人骨形成蛋白－2AcDNA基因工程产物诱骨活性的形态学证明

人骨形成蛋白２Ａ（ｈｕｍａｎｂｏｎｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ２Ａ,ｈＢＭＰ２Ａ）ｃＤＮＡ３′端５６７个核苷酸插入表达载体ＰＳＧ４Ｔ－２中,在大肠杆菌中获得１５％的表达,表达产物为２１ＫＤ的蛋白质,经包涵体洗涤,尿素变性和复性后,取１ｉｎｇ表达产物,植入小鼠股四头肌中,２１天后取植入区进行组织切片观察,证实这种基因工程产物具有良好的异位骨诱导活性。     

重组人骨形成蛋白—3成熟肽的表达,纯化及诱骨活性的研究

推测人骨形成蛋白３羧基端的１２７氨基酸的肽段为其成熟肽（ｈＢＭＰ３ｍ）。将编码此成熟肽的ｃＤＮＡ插入含ＰＬ启动子的表达质粒ｐＤＨ中,构建表达质粒ｐＤＨＢ３ｍ,转化大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α。４２℃热诱导６ｈ后表达量达到最高水平,约占菌体总蛋白２８％;表达产物以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经分离和洗涤后,溶解于尿素,在变性溶解状态下经阳离子交换层析,目的蛋白纯度至少在９５％以上。再经稀释复性。然后将纯化、复性的重组人骨形成蛋白３成熟肽（ｒｈＢＭＰ３ｍ）植入小鼠肌肉间隙,于不同时间取材观察,在局部可见典型的软骨形成、软骨内成骨以及骨组织形成的过程,证实所制备的ｒｈＢＭＰ３ｍ具有明显的异位诱骨活性。     

重组人骨形态形成蛋白2在家蚕幼虫中表达及产物纯化

将编码人ＢＭＰ２ｃＤＮＡ基因插入昆虫杆状病毒转移载体ｐＢａｃＰＡＫ１,与修饰的家蚕核形多角体病毒Ｂｍ－ＢａｃＰＡＫＤＮＡ共转染家蚕细胞,通过同源重组得到含有在多角体蛋白基因启动子控制下的ＢＭＰ２ｃＤＮＡ基因的重组病毒Ｂｍ－ＢａｃＰＡＫ－ＢＭＰ２。用重组病毒感染家蚕幼虫,第五天ＢＭＰ２表达率最高,每毫升蚕血淋巴中约１０μｇ表达产物;表达产物在在体内被加工成Ｃ－端１６ｋＤ片段,以二硫键连结成分子量为３０ｋＤ的同源二聚体;经纯化获得９０％以上纯度的成熟ＢＭＰ２,与骨基质胶原结合后植入大鼠皮下,７天后在局部诱导生成软骨组织。     

人骨形成蛋白2A活性片段在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

将编码人骨形成蛋白２Ａ（ＢＭＰ２Ａ）Ｃ端１７３个氨基酸（ＢＭＰ２３）和１３４个氨基酸（ＢＭＰ２４）的ＤＮＡ基因片段分别重组克隆进入ＰＬ启动子控制下的表达载体,构建了表达质粒ｐＢＬＢＭＰ２３和ｐＢＬＢＭＰ２４,分别转化大肠杆菌进行表达研究．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析温敏诱导的表达菌,可以分别观察到分子量为２０ｋＤ和１５．５ｋＤ的高表达条带,与理论计算的分子量一致,表达量分别占细菌蛋白质总量的１０％和２０％左右。表达产物经包含体制备达到８０％以上纯度。Ｎ端序列测定的１５个氨基酸,与重组ｃＤＮＡ基因编码的序列相同．ＢＭＰ２３和ＢＭＰ２４包含体经复性处理后,得到二聚体分子蛋白质条带,与骨基质胶原重组后在大鼠体内测活,观察到ＢＭＰ２３诱导软骨细胞生成,ＢＭＰ２４刺激丰富的骨样胶原组织合成．     

