阿根廷作物种质资源考察报告

阿根廷是南美洲第二大国家,是世界重要的粮食生产大国之一。主要种植作物有大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻、向日葵、花生、棉花等。阿根廷作物种质资源统一由阿根廷国家农业技术研究院（INTA）进行管理,全国生物资源设有首席项目协调员, 统一管理和协调全国的生物资源收集、保存、评价鉴定、研究与交换等项目工作。下设动物资源协调员、植物资源协调员和微生物资源协调员。阿根廷有作物种质资源保存长期库1个,中期库9个,收集品库8个。长期库设在INTA生物资源所,中期库和收集品库分别设在INTA所属的全国各地的研究所和试验站。保存有玉米、牧草、向日葵、花生、高粱等29040份作物种质资源。     

Status of biomethanation development in the Philippines

Summary Two major agro-industrial enterprizes have commercialized the biomethanation technology in the Philippines: the Maya Farm and the Central Azucarera de Tarlac. The Maya Farm produces biogas from the manure of 25 000 pigs. The reactors are of the batch type. The gas production is used for electricity generation, water pumping and heating, solid wastes drying etc. The Central Azucarera de Tarlac produces biogas from distillery slops and filter cake. The principle of the treatment is decantation followed by thermophilic anaerobic digestion lagooning with and without aeration and finally, irrigation of the sugar-cane fields with the final liquid effluent. The pollution load of the influent is reduced by 80% after anaerobic digestion and by 99% at the end of the treatment. The biogas produced is used to reactivate the spent carbon in the refinery kilns and in the boilers.

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Resumen Dos importantes fábricas agro-industriales han comercializado la técnología de la biometanación en Filipinas: la Granja Maya y la Central Azucarera de Tarlac. La Granja Maya produce biogas a partir del estiercol de 25 000 marranos. Los reactores son de una sola fase. Elagas producido se utiliza para generar electricidad, bombear y calentar agua, secar residuos sólidos, etc. La Central Azucarera de Tarmac produce biogas a partir de desechos de destilerias y de posos de filtrado. El tratamiento consiste en una decantación seguida de una digestión termofílica anaerobia mediante encharcamiento con o sin aereación y finalmente el riego de los campos de caña de azucar con el efluente líquido resultante. El nivel de polución del afluente se reduce en un 80% después de la digestión anaerobia y en un 99% al final del tratamiento. El biogas producido se utiliza para reactivar el carbón gastado en los hornos y calderas de la refinería.

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Résumé Deux importantes agro-industries ont commercialisé, la technologie de la biométhanisation aux Philippines: la ferme Maya et la sucrerie Central Azucarera de Tarlac (CAT). La ferme Maya produit du biogaz à partir du lisier de 25 000 porcs. Les digesteurs sont du type batch et la production de gaz est utilisée pour la production d'électricité, le pompage et le chauffage de l'eau, le séchage, etc. La sucrerie CAT produit du biogaz à partir de boues de distilleries et de gâteaux de filtration. Le principe du traitement est une décantation suivie d'une digestion

     

State of the biomethanation development in the Chinese stock-farms

Summary The development of Chinese rural areas and the raising of people's living standards increase the demand for energy supplies, quantitative as well as qualitative. Because of its advantages, biogas production is already used in 5 million households to cover everyday-life energy needs. About 20000 households use biogas produced in stock-farms and distributed through small biogas power stations or electricity stations. The annual biogas production potential from animal wastes could cover the energy needs of over 100 million households but research work is still needed to be done to find suitable designs for large-scale biomethanation development in stock-farms.

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Resumen El desarrollo de las zonas rurales en China y el incremento del nivel de vida aumentan la demanda cualitativa y cuantitativamente de fuentes de energía. Debidoa las ventajas del biogas más de 5 millones de hogares lo utilizan para cubrir sus necesidades energéticas diarias, cerca de 20000 hogares utilizan biogas producido en explotaciones ganaderas y distribuido a través de pequeñas centrales de biogas o electricas. El potencial anual de producción de biogas a partir de residuos animales podría cubrir la demanda energéticva de 100 millones de hogares, sin embargo hay que profundizar en la investigación a fin de diseñar los modelos más adecuados para el desarrollo de la biometanación a gran escala en las explotaciones ganaderas.

