结直肠癌细胞CES2表达对CPT-11化疗敏感性的影响

目的:研究异常甲基化在调控结直肠癌细胞中CES2基因表达中的作用,并观察结直肠癌细胞内CES2表达与化疗敏感性的关系.方法:采用MSP检测八种结直肠癌细胞系中CES2基因启动子甲基化;荧光定量PCR和westemblot方法检测DAC去甲基化后CES2 mRNA及蛋白表达变化;采用MTT法,检测各型结肠癌细胞株对伊利替康的细胞毒性.计算IC50并分析其与CES2mRNA表达的相关性.结果:CES2基因启动子在八种结直肠细胞株中均呈未甲基化状态,使用DAC处理后,CES2在其低表达的细胞株无明显增加,不同结直肠癌细胞株对CPT-11敏感性存在差异(P<0.05),其中LoVo细胞对CPT-11敏感性最低.RKO细胞对CPT-11的敏感性最高.结直肠细胞株内CES2表达与It50呈负相关性(r=0.58651,P<0.01).结论:甲基化不参与调控CES2基因的表达,CES2表达与CPT-11细胞毒性呈正相关.     

HMGB1 siRNA 对HT-29 细胞侵袭转移能力的影响

目的:观察干扰HMGB1表达对HT-29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。方法:HMGB1 siRNA通过脂质体转染HT-29细胞,western blot和实时定量RT-PCR检测HT-29细胞中HMGB1蛋白和mRNA的表达,Transwell小室观察HT-29的转移侵袭能力。结果:干扰HMGB1后HMGB1蛋白和mRNA的表达均减少,HT-29的转移侵袭能力下降。结论:HMGB1能促进HT-29的转移侵袭能力,干扰其表达可抑制HT-29的转移侵袭。     

HMGB1 siRNA对HT-29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响

目的：观察干扰HMGBl表达对HT-29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。方法：HMGB1siRNA通过脂质体转染HT-29细胞,westernblot和实时定量RT—PCR检测HT-29细胞中HMGB1蛋白和mRNA的表达,Transwell小室观察HT-29的转移侵袭能力。结果：干扰HMGBl后HMGB1蛋白和mRNA的表达均减少,HT-29的转移侵袭能力下降。结论：HMGB1能促进HT-29的转移侵袭能力,干扰其表达可抑制HT-29的转移侵袭。     

Bmi-1稳定干扰增加乳腺癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性

目的:观察Bmi-1稳定干扰后对乳腺癌细胞药敏性的影响.方法:构建Bmi-1 shRNA逆转录病毒表达载体,并用该逆转录病毒感染人乳腺癌细胞,建立Bmi-1稳定干扰的乳腺癌细胞株.采用不同浓度的化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶和顺铂处理上述细胞,MTT法观察乳腺癌细胞的生长抑制率.结果:免疫印迹检测结果表明Bmi-1稳定干扰的乳腺癌细胞株成功建立.MTT检测显示Bmi-1稳定干扰的乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-435S-Bmi-1/RNAi)增殖抑制率显著高于对照细胞(MDA-MB-435S-vector)(P<0.05),并且呈浓度依赖性.其中在MDA-MB-435S-vector中5-氟尿嘧啶和顺铂的IC50值分别为1.7233 mg/L和2.9065 mg/L,而在MDA-MB-435S Bmi-1/RNAi稳定细胞株5-氟尿嘧啶和顺铂中的IC50值分别为0.9733 mg/L和1.8563mg/L(P<0.05).结论:Bmi-1在乳腺癌细胞对化疗药物敏感性中发挥重要作用,Bmi-1干扰能增加乳腺癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性.     

UGT1A1基因多态性和肠道菌群紊乱与伊立替康化疗相关性腹泻的相关性

腹泻是伊立替康(Irinotecan,CPT-11)化疗最常见的不良反应之一,严重影响患者的生活质量和生存。研究表明,尿苷二磷酸葡醛酰转移酶1A1(UGT1A1)基因的多态性可能是影响CPT-11化疗后腹泻等不良反应的原因之一,其中UGT1A1*28是研究最为广泛的基因位点。另一方面,近年来有研究报道,CPT-11化疗后腹泻与肠道菌群紊乱有关,尤其与产β-葡萄糖醛酸酶(β-Glucuronidase)的细菌增多有关。本文就这两大方面对CPT-11化疗相关性腹泻的研究进展作一综述。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对人结肠癌HT-29细胞G1期的阻滞作用

