秸秆覆盖旱作瓜田土壤水分的空间变化及对西瓜产量的影响

为了探明秸秆覆盖栽培对西瓜产量及土壤水分的影响,选用玉米秸秆在生育期设置地表全覆盖（WM）、行间覆盖（SM）和根域覆盖（RM）3个覆盖处理,以不覆盖为对照（CK）,研究不同秸秆覆盖方式对旱作西瓜不同生育时期土壤总贮水量、不同深度土壤含水量及产量的影响.结果表明：秸秆地表全覆盖和根域覆盖处理显著提高了西瓜全生育期根域和行间0～120 cm的土壤含水量和贮水量,且伸蔓后期以后的土壤贮水量根域高于行间;秸秆覆盖处理对西瓜伸蔓后期至膨大前期的土壤含水量影响最大,随着西瓜的生长发育,秸秆覆盖处理提高根域土壤含水量的幅度增加,深度下延.秸秆覆盖处理提高西瓜产量主要受根域土壤水分条件改善的影响;各覆盖处理均显著提高了西瓜的产量和水分利用效率,WM、SM和RM处理的增产幅度分别为24.8%、11.5%和15.1%,水分利用效率分别提高了42.7%、24.3%和294%.以地表全覆盖13500 kg·hm^-2秸秆量的处理蓄水保墒、提高西瓜产量和水分利用效率的效果最显著.     

LEAF DEVELOPMENT IN DOXANTHA UNGUIS-CATI (BIGNONIACEAE)

Leaf structure in Doxantha unguis-cati is polymorphic. The usual mature compound leaf is composed of two lanceolate leaflets and a terminal tripartite spine-tendril. Leaf primordia are initiated simultaneously in pairs on opposite flanks of the shoot apical meristem by periclinal cell divisions in the third subsurface layer of the peripheral flank meristem. Two leaflet primordia are the first lateral appendages of the compound leaf. Initiation of these leaflet primordia occurs on the adaxial side of a compound leaf primordium 63–70 μm long. Lamina formation is initiated at the base of a leaflet primordium 70–90 μm long and continues acropetally. Mesophyll differentiation occurs in later stages of development of leaflets. The second pair of lateral appendages of the leaf primordium differentiate as prongs of the tendril. Initiation of the second pair of lateral appendages occurs on the adaxial side of a primordium approximately 168 μm long. Acropetal procambialization and vacuolation of cells extend to the apex of tendrils about 112 μm long, restricting the tendril meristem to the adaxial side of the primordium and resulting in curvature of the tendril. The tendril meristem is gradually limited to a more basipetal position as elongation of apical cells continues. Initiatory divisions and early ontogenetic stages of leaflets and tendrils are similar. Their ontogeny differs when the lateral primordia are approximately 70 μm long. Marginal and submarginal initials differentiate within leaflets but not in tendrils. Apical growth of tendrils ceases very early in ontogeny as compared with leaflets.     

EMS诱变西瓜突变体库的构建及表型分析

采用1.0%诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理西瓜品系W1-17种子9h,然后对M1和M2代群体单株在叶、花、茎、育性、分支习性等方面进行表型变异观察,同时选取M2代典型变异株系,利用23对西瓜SSR引物进行分析鉴定,构建西瓜突变体库。结果表明:(1)EMS诱变使M1代幼苗形态呈现出叶畸形、叶褶皱、部分黄化、花畸形、雄花不散粉、卷须畸形、矮小、生长缓慢、不育等特异性状,获得由1 252个单株组成的西瓜突变体M1群体,群体总变异频率为18.33%。(2)M2代共筛选到205个突变植株,40种表型变异,表现在子叶性状(黄化、扭曲不对称、折叠等)、叶和茎性状(叶黄化、变小、裂刻变深,茎变细,节间变短,分支少等)、花性状(花变大,花色变浅,两性花,花瓣皱缩、部分退化、数目突变,柱头畸形,雄蕊不成熟等)和其他性状(生长缓慢、不育等)等方面,总的表型突变率达到了19.59%。(3)针对M2代10个典型变异植株,通过SSR引物分析发现有9份材料在DNA水平上有变异。本研究初步构建了含有120个M1代家系及1 051株M2代植株、40种表型变异的西瓜突变体库。     

西番莲采后品质劣变及贮藏保鲜技术研究进展

西番莲(Passiflora caerulea)是一种营养丰富的热带亚热带特色水果,采后易发生果实品质劣变现象,是制约采后西番莲果实保鲜期的重要因素。本文就西番莲采后果实褶皱及失重、果皮色泽变化、营养物质含量减少和采后病害发生等品质劣变机理,及其低温、热处理、包装、1-MCP、多糖和化学保鲜剂等西番莲果实采后保鲜技术的国内外相关研究进行综述,以期为维持西番莲果实贮藏品质、延长果实保鲜期提供指导。     

Touch- and Methyl Jasmonate-induced Lignification in Tendrils of Bryonia dioica Jacq.