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Résumé Le développement des zones rurales chinoises et l'augmentation du niveau de vie dans ces régions provoque une augmentation de la demande d'énergie. A cause de ses avantages la production de biogaz est déjà utilisée dans 5 millions de ménages pour couvrir les besoins journaliers en énergie. De plus, près de 20000 ménages utilisent le biogaz produit dans les fermes d'élevage. Celui-ci est en effet distribué par de petites stations mécaniques ou électriques. Le potentiel annuel de production de biogaz à partir des lisiers animaux pourrait couvrir les besoins énergétiques de plus de 100 millions de ménages mais des recherches sont encore nécessaires pour la mise au point de procédés adaptés au développement à grande échelle de la biométhanisation dans les fermes d'élevage.

     

Status of biomethanation development in India

Summary More than 142 distilleries in India produce 12000 million litres of effljent per year with a biogas potential of 22 to 30 litres per litre of effluent. Only four distilleries already produce biogas from their effluent. In these distilleries the biogas replaces coal for the production of energy. Incentives for the development of biomethanation are provided in the form of ediction of pollution control laws, subsidies on incremental costs, special refinance and discounting schemes, etc. Ashok Organics Ltd. possesses the know-how and sells the technology.

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Resumen Más de 142 destilerias en la India producen 12000 millones le litros de efluentes al año, con un potencial para la producción de biogas de 22 a 30 m³ por litro de effluente. Unicamente 4 destilerias producen biogas a partir de sus efluentes. En estas destilerias el biogas sustituye al carbón para la producción de energía. Se esta incentivando el desarrollo de sistemas de biometanación mediante la promulgación de leyes para el control de la polución, subsidios para los costes instrumentales y planes especiales de descuento y financiación. Mesas Ashok Organics Ltd. posee y vende la tecnología adecuada.

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Résumé En Inde, plus de 142 distilleries produisent 12 millions de m³ d'effluents par an, avec un potentiel de production de biogaz de 22 à 30 m³ par m³ d'effluent. A l'heure actuelle quatre distilleries seulement produisent du biogaz à partir de leurs effluents. Dans ces distilleries le biogaz remplace le charbon pour la production d'énergie. Il existe pourtant des incitants au développement de la biométhanisation, sous la forme de subsides, de programmes spéciaux de financement, de taux d'intérêts avantageux et de lois pour le contrôle de la pollution. De plus une firme indienne, Ashok Organics, possède le know how et vend la technologie.

     

Solutions for on-farm integration of biomethanation

Summary A 100-m³ on-farm digester working on bovine manure has been built by the Belgian industrial sector in view of acquiring the know-how in biomethanation technology. After three years of experiments, a project has been started to achieve the on-farm integration of the digester, i.e. to find solutions to the problems occurring upstream in relation to the flow of manure, downstream to the flow of biogas, and to increase the farmer's interests in the management of the plant. Ultimately, the dynamic aspect of farm management shall have a continuous impact on the digester on-farm integration with innovations taking the digester into account.

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Resumen A fin de obtener información sobre la tecnología de la biometanación el sector industrial belga ha construido, integrado en una granja, un digestor de 100 m³ alimentado por estiercol vacuno. Después de tres años de experimentos se ha iniciado un proyecto a fin de lograr la completa integración del digestor en la explotación ganadera. Para ellohay que aportar soluciones a los problemas que ocurren rio arriba en relación con el flujo de estiercol y rio abajo con el de biogas, o bien incrementar el interés del granjero por la gestión de la planta. En el fondo tan solo una gestión dinámica de la explotación ganadera tendrá un impacto prolongado en la integración del digestor en la granja generando innovaciones que tengan en cuenta al digestor.

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Résumé Un digesteur rural de 100 m³ traitant du lisier de bovins a été construit par le secteur industriel belge en vue de l'acquisition de know how en biométhanisation. Après trois ans d'expérience un nouveau projet a été entrepris afin de réaliser l'intégration à la ferme de ce digesteur, c'est-à-dire afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes en amont du digesteur, en relation avec le flux de lisier, en aval du digesteur, en relation avec le flux de biogaz, et afin de susciter l'intérêt de l'agriculteur pour la gestion de l'installation. L'objectif du projet est d'atteindre le stade où l'aspect dynamique de la gestion de la ferme a des impacts continus sur l'intégration du digesteur, de sorte que les innovations au sein de l'exploitation prennent le digesteur en compte.