重组人骨形成蛋白-3羧基端肽在大肠杆菌中表达及其诱骨活性

以双顺反子表达载体,在大肠杆菌中经ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达了人骨形成蛋白－３羧基端肽段（ｈＢＭＰ－３Ｃ）,表达量占菌体总蛋白量的１８．５％．目的蛋白为２５ｋＤ、含ｈＢＭＰ－３Ｃ端２１５个氨基酸残基组成的肽段,包括ｈＢＭＰ－３成熟肽和一部分前肽．表达产物以包涵体的形式存在,用含ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００的洗涤液和５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以下脲溶液连续洗涤,可获得较高纯度的重组人骨形成蛋白－３Ｃ端肽．经复性处理成可溶性蛋白,植入小鼠肌肉内,第１４ｄ组织切片显示有软骨细胞和软骨基质形成,第２１ｄ可见成骨细胞和骨基质形成．将ｒｈＢＭＰ－３Ｃ与脱矿去免疫原性异种骨粒复合后作小鼠肌肉植入试验,２１ｄ组织切片上可见硬质骨形成．结果表明：大肠杆菌表达的ｈＢＭＰ－３Ｃ经复性后具有诱骨活性,糖基化并非ＢＭＰ－３活性所必需．     

hBMP—2cDNA在COS细胞和小鼠肌肉中的表达

研究了骨形态发生蛋白ＢＭＰ－２ｃＤＮＡ在ＣＯＳ细胞和小鼠肌肉中的表达的情况,从ｐＳＰＳ６５ＢＭＰ－２质粒中回收ＢＭＰ－２ｃＤＮＡ,删除５端的非翻译序列,插入ｐＳＶＬ载体中,构建了含有ＢＭＰ－２全长编码序列的重组表达质粒ｐＳＶＬＢＭＰ－２将表达质粒导入ＣＯＳ－７细胞中,细胞ＲＮＡ点杂交结果表明,转染ＢＭＰ－２基因的细胞内ＢＭＰ－２的ｍＲＮＡ水平明显升高,细胞培养上清的ＥＬＩＳＡ显示,转染ＢＭＰ－２ｃ     

hBMP－2cDNA在COS细胞和小鼠肌肉中的表达

研究了骨形态发生蛋白ＢＭＰ－２ｃＤＮＡ在ＣＯＳ细胞和小鼠肌肉中的表达的情况,从ｐＳＰＳ６５ＢＭＰ－２质粒中回收ＢＭＰ－２ｃＤＮＡ,删除５＇端的非翻译序列,插入ｐＳＶＬ载体中,构建了含有ＢＭＰ－２全长编码序列的重组表达质粒ｐＳＶＬＢＭＰ－２。将表达质粒导入ＣＯＳ－７细胞中,细胞ＲＮＡ点杂交结果表明,转染ＢＭＰ－２基因的细胞内ＢＭＰ－２的ｍＲＮＡ水平明显升高;细胞培养上清的ＥＬＩＳＡ显示,转染ＢＭＰ－２ｃＤＮＡ后,细胞分泌产生的ＢＭＰ－２显著增加。小鼠实验发现,在肌肉内用注射法导入ＢＭＰ－２重组质粒后,局部组织内ＢＭＰ－２的ｍＲＮＡ转录水平也明显提高。     

重组人骨形成蛋白—3羧基端肽在大肠杆菌中表达及其诱骨活性

以双顺反子表达载体,在大肠杆菌中经ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达了人骨形成蛋白－３羧基端肽段（ｈＢＭＰ－３Ｃ）,表达量占菌体总蛋白量的１８．５％。目的蛋白为２５ｋＤ、含ｈＢＭＰ－３Ｃ端２１５个氨基酸残基组成的肽段,包括ｈＢＭＰ－３成熟肽和一部分前肽。表达产物以包涵体的形式存在,用含ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００的洗涤液和５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ以下脲溶液连续涤,可获得较高纯度的重组人骨形成蛋白－３Ｃ端肽,经复性处理成可溶性蛋白,植     

利用恒溶氧—补料分批技术高密度培养大肠杆菌生产重组人骨形成蛋？…

对表达人骨形成蛋白－２Ａ的重组大肠杆菌ＹＫ５３７／ｐＤＨ－Ｂ２ｍ在５００ｍｌ摇瓶中进行了培养条件的摸索实验,继后用５Ｌ自控发酵罐进行分批培养和分批补料培养,以获取ｒｈＢＭＰ－２Ａ。两种培养方式结果结果比较表明,在培养过程中保持３０％－４０％左右的溶２解氧和限制性流加葡萄糖可以使ＢＭＰ－２Ａ的含量达到２．７８ｇ／Ｌ,最终菌体密度为ＯＤ６００５３,重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的２５％。     

