江西省缓步动物四个新纪录种记述

本文报道了江西省缓步动物4个新记录种:双裂角棘影熊虫Cornechiniscus lobatusRamazzotti,1943(异缓步纲,棘影熊虫科),节值大生熊虫Macrobiotus harmsworthiMurray,1907(真缓步纲,大生熊虫科),胡氏大生熊虫Macrobiotus hufelandiSchultze,1833(大生熊虫科)和杜氏高生熊虫Hypsibius dujardiniDoyére,1840(高生熊虫科)。     

缓步动物门三新种及一新记录种记述

记述了得自云南省和河南省苔藓与丝状绿藻中的缓步动物门三新种和一新记录种:异缓步纲棘影熊虫科的西藏角棘影熊虫新记录种 Cornechiniscus tibetanus)Maucci, 1979)和石林假棘影熊虫,新种 Pseudechiniscus shilinensis sp. nov.;真缓步纲大生熊虫科的河南趾生熊虫,新种 Dactylobiotus henanensis sp. nov.;高生熊虫科的昆明高生熊虫,新种 Hypsibius kunmingensis sp. nov..       

中国缓步动物门二新种及三新纪录种和亚种(异缓步纲,棘影熊虫科;真缓步纲,小斑熊虫科,大生熊虫科,高生熊虫科)

记述采自河南省洛阳市、湖北省京山县和四川省都江堰市的缓步动物门2新种及3新纪录种和亚种：异缓步纲棘影熊虫科的四棘棘影熊虫,新纪录Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters,1902;真缓步纲小斑熊虫科的都江小斑熊虫,新种Milnesium dujiangensis sp.nov,大生熊虫科的节值大生熊虫戴冠亚种,新纪录Macrobiotus harmsworthi coronatus Barros,1942;高生熊虫科的大指等高熊虫,新纪录Isohypsibius macrodactylus(Maucci,1978)和京山等高熊虫,新种Isohysibius jingshanessis sp.nov.     

四川省缓步动物2新纪录种记述

记述了四川省绵阳缓步动物2个新纪录种。它们是缓步动物门（Tardigrada）、真缓步纲（Eutardigrada）、近爪目（Parachela）、大生熊虫科（Marcobiotidate）,Doryphoribius属的Doryphoribius qinlingensis Li,Su＆Yu和缓步动物门、异缓步纲（Heterotardigrada）、棘影目（Echiniscoidea）、棘影科（Fchiniscidae）、角棘影属（Cornechiniscus）的Cornechiniscus lobatus Ramazzotti。     

青海省缓步动物区系初步调查

记述了青海省发现的14种缓步动物,它们属于2纲、3目、4科、10属.2种(叉状大生熊虫Macrobiotus furciger Murray,1906和马氏等高熊虫Isohypsibius marcellinoi Binda & Pilato,1971)是中国新纪录种,12种(叶状角棘影熊虫Cornechiniscus lobatus Ramazzotti,1943、加拿大棘影熊虫Echiniscus canadensis Murray,1910、文氏棘影熊虫Echiniscus wendti Richters, 1903、小刻面假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen,1951、缓步米氏熊虫Milnesium tardigradum Doyére,1840、哈氏大生熊虫Macrobiotus hamsworthi Murray,1907、胡氏大生熊虫Macrobiotus hufelandi Schultze,1833、瑞氏大生熊虫Macrobiotus richtersi Murray, 1911、介小生熊虫Minibiotus intermedius Palte,1889、苏格兰双相熊虫Diphascon scoticum Murray,1905、黄色腹矛熊虫Doryphoribius flavus Iharos,1966和杜氏高生熊虫Hypsibius dujardini Doyére,1840)是青海省新纪录种.本文系青海省对该类动物的首次报道.     

陕西省缓步动物二新纪录种记述

记述了陕西省2个缓步动物新纪录种,它们是Doryphoribius citrinusMaucci,1972(真缓步纲,高生熊虫科)和Echiniscus testudoDoyére,1840(异缓步纲,棘影科)。     

云南省丽江苔藓中缓步动物(异缓步纲:棘节目:棘影熊虫科;真缓步纲:近爪目:大生熊虫科,高生熊虫科)

记述了采自云南省丽江县的缓步动物13种,包括：安哥拉棘影熊虫Echiniscus angolensis da Cunha etal,凹口棘影熊虫Echiniscus cavagnaroi Schuster,米吉棘影熊虫Echiniscus migiurtynus Franceschi,华美假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen,丽江苔小猪熊虫Bryodelphax lijian-gensis sp.nov,隐匿大生熊虫Macrobiotus adelges Dastych,云杉大生熊虫Macrobiotus yunshanensis sp.nov,华丽大生熊虫Macrobiotus richtersiJ.Murr,双甲高生熊虫Hypsibius biscuitiformis Bartos,锐齿高生熊虫Hypsibius runae Bartos。棒形双相熊虫Diphascon clavatum(Bartos)。云南等高熊虫Isohypsibius yunnanensis spnov,隆肿等高熊虫Isohypsibius tuberculatus(Plate)。本文所用标本均保存在中国科学院水生生物研究所。     