     

Fluidized bed biomethanation of acetic acid

Summary The kinetics of acetate biomethanation was studied in a high recycle ratio biological fluidized bed reactor behaving in practice as a completely mixed reactor. The active biofilm consisted of bacteria from a methane fermenter that after spontaneous immobilization on the bed particles (sand) were adapted to acetate as the only carbon source. The effects of temperature (13°, 20°, 25° and 35°C), substrate concentration (500, 1000 and 1500 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) l^-1) and hydraulic retention time (1 to 8 h) on substrate consumption were studied. Maximum substrate consumption (as % COD reduction) amounted from 25% (13°C, 1500 mg COD l^-1) to 93% (35°C, 500 mg COD l^-1). At 35°C the concentration of attached biomass presented a weakly increase with reactor substrate concentration (from 3.10 g VS l^-1 to 4.54 g VS l^-1 for 32 and 1150 mg COD l^-1 respectively). On the other hand when reducing , a sharp incrase in biomass loss coefficient was observed showing that excess biofilm growth was continuously removed by shearing forces. Thus in the assayed conditions the attached biomass concentration was basically determined by the bed superficial velocity. Result show that diffusional resistances are negligible. Data are fairly well correlated by a variable order kinetic model. The apparent reaction order is a function of temperature and increases from 0.27 to 0.7 when temperature decreases from 35° C to 13°C.Nomenclature b Total biomass loss coefficient (T^-1) - J Flux of substrate removal into the biofilm surface (ML^-2 T^-1) - J _d Flux of substrate removed into the biofilm surface in deep conditions (ML^-2 T^-1) - k Maximum specific rate of substrate utilization (T^-1) - K Variable order kinetic constant (T^-1 M^n-1 L^3n-3) - K _s9 Hall saturation constant (ML^-3) - n Reaction order - q Feed flow rate (L³ T^-1) - S Substrate concentration (ML^-3) - Se Effluent substrate concentration (ML^-3) - So Influent substrate concentration (ML^-3) - Se_min Minimum substrate concentration able to sustain a steady-state biofilm (ML^-3) - T Temperature - t Time(T) - V Bed volume (L³) - VS Volatile solids (M) - VSS Volatile suspended solids - X Attached biomass concentration (ML^-3) - X _c Effluent volatile suspended solids (ML^-3) - Y Yield coefficient - Hydraulic retention time (T) This work forms part of a Doctoral Thesis of senior author     

Effect of microwave irradiated Methanosarcina barkeri DSM-804 on biomethanation

Methanosarcina barkeri DSM-804, a methanogenic bacterium, when exposed to microwave radiation of frequencies ranging from 13.5 to 36.5 GHz, showed faster growth in comparison to the unirradiated bacterial culture. Methane concentration in the biogas generated from the irradiated culture was higher than that from unirradiated one, which was to 76.3% on the 15th day of incubation at a microwave radiation frequency of 31.5 GHz, 10 dbm power when irradiated for 2 h. Microscopic study of pure culture revealed that the cells of M. barkeri were more in number and their cell diameter was enlarged by 20%. Inoculation of the culture in a biogas digester containing a combination of jute waste and vegetable market waste as substrate increased the efficacy of biomethanation and reduced its lag phase significantly.     

The effect of temperature variation on biomethanation at high altitude

The aim of the current study was to examine effects of daily temperature variations on the performance of anaerobic digestion. Forced square-wave temperature variations (between 11 and 25, 15 and 28, and 19 and 32 degrees C) were imposed on a bench-scale digester using a mixture of llama-cow-sheep manure in a semi-continuous process. The volumetric biogas production rate, methane yield, and the volatile solid reductions were compared with the results obtained from anaerobic digestion (AD) at constant temperatures. The forced cyclic variations of temperature caused large cyclic variations in the rate of gas production and the methane content. As much as 94-97% of the daily biogas was obtained in the 12h half-cycle at high temperature. The values for volumetric biogas production rate and methane yield increased at higher temperatures. The average volumetric biogas production rate for cyclic operation between 11 and 25 degrees C was 0.22Ld(-1)L(-1) with a yield of 0.07m3CH4kg(-1) VS added (VSadd), whereas for operation between 15 and 29 degrees C the volumetric biogas production rate increased by 25% (to 0.27Ld(-1)L(-1) with a yield of 0.08m3CH4kg(-1) VSadd). In the highest temperature region a further increase of 7% in biogas production was found and the methane yield was 0.089m(3)CH(4)kg(-1) VSadd. The employed digester showed an immediate response when the temperature was elevated, which indicates a well-maintained metabolic capacity of the methanogenic bacteria during the period of low temperature. Overall, periodic temperature variations appear to give less decrease in process performance than a priori anticipated.     

