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1.
This article is an exploratory piece which introduces an argument that a new Māori-science discourse for freshwater has emerged in New Zealand. At the heart of the discourse is the Māori word mātauranga. Drawing on my attendance at a recent Māori water symposium, this work will track the shifting power relationships and fluid boundaries of groups of people with interests in science and claims to freshwater resources. With a focus on the words and language used by Ngai Tahu tribal leaders and natural scientists attending the symposium, this work asks what role the politics of language and discourse plays in transforming identities, power relations and sociopolitical hierarchies. A major focus of this article is the shifting relationships between identity, knowledge and power. Its thesis is that subtle shifts in discourse reflect wider social and symbolic struggles.  相似文献   

2.
A. Fauvel 《PSN》2007,5(4):212-219
In the 19th century, there was much discussion about lunatic asylums. Since hydrotherapy was then a privileged cure for mental illness, there were stories about inmates who died literally fried in the so-called “continuous baths”, where they had been forgotten by neglectful members of staff. This paper aims to distinguish between truth and fantasy, through an analysis of patient testimonies, literature and medical discourse. The reader will discover that what was at the time considered fiction by many, just another dreadful story on madhouses, was in fact a reality, that some physicians such as Evariste Marandon de Montyel (1851–1908) tried to combat.  相似文献   

3.
A high-resolution multidimensional NMR study of ligand-binding to Escherichia coli malate synthase G (MSG), a 723-residue monomeric enzyme (81.4 kDa), is presented. MSG catalyzes the condensation of glyoxylate with an acetyl group of acetyl-CoA, producing malate, an intermediate in the citric-acid cycle. We show that despite the size of the protein, important structural and dynamic information about the molecule can be obtained on a per-residue basis. 15N-1HN residual dipolar couplings and carbonyl chemical shift changes upon alignment in Pf1 phage establish that there are no significant domain reorientations in the molecule upon ligand binding, in contrast to what was anticipated on the basis of both the X-ray structure of the glyoxylate-bound form of the enzyme and structural studies of a related set of proteins. The chemical shift changes of 1HN, 15N and 13CO nuclei upon binding of pyruvate, a glyoxylate-mimicking inhibitor, and acetyl-CoA have been mapped onto the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. Binding constants of pyruvate, glyoxylate, and acetyl-CoA (in the presence of pyruvate) have been measured, along with the kinetic parameters for glyoxylate and pyruvate binding. The on-rates of pyruvate and glyoxalate binding, approximately 1.2 x 10(6)M(-1)s(-1) and approximately 2.7 x 10(6)M(-1)s(-1), respectively, are significantly lower than what is anticipated from a simple diffusion-controlled process. Some structural implications of the chemical shift perturbations upon binding and the estimated ligand on-rates are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
This article analyzes doctor-patient communication as it is taught to medical students in a student-run free clinic for the homeless. Moving beyond Foucault's concept of the medical gaze, it incorporates Byron Good's theorizing about the soteriological aspects of medicine and medical education as well as aspects of practice theory as illuminated by Anthony Giddens. Ethnographic examples illustrate the necessary tension between objectification and subject-making that exists in the specific practices engaged in by both students and preceptors at the clinic site.  相似文献   

5.
Ethnographic research in a forensic psychiatric hospital demonstrates a prevalent ambiguity about the relationship between emotion and reason and a suspicion that many inmate-patients are not mentally ill. Nonetheless, central to the discourse and method of inmates and staff are skills in suppressing one's own emotions and in producing and manipulating others' emotions. Drawing upon Foucault's insights, the author suggests that practices in American penal and forensic psychiatric contexts shed light on the wider culture's surreptitious ideologies of emotion and interpersonal dynamics.  相似文献   

6.
Both medicine and the history of medicine have seen many changes in the last four decades. The way we tell the story of medical developments no longer concentrates on the important doctors and their ideas. The influences of social history in the 1960s and 1970s and cultural history in the 1980s and 1990s have broadened and enriched the interpretations of our medical past. The social historians have helped us to include politics, economics, and the leading ideas of any period we wanted to study; the cultural approach has added ethnography as well as an emphasis on language or discourse.Today there is a new history of medicine, one far more willing to cross disciplinary boundaries to ask questions about how we know what we know and why we do what we do.This article highlights some of the work in the adjoining fields of medical anthropology and of literature and medicine to demonstrate new interests, new questions, and new methods of inquiry. However, although we have cast our nets far more widely in the process of professionalizing the history of medicine, there is a question about whether we have lost the appeal to one of our core constituencies: medical students and physicians. We need to welcome some of the new changes in medical history as in medicine itself; the common goal is to achieve a better understanding of what we have done and what we are doing.  相似文献   