中国神农架国家森林公园苔藓中的缓步动物

记述了采自湖北省西部神农架国家森林公园苔藓中的缓步动物12种,包括:日本棘影熊虫Echiniscus japonicus Morikawa,1951;双粒棘影熊虫Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters,1907中国新纪录种;华美假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus facettalis Petersen,1951;于猪假棘影熊虫Pseudechiniscus suillus(Ehrenberg,1853);迟缓小斑熊虫Milnesium tardigradum(Doyère,1840);隐匿大生熊虫Macrobiotus adelges Dastych,1977;锦葵大生熊虫Macrobiotus hibiscus Barros,1942中国新纪录种;胡芬大生熊虫Macrobiotus hufelandi Schultze,1833;华丽大生熊虫Macrobiotus richtersi Murray,1911;陆栖大生熊虫Macrobiotus terricola Mihel(c)I(c),1949;水生趾生熊虫Dactylobiotus aquatilis Yang,1999;金猴等高熊虫Isohypsibius jinhouensis sp. Nov..所有的标本均保存于中国科学院水生生物研究所.     

吉林和湖北缓步动物二新纪录

记述了吉林省和湖北省2个缓步动物新纪录。它们是Macrobiotus harmsworthi Murray,1907;Macrobiotus hufelandi Schultze,1833。2个种同属于缓步动物门(TaNigrada)、真缓步纲(Eutardigrada)、并爪H(Parachela)、大生熊虫科(Macrobiotidae)、大生熊虫属(Macrobiotus)。     

中国缓步动物门两新纪录种

报道了我国缓步动物门2新纪录种,即加拿大棘影熊虫Echiniscus canadensis Murray,1910和日本棘影熊虫Echiniscus japonicus Morikawa,1951.两新纪录种均采自秦岭地区,海拔1500 m.运用扫描电子显微镜对加拿大棘影熊虫背板上的纹饰进行了观察和描述.在光学显微镜下观察到的加拿大棘影熊虫背板上多边形中央的小点实际上是一些深凹陷.     

Conformational analysis of a potent SSTR3-selective somatostatin analogue by NMR in water solution.

The three-dimensional structure of a potent SSTR3-selective analogue of somatostatin, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)]-SRIF) (peptide 1) has been determined by (1)H NMR in water and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The peptide exists in two conformational isomers differing mainly by the cis/trans isomerization of the side chain in residue 8. The structure of 1 is compared with the consensus structural motifs of other somatostatin analogues that bind predominantly to SSTR1, SSTR2/SSTR5 and SSTR4 receptors, and to the 3D structure of a non-selective SRIF analogue, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-2Nal(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-2Nal(8)]-SRIF) (peptide 2). The structural determinant factors that could explain selectivity of peptide 1 for SSTR3 receptors are discussed.     

Reconstitution of vacuolar-type rotary H+-ATPase/synthase from Thermus thermophilus

Vacuolar-type rotary H(+)-ATPase/synthase (V(o)V(1)) from Thermus thermophilus, composed of nine subunits, A, B, D, F, C, E, G, I, and L, has been reconstituted from individually isolated V(1) (A(3)B(3)D(1)F(1)) and V(o) (C(1)E(2)G(2)I(1)L(12)) subcomplexes in vitro. A(3)B(3)D and A(3)B(3) also reconstituted with V(o), resulting in a holoenzyme-like complexes. However, A(3)B(3)D-V(o) and A(3)B(3)-V(o) did not show ATP synthesis and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase activity. The reconstitution process was monitored in real time by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between an acceptor dye attached to subunit F or D in V(1) or A(3)B(3)D and a donor dye attached to subunit C in V(o). The estimated dissociation constants K(d) for V(o)V(1) and A(3)B(3)D-V(o) were ～0.3 and ～1 nm at 25 °C, respectively. These results suggest that the A(3)B(3) domain tightly associated with the two EG peripheral stalks of V(o), even in the absence of the central shaft subunits. In addition, F subunit is essential for coupling of ATP hydrolysis and proton translocation and has a key role in the stability of whole complex. However, the contribution of the F subunit to the association of A(3)B(3) with V(o) is much lower than that of the EG peripheral stalks.     