The touch-induced free coiling response of Bryonia dioica tendrils is accompanied by the differentiation of supporting tissue at the ventral side of the organ, becoming the inner (concave) side of the coiled tendril. As part of this process, the Bianconi plate, a continuous sclerenchyma sheath stretching along the ventral face of the five bicollateral vascular bundles, becomes strongly lignified. During this reaction, the extractable activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the tendrils increases four- to five-fold, while the amount of PAL, as demonstrated by immunoblotting, remains unchanged. This touch-induced process can also be elicited by airborne application of methyl jasmonate. The PAL inhibitor, 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP) completely inhibits both the touch- and methyl jasmonate-induced deposition of lignin-like material in the Bianconi plate, but has no effect on coiling. From these results, it can be concluded that the cessation of growth at the ventral side of a free-coiling tendril is not due to induced lignification but rather, lignification seems to serve the function of increasing the mechanical strength of the coiled tendril.     

Watermelon growth,fruit yield and plant survival as affected by squash bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae) feeding

Adult squash bugs, Anasa tristis (De Geer) (Heteroptera: Coreidae), were confined on watermelon plants at differing phenological stages and at densities of zero to four per plant in one trial and zero to 32 per plant in three additional trials. Squash bugs were allowed to feed on the plants until plants died or fruit matured. Plant foliage, roots, and fruit were harvested and weighed to determine effects on growth and productivity. Growth and fruit production was regressed on number of squash bugs and results indicated that an increasing density of squash bugs feeding on vining and flowering stage plants resulted in significant reductions in plant growth and fruit yield. When plants were infested at the fruit set stage of growth, there was either less effect or no effect on plant growth and fruit production. Plant mortality increased as the density of squash bugs increased regardless of the stage of growth when plants were infested with squash bugs.     

Sri Lankan passion fruit mottle virus, a potyvirus infecting golden passion fruit in Sri Lanka

A sap-transmissible virus, provisionally named Sri Lankan passion fruit mottle virus (SLPFMV), was isolated from Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and shown to induce leaf mottling and distortion in that host. The virus infected 23 species in five plant families with systemic infection being common in the Passifloraceae. Chenopodium amaranticolor was a good local lesion host and Passiflora foetida was a useful systemic host for purification. In P. foetida extracts, SLPFMV lost infectivity after 10 min between 70–75°C, 6–7 days at 20–23°C and at dilutions of 10^--⁵ -W^-6. The virus had flexuous, filamentous particles with a normal length of c. 841 nm. Two polypeptides of mol. wt c. 33 200 and 28 700 were detected in purified virus preparations, and a major species of double-stranded RNA (mol. wt 7.0 × 10⁶), was detected in infected plants. Pinwheels, tubular and laminated inclusions were found in ultrathin sections of infected P. edulis f. plavicurpa and cylindrical inclusions were observed in epidermal strips. SLPFMV was transmitted by the aphids Myzus persicae, Aphis spiraecola, A. gossypü and A. cruccivora after brief acquisition feeds. SLPFMV reacted with antisera to several potyviruses including passion fruit woodiness virus, passion fruit ringspot virus, potato virus Y and watermelon mosaic virus 2 and thus, apparently, is a member of the potyvirus group.     

Vascular flows and transpiration affect peach (Prunus persica Batsch.) fruit daily growth

The relative contributions of xylem, phloem, and transpiration to fruit growth and the daily patterns of their flows have been determined in peach, during the two stages of rapid diameter increase, by precise and continuous monitoring of fruit diameter variations. Xylem, phloem, and transpiration contributions to growth were quantified by comparing the diurnal patterns of diameter change of fruits, which were then girdled and subsequently detached. Xylem supports peach growth by 70%, and phloem 30%, while transpiration accounts for approximately 60% of daily total inflows. These figures and their diurnal patterns were comparable among years, stages, and cultivars. Xylem was functional at both stage I and III, while fruit transpiration was high and strictly dependent on environmental conditions, causing periods of fruit shrinkage. Phloem imports were correlated to fruit shrinkage and appear to facilitate subsequent fruit enlargement. Peach displays a growth mechanism which can be explained on the basis of passive unloading of photoassimilates from the phloem. A pivotal role is played by the large amount of water flowing from the tree to the fruit and from the fruit to the atmosphere.     

