中国链格孢属的研究I.(英)

本文报道链格孢属的2个新种：寄生在苦木科（Simaroubaceae）臭椿［Ailanthusaltissima（Mill.）Swingle]上的臭椿链格孢（Alternariaailanthispnov）,寄生在桦木科（Betulaceas）黑桦（BetuladahuricaPall.）上的桦木链格孢（A．betalaesp．nov．）,2个新组合：豆链格孢［A．azukiae(Hara)comb.nov.],蔷薇生链格孢[A.rosicola（Rao）comb.nov.]和1个新名称红花链格孢（A．carthami-tinctoriinom．nov）。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述和图。模式标本保藏在山东农业大学植物病理标本室（HSAUP）。     

中国链格孢属的研究I．

本文报道链格孢属的2个新种：寄生在苦术科(Simaroubaceae)臭椿[Ailanthus altissima(Mill)Swingle]上的臭椿链格孢(Alternaria ailanthi sp nov),寄生在桦术科(Betulaceae)黑桦(Betuladahurica Pall)上的桦术链格孢(A. betulae sp nov.),2个新组合：豆链格孢[A．Azulaae (Hara)comb．Nov],蔷薇生链格孢[A. rosicola(Rao) comb. Nov]和1个新名称红花链格孢(A．Carthami-tinctoriinom nov．)。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述和图。模式标本保藏在山东农业大学植物病理标本室(HSAUP)．     

棒孢菌属四个新种

本文报道了棒孢菌属四个新种,即女贞棒孢(Corynespora ligustri Guo,sp.nov.),茉栾藤棒孢(C.merremiae Guo,sp.nov.)鸡血藤棒孢(C.millettiae Guo sp.nov.)和蔓荆子棒孢(C.viticis Guo,sp.nov.)。文中对各个新种作了汉文描述和附图,并有拉丁文描述和特征简介。模式标本收藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

尾孢菌属五个新种

本文报道尾孢菌属五个新种,即美人蕉尾孢(Cercospora cannae Bai,Liu et Guo,sp.nov.),败酱尾孢(C.patriniae Liu et Guo,sp.nov.),骆驼蓬尾孢(C.pegani Liu et Guo,sp.nov.),旌节花尾孢(C.stachyuricola Liu et Guo,sp.nov.)和安息香尾孢(C.styracicola Liuet Guo,sp.nov.)。文中对各个新种作了汉文描述和附图,并有拉丁文特征简介。模式标本收藏于中国科学院真菌标本室。     

假尾孢属三个未描述种

本文报道了寄生于喜树上的喜树假尾孢(Pseudocercospora camptoMecae Liu et Guo,sp(?)nov(?))、寄生于杜仲上的杜仲假尾孢(Ps.eucommiae Guo et Liu,sp.nov.)和寄生于堇菜属植物上的堇菜生假尾孢(Ps.violaecola Liu et Guo,sp.nov.)三个新种。模式标本保藏于HMAS,北京。     

几种具纤毛分生孢子的腔孢菌

本文报道了河北省具纤毛(setulae)分生孢子的腔孢菌(Coelomycetes)5种,它们隶属于多毛孢属(Polynema Lev.),星毛孢属(Stauronema H.Sydow,Sydow ＆Butler),刺杯毛孢属(Dinemasporium Lev.)和双毛壳孢属(Discosia Lib.)。其中多毛孢属和星毛孢属系国内新记录属。记载了一新种中国多毛孢(Polynema sinense w.-P.Wu)和一中国新记录种甘蔗星毛孢(Stauronema sacchari H.Sydow,Sydow ＆Butler)。在刺杯毛孢属和双毛壳孢属内共鉴定出3个种,它们是槭刺杯毛孢(Dinemasporium acerinum Peck),刚毛刺杯毛孢(Dinemasporium strigosum(Pets.:Ft.)Sate.)和双毛壳孢(Discosia artocreas(Tode:Fr。)Ff.)。文中对这些种进行了详细描述,新种有拉丁文描述。研究标本保藏于河北省科学院生物研究所。     

引起花椒角斑的一个菌绒孢(Mycovellasiella)新种

本文报道引起花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim)角斑病的一个新种一花椒菌绒孢(Mycovellosiella zanthoxyli Y. L. Guo & Z. M. Cao, sp. nov.)o该菌与寄生在花椒属(Zanthoxylum sp.)植物上的花椒生尾孢[Cercospora fagarina (Hansf.) Chupp]近似,二者的子实体均生于叶背面,扩散型,无子座,分生孢子梗主要着生在表生菌丝上,但后者的分生孢子梗非常长而较窄(100.0-250.0 × 5.0 μm),分生孢子短而宽(40.0-100.0、6.0-8.0 μm),因此本种为一新种。在芸香科(Rutaceae)尚无菌绒孢属真菌报道。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、描述及图。模式标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

