cells were assessed by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular assays at various passages. The putative BMSC cell lines showed the characteristics of MSC and were able to maintain these characteristics, even after immortalization. The phenotypic data demonstrated difference among two cell lines; this was further validated by the difference in their multilineage differentiation potential following specific induction. More importantly, no changes were observed in the genotypic level in comparison with control cells, even after more than 50 passages. Our protocol thus advances the isolation and maintenance of BMSC and the development of putative BMSC cell lines that maintain characteristics of MSC, including multilineage differentiation potential, after more than 40 passages.     

Human umbilical cord provides a significant source of unexpanded mesenchymal stromal cells

Background aimsHuman mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have considerable potential for cell-based therapies, including applications for regenerative medicine and immune suppression in graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). However, harvesting cells from the human body can cause iatrogenic disorders and in vitro expansion of MSC carries a risk of tumorigenesis and/or expansion of unexpected cell populationsMethodsGiven these problems, we have focused on umbilical cord, a tissue obtained with few ethical problems that contains significant numbers of MSC. We have developed a modified method to isolate MSC from umbilical cord, and investigated their properties using flow cytometry, mRNA analysis and an in vivo GvHD modelResultsOur study demonstrates that, using umbilical cord, large numbers of MSC can be safely obtained using a simple procedure without in vitro expansion, and these non-expanded MSC have the potential to suppress GvHD.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the combined banking of umbilical cord-derived MSC and identical cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cell banking, where strict inspection of the infectious disease status of donors is performed, as well as further benefits of HLA-matched mesenchymal cells, could become one of the main sources of cells for cell-based therapy against various disorders.     

Mesenchymal stem cells: progress toward promise

Despite having access to embryonic stem cells, many laboratories choose to study adult stem cells, not because of philosophical reasons but because of the practical aspects and day-to-day progress necessary for developing cellular therapeutics. There is certainly the ethical desire and responsibility to provide patients with therapies where few options exist. Multipotential cells have been isolated from adult tissues in many laboratories, characterized and their multipotentiality examined. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can be isolated from several tissues but easily accessible BM seems to be the most common source. These adult stem cells may not be as 'powerful' or diverse as embryonic stem cells may one day become, but at present they offer many advantages for developing cellular therapeutics: ease of isolation, expansion potential, stable phenotype, shippability, and compatibility with different delivery methods and formulations. Their potential use as cellular therapeutics has prompted the investigation of interactions of allogeneic MSC with the immune response. The great importance of cardiovascular medicine has demanded that MSC also be tested in this discipline. We believe MSC continue to provide a substantial scientific and therapeutic opportunity, and have reviewed some of the recent developments in the field.     

In vitro endothelial potential of human UC blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND: Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) possess powerful ex vivo expansion and versatile differentiation potential, placing themselves at the forefront of the field of stem cell-based therapy and transplantation. Of high clinical relevance is the endothelial differentiation potential of MSC, which can be used to treat various forms of ischemic vascular disease. METHODS: We investigated whether human umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived MSC are able to differentiate in vitro along an endothelial lineage, by using flow cytometry, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyzes, as well as an Ab array method. RESULTS: When the cells were incubated for up to 3 weeks in the presence of VEGF, EGF and hydrocortisone, they began to express a variety of endothelial lineage surface markers, such as Flk-1, Flt-1, VE-Cadherin, vWF, VCAM-1, Tie-1 and Tie-2, and to secrete a specific set of cytokines. Differentiated cells were also found to be able to uptake low-density lipoprotein and form a tubular network structure. DISCUSSION: These observations have led us to conclude that UCB-derived MSC retain endothelial potential that is suitable for basic and clinical studies aimed at the development of vasculature-directed regenerative medicine.     

Fetal and adult liver stem cells for liver regeneration and tissue engineering

For the development of innovative cell-based liver directed therapies, e.g. liver tissue engineering, the use of stem cells might be very attractive to overcome the limitation of donor liver tissue. Liver specific differentiation of embryonic, fetal or adult stem cells is currently under investigation. Different types of fetal liver (stem) cells during development were identified, and their advantageous growth potential and bipotential differentiation capacity were shown. However, ethical and legal issues have to be addressed before using fetal cells. Use of adult stem cells is clinically established, e.g. transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. Other bone marrow derived liver stem cells might be mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, the transdifferentiation potential is still in question due to the observation of cellular fusion in several in vivo experiments. In vitro experiments revealed a crucial role of the environment (e.g. growth factors and extracellular matrix) for specific differentiation of stem cells. Co-cultured liver cells also seemed to be important for hepatic gene expression of MSC. For successful liver cell transplantation, a novel approach of tissue engineering by orthotopic transplantation of gel-immobilized cells could be promising, providing optimal environment for the injected cells. Moreover, an orthotopic tissue engineering approach using bipotential stem cells could lead to a repopulation of the recipients liver with healthy liver and biliary cells, thus providing both hepatic functions and biliary excretion. Future studies have to investigate, which stem cell and environmental conditions would be most suitable for the use of stem cells for liver regeneration or tissue engineering approaches.     