Electronic ground states of low-spin iron(III) porphyrinoids

Six-coordinate low-spin iron(III) porphyrinates adopt either common (d(xy))(2)(d(xz),d(yz))(3) or less common (d(xz),d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) ground state. In this review article, three major factors that affect the electronic ground state have been examined. They are (i) nature of the axial ligand, (ii) electronic effect of peripheral substituents, and (iii) deformation of porphyrin ring. On the basis of the (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and EPR data, it is now clear that (i) the axial ligands with low-lying pi* orbitals such as tert-butylisocyanide and 4-cyanopyridine, (ii) the electron donating groups at the meso-carbon atoms, and (iii) the ruffled deformation of porphyrin ring stabilize the (d(xz),d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) ground state. By manipulating these factors, we are able to prepare various low-spin iron(III) porphyrinates with unusual electronic structures such as bis(imidazole) complexes with the (d(xz),d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) ground state or bis(tert-butylisocyanide) complexes with the (d(xy))(2)(d(xz),d(yz))(3) ground state; bis(imidazole) and bis(tert-butylisocyanide) complexes usually adopt the (d(xy))(2)(d(xz),d(yz))(3) and (d(xz),d(yz))(4)(d(xy))(1) ground state, respectively.     

Chemical characterization of milk oligosaccharides of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus

Two trisaccharides, three tetrasaccharides, two pentasaccharides, one hexasaccharide, one heptasaccharide, one octasaccharide and one decasaccharide were isolated from polar bear milk samples by chloroform/methanol extraction, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The oligosaccharides were characterized by ¹H-NMR as follows: the saccharides from one animal: Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc (α3′-galactosyllactose), Fuc(α1-2)Gal(β1-4)Glc (2′-fucosyllactose), Gal(α1-3)[Fuc(α1-2)]Gal(β1-4)Glc (B-tetrasaccharide), GalNAc(α1-3)[Fuc(α1-2)]Gal(β1-4)Glc (A-tetrasaccharide), Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc, Gal(α1-3)[Fuc(α1-2)]Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc, Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-3)[Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)GlcNAc(β1-6)]Gal(β1-4)Glc; the saccharides from another animal: α3′-galactosyllactose, Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]Glc, A-tetrasaccharide, GalNAc(α1-3)[Fuc(α1-2)]Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]Glc (A-pentasaccharide), Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc, Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]GlcNAc(β1-3)Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]Glc (difucosylheptasaccharide) and Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]GlcNAc(β1-3){Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)[Fuc(α1-3)]GlcNAc(β1-6)}Gal(β1-4)Glc (difucosyldecasaccharide). Lactose was present only in small amounts. Some of the milk oligosaccharides of the polar bear had α-Gal epitopes similar to some oligosaccharides in milk from the Ezo brown bear and the Japanese black bear. Some milk oligosaccharides had human blood group A antigens as well as B antigens; these were different from the oligosaccharides in Ezo brown and Japanese black bears.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Crystal structure and aqueous solubility of ammonium D-glucarate

Ammonium D-glucarate, NH(4)(C(6)H(9)O(8)) [ammonium D-saccharate, NH(4)-SAC], has been synthesized, and its crystal structure solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. NH(4)-SAC crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1) (#4) with cell parameters a = 4.8350(4) Angstroms, b = 11.0477(8) Angstroms, c = 16.7268(12) Angstroms, beta = 90.973(1) degrees, V = 894.34(12) Angstroms(3), Z = 3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares on F(2) yielding final R-values (all data) R1 = 0.0353 and R(w)2 = 0.0870. The structure consists of alternating (NH(4))(+) and (C(6)H(11)O(6))(-) layers parallel to the bc plane. An extended network of N-H...O(SAC) and O(SAC)-H...O(SAC) hydrogen bonds provide the 3-D connectivity. The aqueous solubility (S(w)) has been shown to be pH independent at ambient conditions within the range 4.5 < pH < 10 with S(w) = 2.19 M/L, whose value is about a factor of two lower than that of the ammonium isosaccharate analogue.     

δ(13) C of leaf-respired CO(2) reflects intrinsic water-use efficiency in barley

Leaf intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE), the ratio of photosynthetic rate to stomatal conductance (A/g(s) ), is a key plant trait linking terrestrial carbon and water cycles. A rapid, integrative proxy for A/g(s) is of benefit to crop breeding programmes aiming to improve WUE, but also for ecologists interested in plant carbon-water balance in natural systems. We hypothesize that the carbon isotope composition of leaf-respired CO(2) (δ(13) C(Rl) ), two hours after leaves are transferred to the dark, records photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination and so provides a proxy for A/g(s) . To test this hypothesis, δ(13) C(Rl) was measured in four barley cultivars grown in the field at two levels of water availability and compared to leaf-level gas exchange (the ratio of leaf intercellular to ambient CO(2) partial pressure, C(i) /C(a) , and A/g(s) ). Leaf-respired CO(2) was more (13) C-depleted in plants grown at higher water availability, varied between days as environmental conditions changed, and was significantly different between cultivars. A strong relationship between δ(13) C(Rl) and δ(13) C of sucrose was observed. δ(13) C(Rl) was converted into apparent photosynthetic discrimination (Δ(13) C(Rl) ) revealing strong relationships between Δ(13) C(Rl) and C(i) /C(a) and A/g(s) during the vegetative stage of growth. We therefore conclude that δ(13) C(Rl) may provide a rapid, integrative proxy for A/g(s) in barley.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Synthesis, characterization and assessment of the cytotoxic properties of cis and trans-[Pd(L)(2)Cl(2)] complexes involving 6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine derivatives