Anaerobic protozoa and their growth in biomethanation systems

This study was to investigate growth of protozoa and its influence on biodegradation in anaerobic treatment systems. It was done by specifically controlling and monitoring growth of protozoa versus degradation in continuous stirred anaerobic reactors and batch anaerobic reactors. Occurrence of a diverse protozoa population such as the ciliates, Prorodon, Vorticella, Cyclidium, Spathidium, Loxodes, Metopus were observed in stable anaerobic systems and the flagellates, Rhynchomonas, Naeglaria, Amoeboflagellates, Tetramitus, Trepomonas and Bodo during increased VFA concentration and affected periods of biomethanation. The abundance of ciliates in the anaerobic system had significant correlation with the reduction of MLSS, increased rate of COD removal and higher methane production. The results of this study thus tend to relate increased anaerobic degradation with the abundance of protozoa, mainly ciliates, which indicate their possible involvement in the process. Present study also reveals that performance of anaerobic process can be assessed by monitoring the protozoa population in the system.     

Enhanced biomethanation of kitchen waste by different pre-treatments

Five different pre-treatments were investigated to enhance the solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability of kitchen waste (KW) in thermophilic batch and continuous tests. In the batch solubilisation tests, the highest and the lowest solubilisation efficiency were achieved with the thermo-acid and the pressure-depressure pre-treatments, respectively. However, in the batch biodegradability tests, the highest cumulative biogas production was obtained with the pressure-depressure method. In the continuous tests, the best performance in terms of an acceptable biogas production efficiency of 60% and stable in-reactor COD_s and VFA concentrations corresponded to the pressure-depressure reactor, followed by freeze-thaw, acid, thermo-acid, thermo and control. The maximum OLR (5 g COD L⁻¹ d⁻¹) applied in the pressure-depressure and freeze-thaw reactors almost doubled the control reactor. From the overall analysis, the freeze-thaw pre-treatment was the most profitable process with a net potential profit of around 11.5 € ton⁻¹ KW.     

Multi-scale patterns of habitat use by wild boar in the Monte Desert of Argentina

A large number of protected areas worldwide have been impacted by biological invasions, threatening the biodiversity they aim to protect. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is one of the most threatening invasive species in Argentina, already occupying many ecoregions, including the central Monte Desert. However, there are no studies regarding the use that wild boars make of this invaded biome and what factors (climate or landscape) determine or contribute to the establishment of this species. The objectives of this study were to assess habitat use of the wild boar at spatial and temporal scales in the central Monte Desert, and to assess if climatic factors influence its abundance. Our results show that, at habitat-level the wild boar exhibited preferences for a particular habitat (Larrea shrubland) for feeding. At microhabitat-level, we found a positive association between herb cover and wild boar presence. In addition, we found a strong and positive association between the number of days with low temperatures and the number of wild boar signs registered. Therefore, we consider that in the central Monte Desert, habitat selection by wild boars is most likely determined by a maximization of food intake and a minimization of exposure to high temperature.     

Status of biomethanation in Brazil: perspective and viability in the short and long term

Summary Biomethanation of all the polluting residues of the Brazilian processing industries could produce the energy equivalent to half the Brazilian alcohol production. Biogas production from surgar-cane processing wastewaters has an attractive payback period. There exists many advantages as well as disadvantages for biogas development in Brazil but production of biogas from any raw material should always be considered viable from the ecological and social points of view, independently from the involved costs.

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Resumen La biometanación de todos los residuos polucionantes de las industrias brasileñas de transformación podría producir el equivalente energético de la mitad de la producción brasileña de alcohol. La producción de biogas a partir de las aguas residuales de la industria de transformación de la caña de azucar tiene un periodo de amortización interesante. El desrrollo del biogas en Brasil tiene tantasventajas como inconvenientes, sin embargo, desde unpunto de vista ecológico y social, la producción de biogas a partir de cualquier materia prima ha de considerarse siempre como viable independientemente de los costes implicados.

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Résumé La biométhanisation de tous, les résidus polluants de l'industrie de transformation brézilienne produirait l'équivalent énergétique de la moitié de l'actuelle production brézilienne d'alcool. De plus on peut montrer que la production de biogaz à partir des eaux résiduaires de l'industrie de la canne à sucre est rentable. En fail il existe de nombreux avantages et désavantages au développement de la biométhanisation au Brésil mais la production de biogaz devrait en général être toujours considérée comme rentable du point de vue écologique et social, indépendamment des coûts en jeu.