伊贝母葡萄孢盘(新种)的分类学研究

在陕西省太白县采集到伊贝母(Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk.)的菌核病致病真菌,伊贝母葡萄孢盘 Botryotinia fritillarii-pallidiflori Q.T.Chen et J.L.Li sp.nov.新种。并报道了其形态特征及其与椭圆葡萄孢 [Botrytis elliptica(Berk.)Cooke]和驴蹄草葡萄孢盘(Botryotinia calthae Hennebert et Elliott)的区别。     

中国的被孢霉种类

被孢霉属(Mortierella Coemans)是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes)、毛霉目(Mucorales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)中的一个大属,目前已知约有90种;主要存在于土壤、植物残体、动物粪便等基物中。我国过去对被孢霉的研究不多,在《中国真菌总汇》(1979)中记录了8个种。本研究从全国22个省、市、自治区采集的2000多号样品中,分离到约220个被孢霉菌株。本研究主要采用Gams (1970, 1977)的分类系统进行分类鉴定,并对该系统进行了修改。在属下分3个亚属(Micromucor, Mortierella和Gamsiella), 8个组(Actinomortierella, Alpina,Hygrophila, Mortierella, Schmuckii, Simplex, Spinosa和Stylospora),单囊霉(Haplosporangium)被承认为独立的一个属。本研究鉴定出22个种和3个变种,包括一个新种(武夷山被孢霉Mortierella wuyishanensis sp. nov.)和一个新变种(极细无色被孢霉Mortierella hyalina(Harz) W. Gams var. subtilissima var. nov.), 14个中国新纪录。这14个新纪录为:产芽胞被孢霉(Mortierella. gemmifera M. Ellis)、园圃被孢霉(M. horticola Linnem.)、矮小被孢霉(M. humilis Linnem.)、无色被孢霉(M. hyalina(Harz) W. Gams)、印度被孢霉(M. indica B.S. Mehrotra)、英杜被孢霉(M. indohii C.Y. Chien),詹金氏被孢霉(M. jenkinii (A.L. Sm.) Naumov)、可疑极小被孢霉(M. minutissima Tiegh. var. dubia Linnem.)、易变被孢霉(M. mutabilis Linnem.)、微孢被孢霉(M. parvispora Linnem.)、角胞拉曼被孢霉(M. ramanniana(Moller) Linnem. var. angulispora (Naumov) Linnem.)、网孢被孢霉(M. reticulata Tiegh.& G. Le Monn.)、多疣被孢霉(M. verrucosa Linnem.)、轮枝被孢霉(M. verticillata Linnem.)。文中讨论和评价了一些分类性状,还列出分亚属、分组、分种和变种的检索表.每个分类单元都有描述和讨论以及线条图、并列出分布地区。     

安徽枯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅱ.

本文报道采自安徽牯牛降的5种丝孢菌.对生于八角枫属(Alangium sp.)上的八角枫尾孢(Cercospora alangii Guo, sp. nov.)进行了描述并绘图。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生相关基因的克隆及功能分析

[目的]克隆灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生相关基因,并研究其功能,为进一步研究灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生机理和灰葡萄孢侵染及致病机理奠定基础.[方法]通过筛选灰葡萄孢ATMT突变体库,获得一株不能产生分生孢子的突变菌株BCt78,采用PCR和Southern Blotting技术,对突变菌株BCt78进行分子鉴定.利用TAIL-PCR技术获得T-DNA插入位点的侧翼序列;将所获得侧翼序列与灰葡萄孢基因组数据库中的已知基因序列进行BLAST分析,推测出T-DNA的插入位点;通过PCR进一步验证T-DNA的插入位点,利用RT-PCR技术确定突变基因;最后对突变菌株的菌落形态、生长速度、胞壁降解酶活力、粗毒素的生物活性、对番茄叶片的致病能力及部分致病相关基因的表达情况进行研究.[结果]TAIL-PCR结果证实T-DNA插入到灰葡萄孢BCIG 12707.1基因的ATG起始密码子区;RT-PCR结果证实突变基因为BCIG_12707.1,该基因DNA全长为135 bp,编码一个44个氨基酸的假定蛋白(Hypothetical protein).突变菌株在PDA培养基上菌落呈灰白色,生长速度减慢,不能产生分生孢子及菌核;对番茄叶片的致病性增强,且胞壁降解酶(PG、PMG和Cx)活力增强;突变菌株中参与细胞壁降解的角质酶基因cutA和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因Bepg1,信号转导途径基因(PKA1、PKA2、Bac、Bmp3),产毒素基因BcBOT2(Sesquiterpene synthase),漆酶基因Lac1,跨膜蛋白基因Btp1表达都增强.[结论]BC1G_ 12707.1基因在灰葡萄孢分生孢子产生、菌核形成及致病力等方面起重要作用.     