人NMT的表达,纯化和活性研究

利用ＰＣＲ技术并进行ＤＮＡ序列测定,从人脑ｃＤＮＡ库中扩增得到人豆蔻酰ＣｏＡ蛋白Ｎ端豆蔻酰转移酶的编码基因,构建其在Ｔ７启动子控制下的成熟型和Ｈｉｓ６融合型的表达质粒ｐＭＦ－ｈＮＭＴ３和ｐＭＦＨＴ－ｈＮＭＴ２。转化大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）,进行ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达研究。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析结果显示,在３７℃条件下表达的各种重组ｈＮＭＲ几乎全是不溶性产物,但在较低温度条件下表达的Ｈｉｓ６－ｈＮＭＲ绝大     

人骨形成蛋白-2C端102肽的诱骨活性

为分析更短的Hbmp-2C端肽是否具有诱骨活性 ,寻求新型的有诱骨活性的基因工程Hbmp-2产品。利用温度诱导的大肠杆菌表达系统表达肽段长度为102个氨基酸的Hbmp-2C端肽及其Cys的突变体。表达产物经纯化复性后 ,植入小鼠肌袋模型中测试其诱骨活性。获得了能稳定表达Hbmp 2C端肽的工程菌 ,测序结果与预期的序列完全一致。表达产物以包涵体形式存在 ,表达量占细胞总蛋白的 3 0 %。产物经纯化复性后 ,小鼠肌袋模型测试结果表明 :Hbmp 2 10 2肽仍具有诱骨活性 ,而将C端第一位Cys突变的 10 2肽诱骨活性丧失。实验表明 :比Hbmp 2成熟肽 ( 114个氨基酸 )更短的C端 10 2肽仍具有良好诱骨活性 ,这 10 2肽N端第一个Cys对其诱骨活性可能是必需的。     

溶氧反馈分批补料高密度培养人骨形成蛋白-2工程菌

对表达人骨形成蛋白－2成熟肽的基因工程大肠杆菌E.coli DH5α/pDH-B2m在500mL摇瓶中进行了培养条件的摸索实验,并在此基础上扩大至NBS Bioflo IV20L发酵罐,利用溶氧反馈－分批补料培养技术：在培养过程中保持适当的溶解氧（40％）,以溶氧值在线反馈控制搅拌速度及流加补料培养基,使细菌保持适当的比生长率,成功地进行了工程菌的高密度培养,最终菌体密度达OD600＝57,每升干菌量22.8g,目的蛋白的表达量占细菌总蛋白的30％,人骨形成蛋白－2成熟肽的理论产率达到3.59g/L。     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白2在CHO细胞中的表达、鉴定及活性分析

构建真核表达载体pCDNA3.1( )-hBMP-2,与质粒pSV2-dhfr共转染CHO-dhfr-细胞,以含有700μg/mLG418的IMDM进行选择性培养,筛选抗性克隆,并用MTX扩增,提高rhBMP-2的表达量。收集的rhBMP-2蛋白进行Westernblot检测,还原蛋白样品电泳产生一条大小约为18kD的特异性条带,非还原蛋白样品电泳产生一条大小约为30kD的特异性条带,提示表达的rhBMP-2是经过糖基化修饰的,且以同源二聚体形式分泌表达。单细胞分离培养得到14株rCHO(hBMP-2)单克隆细胞株,ELISA法检测rhBMP-2表达水平,最高可达7.83μg/24h/106cells。活性分析结果表明,表达的rhBMP-2具有很强的生物学活性。     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白-6的表达、纯化及其活性分析