Genetic mapping reveals a candidate gene (<Emphasis Type="Italic">ClFS1</Emphasis>) for fruit shape in watermelon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrullus lanatus</Emphasis> L.)

Key message

A 159 bp deletion in ClFS1 gene encoding IQD protein is responsible for fruit shape in watermelon.

Abstract

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is known for its rich diversity in fruit size and shape. Fruit shape has been one of the major objectives of watermelon breeding. However, the candidate genes and the underlying genetic mechanism for such an important trait in watermelon are unknown. In this study, we identified a locus on chromosome 3 of watermelon genome controlling fruit shape. Segregation analysis in F₂ and BC₁ populations derived from a cross between two inbred lines “Duan125” (elongate fruit) and “Zhengzhouzigua” (spherical fruit) suggests that fruit shape of watermelon is controlled by a single locus and elongate fruit (OO) is incompletely dominant to spherical fruit (oo) with the heterozygote (Oo) being oval fruit. GWAS profiles among 315 accessions identified a major locus designated on watermelon chromosome 3, which was confirmed by BSA-seq mapping in the F₂ population. The candidate gene was mapped to a region 46 kb on chromosome 3. There were only four genes present in the corresponding region in the reference genome. Four candidate genes were sequenced in this region, revealing that the CDS of Cla011257 had a 159 bp deletion which resulted in the omission of 53 amino acids in elongate watermelon. An indel marker was derived from the 159 bp deletion to test the F₂ population and 105 watermelon accessions. The results showed that Cla011257 cosegregated with watermelon fruit shape. In addition, the Cla011257 expression was the highest at ovary formation stage. The predicted protein of the Cla011257 gene fitted in IQD protein family which was reported to have association with cell arrays and Ca²⁺-CaM signaling modules. Clear understanding of the genes facilitating the fruit shape along with marker association selection will be an effective way to develop new cultivars.

     

Self-incompatibility in passion fruit: cellular responses in incompatible pollinations

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic mechanism in angiosperms that prevents selfing. The SI system in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) was investigated using hand pollinations. Pollen tube growth was inspected by microscopy, and sequence analysis of potential regulators of this process was carried out. The results revealed that the pollen tubes grew slowly and were often completely arrested in the stigma in an incompatible combination. Under these circumstances the pollen tube was rapidly and significantly rearranged, followed by the rapid deposition of callose in the stigma during the SI response. The structural changes in the pollen grain after an incompatible pollination were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, ultrastructural observations during incompatible interactions showed that the membrane system of the pollen tube was damaged, and fertilisation was not observed or was considerably delayed when compared to compatible interactions. The analysis presented here provides evidence that the passion fruit genome presents similar sequences to those encoding factors involved in SI in different species. These results suggest that, in the SI system of passion fruit, the rejection of an incompatible pollen grain is characterised by drastic structural changes in both pollen and pollen tube.     

不同有机肥对砂田西瓜产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

探讨不同有机肥对西北砂田西瓜生长、产量、品质和养分吸收利用的影响,为砂田西瓜合理施肥、优质高效生产提供理论依据.本试验以单施化肥为对照,在氮、磷、钾等养分条件下,设置了牛粪、鸡粪、羊粪、猪粪4个处理,测定了西瓜不同生育时期生长指标、产量、品质及养分吸收积累量.结果表明: 施用牛粪、鸡粪和猪粪有机肥较单施化肥可促进西瓜营养生长和氮、钾养分的运转,显著提高西瓜产量和养分的吸收积累量,其中西瓜产量较化肥处理分别显著提高了27.4%、31.6%和30.2%,氮素积累量分别提高了26.3%、39.8%和47.4%,磷素积累量分别提高了49.3%、48.3%和55.9%,钾素积累量分别提高了35.8%、41.6%和51.9%.猪粪处理的西瓜品质最优,中心、边缘可溶性固形物含量较化肥处理分别显著提高了5.5%和11.6%,Vc含量提高了19.9%.羊粪处理各指标与化肥处理间差异不显著,甚至略低于化肥处理.综上,砂田西瓜种植应优先选用猪粪和鸡粪有机肥,避免或减少施用羊粪有机肥.     