Miro1 regulates intercellular mitochondrial transport & enhances mesenchymal stem cell rescue efficacy

There is emerging evidence that stem cells can rejuvenate damaged cells by mitochondrial transfer. Earlier studies show that epithelial mitochondrial dysfunction is critical in asthma pathogenesis. Here we show for the first time that Miro1, a mitochondrial Rho‐GTPase, regulates intercellular mitochondrial movement from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to epithelial cells (EC). We demonstrate that overexpression of Miro1 in MSC (MSCmiro^Hi) leads to enhanced mitochondrial transfer and rescue of epithelial injury, while Miro1 knockdown (MSCmiro^Lo) leads to loss of efficacy. Treatment with MSCmiro^Hi was associated with greater therapeutic efficacy, when compared to control MSC, in mouse models of rotenone (Rot) induced airway injury and allergic airway inflammation (AAI). Notably, airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling were reversed by MSCmiro^Hi in three separate allergen‐induced asthma models. In a human in vitro system, MSCmiro^Hi reversed mitochondrial dysfunction in bronchial epithelial cells treated with pro‐inflammatory supernatant of IL‐13‐induced macrophages. Anti‐inflammatory MSC products like NO, TGF‐β, IL‐10 and PGE2, were unchanged by Miro1 overexpression, excluding non‐specific paracrine effects. In summary, Miro1 overexpression leads to increased stem cell repair.     

间充质干细胞的来源及其对肝脏损伤及修复的研究进展

全球终末期肝病、肝衰竭的发病率和死亡率逐年升高,且目前肝移植是唯一疗效确切的治疗选择,但是,肝移植的使用受到肝源供体严重不足,长期存活率低,医疗费用昂贵等缺点使得原位肝移植的应用受限,绝大多数患者无法受益。为了克服肝脏器官短缺,干细胞替代治疗策略逐渐成为另一个肝病治疗的重要选择,干细胞治疗,特别是间充质干细胞（MSC）提供了一个新的肝病治疗选择。MSC是一群贴壁生长的成纤维细胞样细胞,由于MSC能够分化为多种类型的细胞,能够产生多种的细胞因子和生长因子,具有造血支持和免疫调节和抗炎功能,MSC被认为在再生医学领域具有重大的科学和实用价值。另外,由于MSC应用于治疗实验性肝损伤能明显提高动物存活率,明显改善肝功能。此外,一些临床前研究和临床研究也表明MSC对肝损伤性疾病具有显著地疗效。因此MSC在损伤性和退行性肝脏疾病的治疗具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了MSC在肝损伤疾病治疗应用的进展,并对MSC在肝病治疗中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Enhanced alleviation of aGVHD by TGF‐β1‐modified mesenchymal stem cells in mice through shifting MΦ into M2 phenotype and promoting the differentiation of Treg cells

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT) is the only curative method in treating haematologic malignant diseases. Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is a common complication post–allo‐HSCT, which can be life‐threatening. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an adult stem cell with immunoregulatory function have demonstrated efficacy in steroid resistant acute GVHD (aGVHD). However, the outcome of aGVHD treated with MSCs in clinical trials varied and its underlying mechanism is still unclear. TGF‐β1 is a potent cytokine, which plays a key role in immunoregulation. In the present study, we firstly transduced the lentivirus vector containing TGF‐β1 gene with mouse bone marrow‐derived MSCs. Then, we investigated the immunosuppressive effect of TGF‐β1 gene‐modified MSCs on lymphocytes in vitro and its preventive and therapeutical effects on murine aGVHD model in vivo. Murine MSC was successfully isolated and identified. TGF‐β1 was efficiently transduced into mouse MSCs, and high level TGF‐β1 was detected. MSC‐TGF‐β1 shared the same morphology and immunotypic features of normal MSC. In vitro, MSC‐TGF‐β1 showed enhanced immunosuppressive function on lymphocyte proliferation. In vivo, MSC‐TGF‐β1 showed enhanced amelioration on the severity of aGVHD both in prophylactic and therapeutic murine models. Finally, the macrophages (MØs) derived from MSC‐TGF‐β1–treated mice showed a remarkably increasing of anti‐inflammatory M2‐like phenotype. Furthermore, the differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells was significantly increased in MSC‐TGF‐β1–treated group. Taken together, we proved that MSC‐TGF‐β1 showed enhanced alleviation of aGVHD severity in mice by skewing macrophages into a M2 like phenotype or increasing the proportion of Treg cells, which opens a new frontier in the treatment of aGVHD.