Intrafungal distribution of aflatoxins among conidia and sclerotia of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

This research examines the distribution of aflatoxins among conidia and sclerotia of toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus Link and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare cultured on Czapek agar (21 days, 28 degrees C). Total aflatoxin levels in conidia and sclerotia varied considerably both within (intrafungal) and among strains. Aspergillus flavus NRRL 6554 accumulated the highest levels of aflatoxin (conidia: B1, 84000 ppb; G1, 566000 ppb; sclerotia: B1, 135000 ppb; G1, 968000 ppb). Substantial aflatoxin levels in conidia could place at risk those agricultural workers exposed to dust containing large numbers of A. flavus conidia. Cellular ratios of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin G1 were nearly identical in conidia and sclerotia even though levels of total aflatoxins in these propagule types may have differed greatly. Aflatoxin G1 was detected in sclerotia of all A. flavus strains but in the conidia of only one strain. Each of the A. parasiticus strains examined accumulated aflatoxin G1 in both sclerotia and conidia. These results are examined in the context of current evolutionary theory predicting an increase in the chemical defense systems of fungal sclerotia, propagules critical to the survival of these organisms.     

猪苓菌丝形成菌核结构的特点(英文)

对猪苓(Grifolaumbellata(Pers.)Pilat)菌丝在人工条件下形成菌核及繁殖过程、人工菌核与野生菌核及培养基上未形成菌核的猪苓菌丝的显微结构进行了系统研究。研究证明人工菌核的结构与野生菌核的结构相似,均具有菌髓和皮层结构。人工菌核中的菌丝与培养基表面未形成菌核的猪苓菌丝存在着显著的差异,人工菌核是由培养基上纯培养的菌丝分化为膨大菌丝再由此形成有高度组织分化的猪苓菌核。     

猪苓菌丝形成菌核结构的特点

对猪苓(Grifola umbellata(Pers.)Pilat)菌丝在人工条件下形成菌核及繁殖过程、人工菌核与野生菌核及培养基上未形成菌核的猪苓菌丝的显微结构进行了系统研究.研究证明:人工菌核的结构与野生菌核的结构相似,均具有菌髓和皮层结构.人工菌核中的菌丝与培养基表面未形成菌核的猪苓菌丝存在着显著的差异,人工菌核是由培养基上纯培养的菌丝分化为膨大菌丝再由此形成有高度组织分化的猪苓菌核.     

Factors Influencing Formation of Sclerotia in Grifola umbellate （Pers.） Pilaet Under Artificial Conditions

The effects of substrate composition and temperature on myceilal growth and sclerotium production in Grlfola umbellate （Pers.） Pilaet were Investigated In the present study. The Induction of sclerotla of G. umbellate was affected greatly by the type of medium, as well as the type of carbon source. Malt-extract agar was able to induce the production of sclerotia. The production of sclerotia was also observed when the carbon source in the GPC agar medium （glucose 20 g/L, peptone 6 g/L, corn steep liquor 10 g/L, and agar 15 g/L） was replaced with glycerol or mannitol. Altering the composition of the GPC medium with milk powder, thiamine hydrochlorlde, extract of Armlllarla mellea, active clay, dlatomite, kaolin, or arginlne did not induce the production of sclerotla. A temperature range of 18-25 ℃ was suitable for both mycellai growth and sclerotium formation. Glycerol significantly Induced slerotium formation on nutrient supplemented with sawdust substrates In bottle culture. 24S-Polyporusterone A and polyporusterone B were assayed In samples of natural and cultured sclerotla. Both natural and cultured sclerotla contained 24S- polyporusterone A and polyporusterone B.     