7.
Medicine is driven by much more than science and reason (ethics); it is also driven by the circuits of culture within which it operates. This article examines how postmodern theory deconstructs standard ideals of science and reason and allows medical humanities scholars to better contextualize the world of medicine. As such, postmodern theory provides an invaluable tool for understanding the circuits of popular culture and medicine's place within these circuits. Using a recent issue of Newsweek magazine devoted to health and technology to illustrate the main points, this essay argues that contemporary popular influences on medicine are deeply problematic, and that through an appreciation of the dynamics of culture, medical humanities scholars can join the struggle over medical culture. This perspective allows medical humanities to make important contributions toward alternative circuits of medical representation, consumption, and identification.  相似文献   

8.
Glutaraldehyde, aluminum ions and glycerol (that inhibit the M intermediate decay in the wild-type bacteriorhodopsin and azide-induced M decay in the D96N mutant by stabilization of the M(closed)) accelerate the N decay in the D96N mutant. The aluminum ions, the most potent activator of the N decay, induce a blue shift of the N difference spectrum by approximately 10 nm. Protonated azide as well as acetate and formate inhibit the N decay in both the D96N mutant and the wild-type protein. It is concluded that the N intermediate represents, in fact, an equilibrium mixture of the two ('open' and 'closed') forms. These two forms, like M(closed) and M(open), come to an equilibrium in the microseconds range. The absorption spectrum of the N(open) is slightly shifted to red in comparison to that of the N(closed). Again, this resembles the M forms. 13-cis-all-trans re-isomerization is assumed to occur in the N(closed) form only. Binding of 1-2 molecules of protonated azide stabilizes the N(open) form. Existence of the 'open' and 'closed' forms of the M and N intermediates provides the appropriate explanation of the cooperative phenomenon as well as some other effects on the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Summarizing the available data, we suggest that M(open) is identical to the M(N) form, whereas M1 and M2 are different substates of M(closed).  相似文献   

9.
The Deason House is located in the heart of the Piney Woods region in the town of Ellisville, Mississippi. During the American Civil War, the Deason House became the epicenter for an event that started a rebellion against the Confederate government. On 5 October 1863, a Confederate deserter named Newton Knight allegedly shot and killed Confederate Major Amos McLemore in the Deason House, which eventually lead to the formation of the Free State of Jones. Despite the historical importance of the house, oral accounts and written documents have failed to provide accurate construction history of the structure. We coupled techniques of dendrochronology and geophysical survey to better understand the construction history of the Deason House and cultural activities of its inhabitants. We extracted 35 Pinus palustris (Mill.) timbers along the west-facing exterior weatherboards and from various logs within the second-floor attic, 25 of which were successfully crossdated against a P. palustris reference chronology located 15 km south in De Soto National Forest (1742–2013). The Deason House chronology anchored against the De Soto time series during the period 1742–1875 (r = 0.55, t = 4.01, p < 0.0001) and extended the reference chronology back to the year 1680 CE. Clustering of cutting- and near-cutting dates from timbers revealed 3 possible stages of construction. First, the house likely existed as a single-pen structure built in the winter of 1835/1836, based on two timbers with wane/bark that were affixed to the original chimney made of clay bricks fired on the homestead. Second, based on the clustering of 1855 cutting dates, we suggest this was the most likely time the original structure was expanded with a vestibule, porch, and larger 4-room house. Finally, six timbers revealed a back addition was constructed in the year 1866. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) helped provide evidence mentioned in written records that the back addition (1866) existed as the detached kitchen then was affixed to the structure ca. 1890. The GPR data revealed geophysical anomalies that indicated the original sites of the detached kitchen, water well, livestock pen, privies, and trash pit. Through the use of dendrochronological analyses and geophysical survey, we were able to provide an updated history of the Deason House construction dynamics and cultural activities of its inhabitants beyond the historical record.  相似文献   

10.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have five known subtypes which are widely distributed in both the peripheral and central nervous system for regulation of a variety of cholinergic functions. Atropine is a well known muscarinic subtype non-specific antagonist that competitively inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) at postganglionic muscarinic sites. Atropine is used to treat organophosphate (OP) poisoning and resulting seizures in the warfighter because it competitively inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) at the muscarinic cholinergic receptors. ACh accumulates due to OP inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes ACh. However, atropine produces several unwanted side-effects including dilated pupils, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and dry mouth. To overcome these side-effects, our goal was to find an alternative to atropine that emphasizes M1 (seizure prevention) antagonism but has minimum M2 (cardiac) and M3 (e.g., eye) antagonism so that an effective less toxic medical countermeasure may be developed to protect the warfighter against OP and other chemical warfare agents (CWAs). We adopted an in silico pharmacophore modeling strategy to develop features that are characteristics of known M1 subtype-selective compounds and used the model to identify several antagonists by screening an in-house (WRAIR-CIS) compound database. The generated model for the M1 selectivity was found to contain two hydrogen bond acceptors, one aliphatic hydrophobic, and one ring aromatic feature distributed in a 3D space. From an initial identification of about five hundred compounds, 173 compounds were selected through principal component and cluster analyses and in silico ADME/Toxicity evaluations. Next, these selected compounds were evaluated in a subtype-selective in vitro radioligand binding assay. Twenty eight of the compounds showed antimuscarinic activity. Nine compounds showed specificity for M1 receptors and low specificity for M3 receptors. The pKi values of the compounds range from 4.5 to 8.5 nM in comparison to a value of 8.7 nM for atropine. 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2,2-diphenylpropanoate (ZW62841) was found have the best desired selectivity. None of the newly found compounds were previously reported to exhibit antimuscarinic specificity. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented.  相似文献   