目的:研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallaocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG)时人结肠癌HT-29细胞增殖的影响.方法:实验分为EGCG不同浓度处理组和阴性对照组.采用MTT比色法检测EGCG(30μg/mL、40μg/mL、50μg/mL、60μg/mL、70μg/mL)对HT-29细胞的生长影响;应用流式细胞术分析EGCG对HT-29细胞周期分布的影响;免疫印迹观测EGCG对HT-29细胞p38MAPK、cyclinD1蛋白表达的影响.结果:MTT比色结果显示.不同浓度EGCG(30μg/ml、40μg/ml、50μg/ml、60μg/ml)对HT-29细胞具有明显的生长抑制作用,并呈剂量-效应依赖关系(P<0.05);流式细胞术分析显示,EGCG诱导人结肠癌细胞G1期阻滞,且随着处理时间的延长,其诱导周期阻滞的效应越明显(P<0.05);蛋白免疫印迹显示.总的p38MAPK不随处理时间和浓度的改变而改变,但是磷酸化的p38MAPK蛋白的表达随处理时间和处理浓度的增加而明显增加,而CyclinD1蛋白的表达随处理浓度的增加而明显减少.结论:EGCG诱导HT-29细胞G1期阻滞,抑制细胞增殖,可能与活化p38MAPK,下调CyclinD1蛋白表达有关.     

硫氧还蛋白还原酶1(TrxR1)在胃癌中的表达及对胃癌细胞生长的影响*

目的: 探讨胃癌组织硫氧还蛋白还原酶1(TrxR1)表达与生存时间的关系及其对胃癌细胞生长的影响。方法: 用Real-time PCR法检测76例胃癌组织及癌旁TrxR1 mRNA表达,并分析其与胃癌患者临床病理特征及预后的关系;随机选取3例胃癌组织及癌旁组织,采用免疫组化法、Western blot法检测TrxR1蛋白表达。采用Western blot法和Real-time PCR法检测胃癌细胞系及人胃粘膜上皮细胞中TrxR1的表达。采用小RNA干扰序列(siRNA)处理AGS细胞,根据处理方法不同将AGS细胞分为3组:阴性对照组:转染NC-siRNA、TRXR1 siRNA干扰1组:转染TRXR1-siRNA1、TRXR1 siRNA干扰2组:转染TRXR1-siRNA2。使用Real-time PCR法检测各组AGS细胞中TrxR1 mRNA的表达,克隆形成试验和MTT法检测AGS细胞生长情况。结果: 胃癌组织中TrxR1 mRNA和蛋白表达量均显著性上调,TrxR1主要定位于细胞质中。TrxR1高表达与患者TNM分期及淋巴结转移有关,且TrxR1高表达组患者的中位生存时间短于低表达组(P＜0.05)。胃癌细胞中TrxR1表达量高于人胃粘膜上皮细胞系中的表达。TRXR1-siRNA1组AGS细胞和TRXR1-siRNA2组AGS细胞中TrxR1 mRNA和蛋白与NC-siRNA组相比均显著性降低(P＜0.05),且AGS细胞克隆形成与增殖能力均降低(P＜0.05)。结论: 胃癌组织中TrxR1高表达提示患者预后不良,沉默TrxR1能抑制胃癌细胞的增殖。     

小干扰RNA干扰缺氧诱导因子-1α增强口腔鳞癌细胞株化疗敏感性

目的:探讨针对缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)的小干扰RNA(siRNA)对口腔鳞癌细胞(OSCC)化疗敏感性的影响。方法:用Western印迹检测OSCC和针对HIF-1α基因的siRNA导入OSCC后的HIF-1α蛋白表达水平;用MTT法检测细胞对化疗敏感性的影响;用流式细胞术检测化疗诱导细胞凋亡的凋亡率。结果:HIF-1α在OSCC中高表达,HIF-1α-siRNA转染后HIF-1α表达水平明显下降,细胞对化疗敏感性明显提高,化疗诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡率明显增加。结论:针对HIF-1α基因的siRNA能明显降低HIF-1α的表达,增强化疗对OSCC的凋亡诱导作用,有效提高OSCC对化疗的敏感性。     