Botrytis fabiopsis, a new species causing chocolate spot of broad bean in central China

The current study was conducted to identify Botrytis spp. isolated from symptomatic broad bean plants grown in Hubei Province, China. Among 184 Botrytis strains, three distinct species, B. cinerea, B. fabae and a previously undescribed Botrytis sp., were identified based on morphology of colonies, sclerotia and conidia. The novel Botrytis sp. is described herein as a new species, Botrytis fabiopsis sp. nov. At 20 C B. fabiopsis grew on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 12-13 mm d(-1), similar to B. fabae (13 mm d(-1)), but slower than B. cinerea (17-19 mm d(-1)). It formed pale gray colonies with short aerial mycelia and produced gray to black sclerotia in concentric rings on PDA. B. fabiopsis produced greater numbers of sclerotia than B. cinerea but fewer than B. fabae. Conidia produced by B. fabiopsis on broad bean leaves are hyaline to pale brown, elliptical to ovoid, wrinkled on the surface and are larger than conidia of B. fabae and B. cinerea. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined DNA sequence data of three nuclear genes (G3PDH, HSP60 and RPB2) showed that B. fabiopsis is closely related to B. galanthina, the causal agent of gray mold disease of Galanthus sp., but distantly related to B. fabae and B. cinerea. Sequence analysis of genes encoding necrosis and ethylene-inducing proteins (NEPs) indicated that B. fabiopsis is distinct from B. galanthina. Inoculation of broad bean leaves with conidia of B. fabiopsis caused typical chocolate spot symptoms with a similar disease severity to that caused by B. fabae but significantly greater than that caused by B. cinerea. This study suggests that B. fabiopsis is a new causal agent for chocolate spot of broad bean.     

两种葡萄孢属真菌对不同品种百合花瓣和叶片的侵染能力比较

为明确两种葡萄孢属真菌对不同百合品种叶片和花瓣的侵染能力,采用离体叶片接种法测定灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea和椭圆葡萄孢Botrytis elliptica对4个百合品种叶片和花瓣的侵染时间和病斑扩展速度。结果表明,供试百合花瓣接种灰葡萄孢病斑出现时间明显早于叶片,而不同品种花瓣接种椭圆葡萄孢病斑出现时间差异显著。此外,百合品种‘木门’叶片接种椭圆葡萄孢96 h后仍没有病斑出现,而花瓣接种后48 h病斑出现,说明‘木门’叶片对椭圆葡萄孢抗性较强,而花瓣较易感病。     

Histopathological studies of sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani parasitized by the EGFP transformant of Trichoderma virens

Aims:  The aim of the study was to investigate the antagonistic interactions of Trichoderma species against Rhizoctonia solani sclerotia by enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-tagged transformant of Trichoderma virens TY009.
Methods and Results:  An EGFP was used as a report gene for transforming T. virens strain, and a stable EGFP transformant GF5 was obtained with the mycoparasitic activity against sclerotia of R. solani . Observation of parasitized sclerotia by fluorescence microscopy showed hyphae of transformant GF5 was able to invade into sclerotia and its colonization was mainly intercellar with uniformly distributed mycelium in sclerotia. The host cells were colonized, penetrated, and then the whole cells were replaced by transformant GF5 hyphae. Chlamydospores were seen after 10 days but mature ones after 20 days. Sclerotia became soft and decayed after 40 days but a few cells seemed not to be colonized completely.
Conclusions:  Trichoderma virens was able to parasitize sclerotia to make sclerotia soft and decayed, and its colonization was mainly intercellar in sclerotial tissues.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This is first report of parasitism of sclerotia of R. solani by EGFP-tagged transformant, providing useful information for using T. virens as effective biocontrol agent.     

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured sclerotia of Physarum polycephalum

The ultrastructure and architecture of freeze-fractured sclerotia of Physarum polycephalum was studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The sclerotia are built of many spherules grouped together in a common outer coat. Each spherule has hard walls which separate it from its neighbors. The spherules are rounded in 2-day-old sclerotia, and have a lobe-like structure 3 weeks later. A new simple technique for obtaining freeze-fractured biological material is described and compared with freeze-fracture in a freeze-etching apparatus. The ultrastructural details of the fractured sclerotia are described.     

Factors affecting the survival of sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia

Sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum buried in muck soil in the Fraser Valley decayed with time. The rate of decay of sclerotia was influenced by local environmental conditions. A mixture of soil with sclerotia increased their survival but there was no difference in the rates of decay in three different soils. The decay was greatest during winter when Fraser Valley fields are often flooded. Sclerotial decay was also affected by pretreatment of the sclerotia. Dried sclerotia decayed significantly (P < 0.05) faster than sclerotia which had not been dried, a phenomenon which is apparently due to changes in micro-organisms on the sclerotia. Dried sclerotia which had been incubated in moist soil had fewer bacteria and more fungi than sclerotia which had been incubated in soil without being dried. The increase in fungi on the dried sclerotia was due to a dramatic increase in Trichoderma spp.