A series of square-planar Pd(II) complexes of the composition cis-[Pd(L(n))(2)Cl(2)] {L(1)=2-chloro-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine (1), L(2)=2-chloro-6-[(4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-9-isopropylpurine (2), L(3)=2-chloro-6-[(2-methoxybenzyl)amino]-9-isopropylpurine (3) and 2-[(chloropropyl)amino]-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine (6)} has been synthesized by the reaction of PdCl(2) with L(n) in a 1:2 molar ratio. In contrast, the same reaction followed by recrystallization of the product from N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) leads to trans-[Pd(L(n))(2)Cl(2)] x nDMF {L(3), n=0 (4), n=1(4( *)DMF); L(4)=2-chloro-6-[(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)-amino]-9-isopropylpurine, n=0 (5), n=1.5 (5( *)DMF). The compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, electrospray mass spectra in the positive ion mode (ES+MS), FTIR, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, the complexes 2 and 6 have been also investigated by (15)N NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of L(5), {(H(2+)L(5))(Cl(-))(2)} x H(2)O, i.e. the protonated form of L(5), trans-[Pd(L(3))(2)Cl(2)] (4) and trans-[Pd(L(4))(2)Cl(2)] (5) have been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. NMR data and X-ray structures revealed that the organic molecules are coordinated to Pd via N7 atom of a purine moiety. All the complexes and the corresponding ligands have been tested in vitro for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines: breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), malignant melanoma (G361), chronic myelogenous leukaemia (K562) and osteogenic sarcoma (HOS). Promising in vitro cytotoxic effect has been found for cis-[Pd(L(2))(2)Cl(2)] (2), having the IC(50) values of 12, 10, 25, and 14 microM against MCF7, G361, K562, and HOS, respectively, and for trans-[Pd(L(3))(2)Cl(2)].DMF (4) with the IC(50) value of 15 microM against G361.     

Maintenance and growth requirements in the metabolism of Debaryomyces hansenii performing xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion in corncob hemicellulose hydrolyzate

In order to improve the biotechnological production of xylitol, the metabolism of Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426 in corncob hemicellulose hydrolyzate has been investigated under different conditions, where either maintenance or growth requirements predominated. For this purpose, the experimental results of two sets of batch bioconversions carried out alternatively varying the starting xylose concentration in the hydrolyzate (65.6 < or = S(0) < or = 154.7 g L(-1)) or the initial biomass level (3.0 < or = X(0) < or = 54.6 g(DM) L(-1)) were used to fit a metabolic model consisting of carbon material and ATP balances based on five main activities, namely fermentative assimilation of pentoses, semi-aerobic pentose-to-pentitol bioconversion, biomass growth on pentoses, catabolic oxidation of pentoses, and acetic acid and NADH regeneration by the electron transport system. Such an approach allowed separately evaluating the main bioenergetic constants of this microbial system, that is, the specific rates of ATP and xylose consumption due to maintenance (m(ATP) = 21.0 mmol(ATP) C-mol(DM) (-1)h(-1); m(Xyl) = 6.5 C-mmol(Xyl) C-mol(DM) (-1)h(-1)) and the true yields of biomass on ATP (Y(ATP) (max) = 0.83 C-mol(DM) mol(ATP) (-1)) and on xylose (Y(Xyl) (max) = 0.93 C-mol(DM) C-mol(Xyl) (-1)). The results of this study highlighted that the system, at very high S(0) and X(0) values, dramatically increased its energy requirements for cell maintenance, owing to the occurrence of stressing conditions. In particular, for S(0) > 130 g L(-1), these activities required an ATP consumption of about 2.1 mol(ATP) L(-1), that is, a value about seven- to eightfold that observed at low substrate concentration. Such a condition led to an increase in the fraction of ATP addressed to cell maintenance from 47% to 81%. On the other hand, the very high percentage of ATP addressed to maintenance (> 96%) at very high cell concentration (X(0) > or = 25 g(DM) L(-1)) was likely due to the insufficient substrate to sustain the growth.