11.
Electrophysiological properties of activated mouse macrophages cultured in vitro were studied using microelectrode techniques. In a high percentage of the individual cells analysed a slow hyperpolarization (SH) was observed with a concomitant decrease (2--4 times) of the input resistance. Increasing doses of tetraethyl ammonium progressively reduce the amplitude of the SH and at a concentration of 15 mM complete blockade of the phenomena is observed. Valinomycin, at a concentration of 10(-7) M produces rapid and permanent hyperpolarization, with a shift in the membrane potential to about --50 mV. These data strongly support the previously proposed hypothesis that the development of SH is due to an increase in the membrane permeability to potassium ions.  相似文献   

12.
《California medicine》1971,115(1):81-83
At present, physicians in California who choose to join organized medicine do so through their county medical societies, and membership in the California Medical Association and the American Medical Association is then automatic. At the March meeting of the CMA House of Delegates, question was raised whether membership in CMA, and the AMA, or both should remain automatic.The House requested an ad hoc committee to cause a "poll and its attendant statements to be developed by May 21 for copy distribution to component medical societies and printing in the CMA membership news media-with mailing of the official questionnaires to the society members on September 1, 1971." Members will be asked to express their opinions by ballot in September.The Speaker of the House appointed an ad hoc committee of the House to conduct this informed opinion poll of the membership. The committee has met to set ground rules, prepare accurate pro and con statements and write the poll questions-in accord with the directions of the House action.The Informed Membership Opinion Poll Committee, with the advice of Decision Making Information, Inc., an independent consultant, prepared statements regarding unified and separate membership in CMA and AMA from comments which were solicited from every county medical society. A statement by legal counsel for the California Medical Association on the structural relationship of AMA, CMA and component societies, and the statements on unified or separate membership prepared by the committee appear on the following two pages.  相似文献   

13.
V A Orekhova 《Genetika》1975,11(3):138-144
A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians inthe Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(O)--0,6210; P(A)--0,2451; Q(B)--0,1339; D--0,6093; D-9,3907; M-0,6063; N-0,3937; P(+)-0,4971; P(--)--0,5029; and in poles: r(O)--0,6284; p(A)--0,2353; q(B)--0,1363; D - 0,6065; d - 0,3935; M - 0,6093; N- 0,0397; P(+) -0,4966; P(-) -0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles an d phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with the common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region withthe poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(O) , p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grondno region.  相似文献   

14.
This article is a report of the “International Colloquium on Gap junctions: 50 Years of Impact on Cancer” that was held 8–9 September 2016, at the Amphitheater “Pôle Biologie Santé” of the University of Poitiers (Poitiers, France). The colloquium was organized by M Mesnil (Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France) and C Naus (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada) to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the seminal work published in 1966 by Loewenstein and Kanno [Intercellular communication and the control of tissue growth: lack of communication between cancer cells, Nature, 116 (1966) 1248–1249] which initiated studies on the involvement of gap junctions in carcinogenesis. During the colloquium, 15 participants presented reviews or research updates in the field which are summarized below.  相似文献   

15.
The 3′ end formation of mammalian pre-mRNA contributes to gene expression regulation by setting the downstream boundary of the 3′ untranslated region, which in many genes carries regulatory sequences. A large number of protein cleavage factors participate in this pre-mRNA processing step, but chemical tools to manipulate this process are lacking. Guided by a hypothesis that a PPM1 family phosphatase negatively regulates the 3′ cleavage reaction, we have found a variety of new small molecule activators of the in vitro reconstituted pre-mRNA 3′ cleavage reaction. New activators include a cyclic peptide PPM1D inhibitor, a dipeptide with modifications common to histone tails, abscisic acid and an improved l-arginine β-naphthylamide analog. The minimal concentration required for in vitro cleavage has been improved from 200 μM to the 200 nM–100 μM range. These compounds provide unexpected leads in the search for small molecule tools able to affect pre-mRNA 3′ end formation.  相似文献   