Nrf2/HO-1/HMGB1信号通路在白血病细胞K562/A02化疗耐药中的机制研究

目的:通过观察高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)及血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)基因沉默对白血病化疗耐药细胞(K562/A02细胞株)的影响,探讨该信号通路在白血病化疗耐药中的作用及其可能机制。方法:将HMGB1基因、Nrf2基因及HO-1基因的特异性干扰RNA分别转染阿霉素耐药细胞株K562/A02,荧光实时定量(RT-PCR)方法检测HMGB1、Nrf2及HO-1的mRNA表达水平,Western blot方法检测HMGB1、Nrf2及HO-1的蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光方法检测Nrf2的蛋白表达,并使用CCK-8方法检测转染前后K562/A02细胞株的细胞活性。结果:HMGB1基因、Nrf2基因或HO-1基因沉默的K562/A02细胞活性皆显著低于对照组及空白组(P0.05),化疗敏感性恢复。结论:HMGB1高表达导致了白血病细胞株K562/A02对阿霉素的化疗耐药,Nrf2/HO-1信号通路参与了HMGB1诱导的K562/A02细胞的化疗耐药,其表达上调可恢复K562/A02细胞对阿霉素的敏感性。     

利用CRISPRi技术沉默MRP1基因增强A549/DDP细胞对顺铂的敏感性*

目的: 采用CRISPRi技术沉默人肺癌A549/DDP细胞MRP1基因表达,观察细胞对顺铂敏感性的变化。方法: 采用生物信息学软件分析MRP1启动子序列,设计合成3对sgRNA干扰片段,定向克隆到pSPgRNA载体中,构建靶向MRP1的干扰表达载体,分别与dCas9表达载体共转染A549/DDP细胞。实验共分为5组,分别为A549/DDP细胞组,Scrambled组,sgRNA-MRP1-1组,sgRNA-MRP1-2组和sgRNA-MRP1-3组,每组设置3个复孔,处理48 h后进行后续实验。通过qRT-PCR和Western blot检测MRP1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平,MTT法检测细胞对药物的敏感性,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞的形态变化。结果: 成功构建了sgRNA-MRP1-1、sgRNA-MRP1-2和sgRNA-MRP1-3 3种干扰载体,分别与dCas9表达载体共转染A549/DDP细胞后,均能显著降低细胞MRP1基因表达(P<0.01),其中sgRNA-MRP1-2干扰效果最好,MRP1 mRNA水平降低了72%,蛋白水平降低了53%。将sgRNA-MRP1-2转染细胞后,细胞对顺铂的敏感性显著增加,IC₅₀值由74.26±3.71降低至34.29±2.51,细胞形态由梭形变为椭圆形,染色质高度凝聚、边缘化,产生凋亡小体。结论: 成功构建3种靶向MRP1的干扰表达载体,均能有效沉默A549/DDP细胞中MRP1基因表达,可增强细胞对顺铂的敏感性。     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Isolation and Characterization of Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme E1-domain Containing 1, UBE1DC1

Ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins play important roles in post-translational modification. They are phylogenetically well-conserved in eukaryotes. Activated by other proteins, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins can covalently modify target proteins. The enzymes responsible for the activation of this modification have been known to include UBA1, SAE2, UBA3, SAE1 and ULA1. Here we report a new ubiquitin activating enzyme like cDNA, named ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-domain containing 1 (UBE1DC1), whose cDNA is 2654 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding 404 amino acids. The UBE1DC1 gene consists of 12 exons and is located at human chromosome 3q22. The result of RT-PCR showed that UBE1DC1 is expressed in most of human tissues. These two authors contributed equally to this paper. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank under accession number AY253672.     

Characterization of Chrysanthemum ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2, homologous genes of SOC1

The MADS-box gene SOC1/TM3 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1/ Tomato MADS-box gene 3) is a main integrator in the Arabidopsis flowering pathway; its structure and function are highly conserved in many plant species. SOC1-like genes have been isolated in chrysanthemum, one of the most well-known ornamental plants, but it has not been well characterized thus far. We isolated and characterized ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2, two putative orthologs of Arabidopsis SOC1, from the wild diploid chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of flowering time control in chrysanthemum. Expression analysis indicated that ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 were expressed in all examined organs/tissues (leaves, shoot apices, petioles, stems and roots) with different expression levels, and with high expression in the shoot apices and leaves during the early stage of floral transition. The expression levels of ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 in the shoot apices increased at different developmental stages with the highest expression levels after 7 days of short-day treatment. Overexpression of ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 in wild-type Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering, which was coupled with the upregulation of one of the flowering promoter genes LEAFY. Our results suggested that the ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 genes play an evolutionarily conserved role in promoting flowering in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and could serve as a vital target for the genetic manipulation of flowering time in the chrysanthemum.