利用RT-PCR从人胎盘组织中获取BMP-6成熟肽的cDNA 片段,并克隆到表达载体pET-15b中, 构建hBMP_6成熟肽的非融合蛋白表达质粒pET-BMP6,转化E.coli BL21（DE3）。IPTG 诱导4h后,工程菌高表达rhBMP-6成熟肽,在SDS-PAGE上出现预期的新蛋白带(≈15kD), 约占菌体总蛋白的10%,表达产物以包涵体形式存在。分离和纯化的包涵体溶解于8 mol/L尿素,在变性溶解状态下经阳离子交换层析,得到目的蛋白纯度达95%以上。再经稀释复性后,约80%的rhBMP-6形成同源二聚体。体外活性分析结果显示：rhBMP-6可以提高C3H10T1/2 细胞碱性磷酸酶活性及促进I型胶原、Osterix（Osx）和骨钙素（Osteocalcin）等成骨细胞表型转化标记基因mRNA的表达,证明制备的rhBMP_6具有诱导非骨源性细胞分化成为成骨细胞的作用。     

大肠杆菌中高效表达rhBMP-4的探讨及初步活性测定

目的 在大肠杆菌中表达具有生物活性的rhBMP-4。方法 在不改变氨基酸序列的前提下,以全基因合成的方式对人BMP-4成熟肽基因全长进行定点突变,将之重组入pET-3c表达载体并转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE)plysS。IPTG诱导和包涵体复性后,利用C2C12细胞横向成骨细胞分化实验以及小鼠肌袋异位骨形成实验检测其活性。 结果 获得0.348 kb的BMP-4 DNA序列,表达的目的蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在。经纯化及复性后,体内与体外的活性检测表明rhBMP-4有良好的诱骨生成活性。结论 该方案能够实现rhBMP-4在大肠杆菌中的高效表达。     

Injectable Biocomposites for Bone Healing in Rabbit Femoral Condyle Defects

A novel biomimetic bone scaffold was successfully prepared in this study, which was composed of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH), collagen and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAC). CSH/nHAC was prepared and observed with scanning electron microscope and rhBMP-2 was introduced into CSH/nHAC. The released protein content from the scaffold was detected using high performance liquid chromatography at predetermined time interval. In vivo bone formation capacity was investigated by means of implanting the scaffolds with rhBMP-2 or without rhBMP-2 respectively into a critical size defect model in the femoral condyle of rabbit. The releasing character of rhBMP-2 was that an initial burst release (37.5%) was observed in the first day, followed by a sustained release and reached 100% at the end of day 20. The CSH/nHAC showed a gradual decrease in degradation with the content of nHAC increase. The results of X-rays, Micro CT and histological observation indicated that more new bone was formed in rhBMP-2 group. The results implied that this new injectable bone scaffold should be very promising for bone repair and has a great potential in bone tissue engineering.     

Optimized procedure for renaturation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at high protein concentration

The human gene encoding the mature form of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2), a dimeric disulfide-bonded protein of the cystine knot growth factor family, was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli using a temperature-inducible expression system. The recombinant protein was produced in the form of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and the effect of different variables on the renaturation of rhBMP-2 was investigated. In particular, variables such as pH, redox conditions, protein concentration, temperature, the presence of different types of aggregation suppressors, and host cell contaminants were studied with respect to their effect on aggregation during refolding and on the final renaturation yield of rhBMP-2. It is shown that the renaturation yield is particularly sensitive to pH, temperature, protein concentration, and the presence of aggregation suppressors. In contrast, little effect of the redox conditions and the ionic strength on the renaturation yield was observed, as equal yields were obtained in a broad range of reduced to oxidized glutathione ratios and concentrations of NaCl, respectively. The aggregation suppressor 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) proved to be superior with respect to the final renaturation yield, although, in comparison to the more common arginine, it was less efficient in preventing aggregation of rhBMP-2 during refolding. Detergent washing of inclusion bodies was sufficient, as further purification of rhBMP-2 prior to refolding was without effect on the final renaturation yield. An increase in the concentration of renatured rhBMP-2 was achieved by a pulsed refolding procedure by which up to a total amount of 2.1 mg mL(-1) rhBMP-2 could be transferred in seven pulses into the renaturation buffer with an overall refolding yield of 38%, corresponding to 0.8 mg mL(-1) renatured dimeric rhBMP-2. Furthermore, a simplified purification procedure is presented that also includes freeze-drying for long-term storage of biologically active rhBMP-2. Finally, it is shown that the appearance of rhBMP-2 variants could be avoided by using a host strain overexpressing rare codon tRNAs.     