MORPHO-HISTOGENIC STUDIES ON TENDRILS OF VITACEAE

The origin and development of the tendrils were studied in 16 species of the Vitaceae: Ampelopsis (7 sp.), Parthenocissus (4 sp.), Vitis (3 sp.), and Tetrastigma (1 sp.). Two types of arrangement of leaf and tendril occur: (a) two successive nodes have leaf-opposed tendrils alternating with each other, followed by a third node, with a leaf unopposed by the tendril; (b) all the nodes have leaf-opposed tendrils. The tendril, like a leaf, is a lateral product of the apical meristem of the shoot. A leaf opposite a tendril is initiated earlier than the tendril. Anticlinal and periclinal divisions in the second and/or third layer of the peripheral meristem of the shoot apex initiate the tendril. The procambium of the tendril first appears towards its abaxial side. Vascularization of the tendril is independent of the axillary bud of the next node below. The positional relationship of the nodal plate vis-à-vis the leaf-opposed tendril shows that the tendril and the leaf belong to the same node. Histological evidence does not show the uplifting of the tendril to the next node above during internodal differentiation. Ontogenetic and morphologic correlation and homology between the inflorescence and the tendril do not substantiate that the tendril in the Vitaceae is an organ sui generis. All available evidence indicates that the tendril is an extra-axillary lateral branch.     

西瓜无籽变异株果实发育期激素含量变化特征

以辐射变异西瓜自交分离系内果实有籽株‘406F’和无籽株‘406S’为试验材料,采用形态学观察及酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)对其果实发育过程以及果肉与种子内源激素动态变化进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)两类西瓜果实纵横径随生育期推进呈相似的‘慢-快-慢’的‘单S’增长曲线,而果实重量及种子的变化则不同。‘406S’果实重量增加速率较恒定,其种子授粉后15 d停止生长,纵横径及重量开始降低;‘406F’果实重量变化呈‘快-慢-快’的‘双S’曲线,种子大小和重量随发育进程增加迅速。(2)两类西瓜果实发育期果肉与种子内源激素水平及峰值的时间有差异。‘406S’子房赤霉素(GAs)和玉米素核苷(ZRs)含量在授粉后0~3 d较高,且授粉后3~15 d果肉生长素(IAA)含量也高于有籽果实;‘406F’果肉GAs与ZRs含量则在授粉后6~21 d较高,且GAs含量变化与果实纵横径发育曲线相吻合。‘406S’种子IAA、GAs、ZRs含量相对较低,只有脱落酸(ABA)含量随种子退化进程增幅较大;‘406F’种子4种激素含量相对较高,且随种子的发育变幅较大。研究认为,无籽果实与有籽果实发育机制不同,果肉4种激素水平的差异对果实形状影响不大,但对重量增长影响较大;种子内源激素含量与种子发育关系密切,但无籽西瓜种子内源激素含量对果实发育无明显作用。     

Identification of potential hosts plants of Cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus

Among the major pathogens affecting passion fruit orchards, the cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus (CABMV), also known as the fruit‐hardening virus, has gained prominence owing to its role in the drastic reduction in fruit production in yellow passion fruit orchards (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) from the second year of cultivation. To mitigate the damage, several regions adopt the annual planting system where a sanitary void is maintained from August to September. However, the virus is believed to remain dormant in weeds. This study aimed to identify potential weed hosts of CABMV. The study was conducted with a randomized design with four replications in Londrina, PR. Twenty‐eight weed species were tested, and a sample of yellow passion fruit leaves symptomatic for CABMV infection was used as the virus inoculum source. Mechanical inoculation was performed using the extract from the symptomatic plant. Symptoms were visually evaluated every 3 days. For molecular confirmation, total RNA was extracted, followed by RT‐PCR with CABMV‐specific oligonucleotides, reinoculation in passion fruit plants and sequencing. CABMV infection was observed in southern sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus), Siberian motherwort (Leonurus sibiricus), showy rattlepod (Crotalaria spectabilis) and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). The CABMV‐positive weed species extract was able to infect yellow passion fruit plant when a fresh mechanical inoculation was performed. Showy rattlepod (Crotalaria spectabilis) was the only weed species to exhibit observable symptoms of CABMV. C. echinatus, L. sibiricus and C. spectabilis act as a source of CABMV inoculum.     