16.
It has recently been discovered that the beta blocker drug, propranolol, can potentially reduce implicit racial bias among its users. By acting upon the affective conditions associated with implicit racial bias functioning at the non-conscious and pre-conscious levels, researchers have expressed excitement about the potential of propranolol and similar drugs to decrease implicit racial attitudes, and, thus, potentially decrease racism. This study and others like it not only provide indications of an affective component to modern-day racism, but, more importantly, an epistemological shift in the meaning of racism within academia from a social and cultural problem to a medical problem. In this article, we examine this shift in academic discourse towards a pathologization of racism and the implications of this on the sociological study of race and racism.  相似文献   

17.
《Biological Control》2007,40(3):257-261
Microplitis mediator (Haliday) is a solitary endoparasitoid of larvae of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the oriental armyworm, Mythimna = Leucania separata (Walker). The preference and suitability of different instars of M. separata for M. mediator were determined under laboratory conditions at a constant temperature of 26 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and L14:D10 photoperiod. The selection coefficient revealed that M. mediator parasitized 1st to 4th instars, but preferred 2nd and 3rd instars. Seventy-one percent of parasitism was achieved within 24 h when the 2nd instars were used as hosts at a density of one parasitoid per 20 Larvae. Parasitoid egression and pupation were dependent on the host instar parasitized and occurred from the 1st through the 4th instar. The mean developmental time from egg to prepupae of M. mediator within 1st to 4th instars of the host was 8.27, 8.30, 8.30 and 9.20 days, respectively. Cocoon weights were lower when 1st and 2nd instars served as hosts rather than 3rd and 4th instars. The percentage of host larva that died before parasitoid egression declined as the age of the host increased, ranging from 26% to 2% for 1st–5th instars, respectively. The results of this study suggest that 2nd and 3rd instars of M. separata would be the best host stages for mass production of M. mediator in the laboratory and the best host instars to target for effective control in field releases.  相似文献   

18.
Invasive exotic species pose an important threat to biodiversity worldwide. However, there is little information on the effects that specific exotic bird species have on native biota. The House Sparrow is an excellent ecological model to evaluate the effect that an invasive exotic species has on native bird communities. Our study describes the relationship of the presence and abundance of House Sparrows with the structure, diversity, and composition of native bird communities in West Mexico. We used two approaches to compare House Sparrow invaded and non-invaded bird communities: (1) at a small geographic-scale that allowed us to evaluate shifts in avian communities with presence of the House Sparrow under similar environmental conditions; and (2) at the landscape-level to evaluate the effect of this species under a scenario of greater environmental heterogeneity. Results from both approaches show that areas invaded by House Sparrows have heavily-dominated avian communities with low species richness, while non-invaded areas exhibit highly-even and species-rich bird communities. Species turnover analysis indicates that the decrease in the number of bird species in House Sparrow invaded areas is caused by species loss, rather than a shift in species composition. Our results indicate that the invasion of an area by the House Sparrow, through synergistic interactions with human activities, determines the composition, structure, and diversity of native bird communities.  相似文献   

19.
We examined how house officers coped with serious medical mistakes to gain insight into how medical educators should handle these situations. An anonymous questionnaire was mailed to 254 house officers in internal medicine asking them to describe their most important mistake and their response to it; 45% (N = 114) reported a mistake and completed the questionnaire. House officers experienced considerable emotional distress in response to their mistakes and used a variety of strategies to cope. In multivariate analysis, those who coped by accepting responsibility were more likely to make constructive changes in practice, but to experience more emotional distress. House officers who coped by escape-avoidance were more likely to report defensive changes in practice. For house officers who have made a mistake, we suggest that medical educators provide specific advice about preventing a recurrence of the mistake, provide emotional support, and help them understand that distress is an expected concomitant of learning from the experience.  相似文献   

20.
The switch in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, which reorients access of the retinal Schiff base from the extracellular to the cytoplasmic side, was suggested to be an M1----M2 reaction (Váró and Lanyi. 1991. Biochemistry. 30:5008-5015, 5016-5022). Thus, in this light-driven proton pump it is the interconversion of proposed M substates that gives direction to the transport. We find that in monomeric, although not purple membrane-lattice immobilized, D115N bacteriorhodopsin, the absorption maximum of M changes during the photocycle: in the time domain between its rise and decay it shifts 15 nm to the blue relative to the spectrum at earlier times. This large shift strongly supports the existence of two M substates. Since D115 is located near the beta-ionone ring of the retinal, the result raises questions about the possible involvement of the retinal chain or protein residues as far away as 10 A from the Schiff base in the mechanism of the switching reaction.  相似文献   

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