Immunolocalization of vascular endothelial growth factor on intramuscular ectopic osteoinduction by bone morphogenetic protein-2

When recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is implanted in soft tissues, bony tissue is induced during the course of endochondral ossification. The relationship between endochondral ossification and vascularization is important in bone formation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered to play an important role in this process. In this study, the immunohistological localization of VEGF was investigated in rhBMP-2-induced ectopic endochondral ossification in the calf muscle of rats. In addition, the characteristics of anti-VEGF antibody-reactive cells were histologically investigated using electron microscopy to examine the cause of endochondral ossification induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. The role of VEGF in rhBMP-2-induced osteoinduction and vascular induction was studied by observing the relationship between the localizations of anti-VEGF antibody-reactive cells and vascularization. During the process of rhBMP-2-induced ectopic endochondral ossification, fibroblast-like cells, which were located at the margin of the implant and reactive to BMP-2 at 5 days, were positive for VEGF immunostaining. Hypertrophic chondrocytes appeared 9 days and osteoblasts appeared 14 to 21 days after implantation, and all these cells were reactive with anti-VEGF antibody. Bony trabeculae subsequently appeared in the muscle, and new blood vessels were formed alongside the trabeculae. When VEGF was added to rhBMP, more new blood vessels and bone were formed in the induced bone. These findings suggested that rhBMP-2 induced the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes and osteoblasts, and these differentiated cells expressed VEGF, creating an advantageous environment for vascularization in bony tissue.     

Combination of bone tissue engineering and BMP-2 gene transfection promotes bone healing in osteoporotic rats

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a feasible approach to promote bone healing in osteoporotic rats using autogenous bone tissue-engineering and gene transfection of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP-2). METHODS: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) from the left tibia of osteoporotic rats were transfected with the hBMP-2 gene in vitro which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Western blotting. Autogenous transfected or untransfected BMSCs were seeded on macroporous coral hydroxyapatite (CHA) scaffolds. Each cell-scaffold construct was implanted into a defect site which was created in the ramus of the mandible of osteoporotic rats. Four or eight weeks after implantation in situ hybridization was performed in BMSCs transfected with hBMP-2, X-ray examinations, histological and histomorphological analyses were used to evaluate the effect of tissue-engineered bone on osseous defect repair. RESULTS: Newly formed bone was observed at the margin of the defect 4 weeks after implantation with BMSCs transfected with BMP-2. Mature bone was observed 8 weeks after treatment. In the control group there was considerably less new bone and some adipose tissue was observed at the defect margins 8 weeks after implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Autogenous cells transfected with hBMP-2 promote bone formation in osteoporotic rats. BMSC-mediated BMP-2 gene therapy used in conjunction with bone tissue engineering may be used to successfully treat bone defects in osteoporotic rats. This method provides a powerful tool for bone regeneration and other tissue engineering.     

The Value of SPECT/CT in Monitoring Prefabricated Tissue-Engineered Bone and Orthotopic rhBMP-2 Implants for Mandibular Reconstruction

Bone tissue engineering shows good prospects for mandibular reconstruction. In recent studies, prefabricated tissue-engineered bone (PTEB) by recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) applied in vivo has found to be an effective alternative for autologous bone grafts. However, the optimal time to transfer PTEB for mandibular reconstruction is still not elucidated. Thus, here in an animal experiment of rhesus monkey, the suitable transferring time for PTEB to reconstruct mandibular defects was evaluated by ^99mTc-MDP SPECT/CT, and its value in monitoring orthotopic rhBMP-2 implants for mandibular reconstruction was also evaluated. The result of SPECT/CT showed higher ^99mTc-MDP uptake, indicating osteoinductivity, in rhBMP-2 incorporated demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) implants than those without BMP stimulation. ^99mTc-MDP uptake of rhBMP-2 implant peaked at 8 weeks following implantation while CT showed the density of these implants increased after 13 weeks’ prefabrication. Histology confirmed that mandibular defects were repaired successfully with PTEB or orthotopically rhBMP-2 incorporated CHA implants, in accordance with SPECT/CT findings. Collectively, data shows ^99mTc-MDP SPECT/CT is a sensitive and noninvasive tool to monitor osteoinductivity and bone regeneration of PTEB and orthotopic implants. The PTEB achieved peak osteoinductivity and bone density at 8 to 13 weeks following ectopic implantation, which would serve as a recommendable time frame for its transfer to mandibular reconstruction.