嫁接的西瓜果实发育过程中叶和果实蔗糖代谢的一些特性

嫁接瓜果实发育过程中,叶内蔗糖含量和干物质积累显著高于自根瓜,自根瓜和嫁接瓜的叶中蔗糖含量与酸性转化酶（AI）、蔗糖磷酸合酶（SPS）活性均呈显著正相关;嫁接瓜果实中蔗糖含量显著低于自根瓜,SPS活性和果实中糖分的跨液泡膜运输能力亦较自根瓜低;自根瓜和嫁接瓜叶的干物质积累与叶中AI和SPS活性、果实AI活性呈显著负相关,与液泡膜H^＋-ATPase活性呈显著正相关。     

Dynamic characteristics of sugar accumulation and related enzyme activities in sweet and non-sweet watermelon fruits

Sugar content largely determines watermelon fruit quality. We compared changes in sugar accumulation and activities of carbohydrate enzymes in the flesh (central portion) and mesocarp of elite sweet watermelon line 97103 (Citrullus lanatus subsp. vulgaris) and exotic non-sweet line PI296341-FR (C. lanatus subsp. lanatus) to elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of sugar accumulation in watermelon fruit. The major translocated sugars, raffinose and stachyose, were more unloaded into sweet watermelon fruit than non-sweet fruit. During the fruit development, acid α-galactosidase activity was much higher in flesh of 97103 than in mesocarp of 97103, in flesh and mesocarp of PI296341-FR fruit. Insoluble acid invertase activity was higher in 97103 flesh than in 97103 mesocarp, PI296341-FR flesh or mesocarp from 18 days after pollination (DAP) to 34 DAP. Changes in soluble acid invertase activity in 97103 flesh were similar to those in PI296341-FR flesh and mesocarp from 18 DAP to full ripening. Sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities in 97103 flesh were significantly higher than those in 97103 mesocarp and PI296341-FR fruits from 18 to 34 DAP. Only insoluble acid invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities were significantly positively correlated with sucrose content in 97103 flesh. Therefore, phloem loading, distribution and metabolism of major translocated sugars, which are controlled by key sugar metabolism enzymes, determine fruit sugar accumulation in sweet and non-sweet watermelon and reflect the distribution diversity of translocated sugars between subspecies.     

In Vitro Culture of a Root Parasite, Aeginetia indica L. II. The Plane of Cell Division in the Tendril

Factors affecting septation (cell division) of the tendril whichfacilitates the organic connection with the host were studiedin a root parasite Aeginetia indica L. Transverse cell division,which occurs perpendicular to the long axis of the tendril,was promoted by additions of sucrose, glucose and cytokininsto the basal medium. Longitudinal cell division of the tendril,which takes place parallel or obliquely to the long axis, wasstimulated by cytokinins, but not by sucrose. The latter typeof cell division was frequent in basal and sub-basal cells ofthe tendril but was extremely rare in apical cells. The orientationof the planes of these cell divisions was closely related tocell shape. Abnormal growth of the tendril was seen in germinatingseeds grown for six weeks or more in media containing both Miscanthus(a host) root extract and cytokinin. (Received February 23, 1984; Accepted June 12, 1984)     

Productivity of Peach Trees : Tree Growth and Water Stress in Relation to Fruit Growth and Assimilate Demand

The growth of the limbs of peach trees measured by dendrometerswas inhibited during periods when the rate of d. wt accumulationby the fruit was increasing. The diurnal shrinkage of theselimbs measured by the same dendrometers was greatest duringperiods when limb growth was inhibited. The increase in diurnalshrinkage of the limbs coinciding with inhibited limb growth,and increased assimilate demand, was greater than that causedby environmental factors at maximum soil water-potential andgreater than that caused by five days soil drying after irrigation.Leaf water potential and diurnal limb shrinkage were measuredcontinuously during two periods of maximum soil water-potentialand leaf area when the rate of d. wt increase of the fruit wasdecreasing (DW II) and then later when the rate of d. wt increaseof the fruit was increasing (DW III). The leaf water potentialwas lower and limb shrinkage greater during DW 111 than DW II.The hydraulic gradient also increased from 1 bar m^–1 inDW II to 2 bar m^–1 in DW III Environmental conditions during both periods were very similarand the data suggest total water use by the tree increased substantiallyduring periods of high assimilate demand by the fruit.