     

Environmental heterogeneity and habitat use of the red viscacha rat in drylands of west-central Argentina

Environmental heterogeneity shapes the traits of natural populations, including space use and burrowing behavior. We studied the red viscacha rat (Tympanoctomys barrerae), a semifossorial rodent with patchy distribution in drylands of west-central Argentina, to provide ecological data on habitat and burrow features of this specialist species. We collected data on 165 burrows and 55 individuals from 2017–2018 and observed correlations between different vegetation types, vegetation diversity, and physical attributes (e.g., soil hardness). A high number of individual red viscacha rats was negatively associated with herbs. The number of burrow entrances was positively associated with harder soils and negatively associated with vegetation cover. Our results suggest that the species' patchy distribution is strongly associated with environmental heterogeneity of these arid environments, and consequently provide an essential step towards conserving their populations across their geographic range.     

Differentiation between acetate and higher volatile acids in the modeling of the anaerobic biomethanation process

This paper presents a model for the single-stage completely-mixed anaerobic digestion of complex substrates containing no volatile acids. In the model, volatile acids produced by the acidogenic bacteria are no longer considered together. Acetate is assumed to be representative of the substrate and propionate and butyrate act only as inhibitors for the methanogenic bacteria.Nomenclature ···0 represents factors associated with the influent - ···1 represents factors associated with the acidogenic bacteria - ···2 represents factors associated with the methanogenic bacteria - Q hydraulic flow (1/d) - V reactor liquid volume (1) - T temperature of the mixed liquor (° C) - S microorganisms concentration (mg/1) - L volatile solids concentration (mg VS/1) - Lb biodegradable volatile solids concentration (mg VS/1) - VA2 acetate concentration (mg/1) - VA3 volatile acids with 3 to 5 carbon atoms concentration (mg/1) - methane rate production (1 CH₄/1_digester.d) - Km saturation coefficient (mg/l) - Ki inhibition coefficient (mg/l) - specific growth rate (1/d) - maximum specific growth rate (1/d) - b biological decay coefficient (1/d) - Arrhénius coefficient (–) - yield of acidogenic bacteria per mg of biodegradable matter consumed (mg S₁/mg L_b) | (mg S₂/mg VA2) - yield of methanogenic bacteria per mg of VA2 consumed - yield of methane production per mg of S₂ formed (1 CH₄/mg S₂) - proportion of VA2 produced per mg of S₁ biosynthetised - proportion of VA3 produced per mg of S₁ biosynthetised - Y_sp volume of CH₄ produced per g of volatile solids eliminated     

Community structure in montane grasslands of central Argentina in relation to land use

Abstract. We compared the responses of natural montane grasslands in central Argentina to two land-use patterns: cultivation - high intensity, low frequency, and short history of disturbance - and livestock raising - low intensity, high frequency and long history of disturbance. We analysed species composition, richness, and architectural traits in seven neighbouring sites under different land use. There were sharp floristic discontinuities between post-agricultural stages, whereas only minor shifts occurred among different grazing situations. Unlike cultivation, grazing did not produce significant differences in species richness and allowed very slight invasion by exotics. In post-cultivation situations, architectural differences were accounted for by species composition. In the case of different grazing intensities, they were mainly explained by morphological differences among populations of the same dominants. In view of the historical information and current ideas, we suggest that the differential responses to both land uses can be explained not only by the different frequencies and intensities of disturbance they represent, but also by their contrasting histories in the area. Accordingly, herbivory by ungulates should not be considered as a disturbance in these montane grasslands.     

A review of the main problems in the utilization of biomethanation of agro-industrial residues in China

Summary Combining construction of cities and towns with environmental protection, China has already constructed 19000 medium- and large-size biogas plants. The reasons for the success of biogas development in China are (1) promotion of the technology by the government with special conditions for manpower, material and finance, (2) establishment of special agencies to take charge of programs, plans and follow-up, (3) establishment of technical regulations and standards for quality biogas construction, and (4) the establishment of heavy penalties on pollution. But social, economical and technological problems still exist among which the technological one is the key one: most of the biogas processes are outdated with imperfect equipment and low gas production. Moreover the digested slurry does not reach the discharging standards asked by the government, thus many industries still have to use traditional post-treatments.

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Resumen La combinación de la protección del medio ambiente con la construcción de ciudades y pueblos ha permitido la construcción en China de 19000 plantas de biogas de media y gran escala. Las razones para el éxito del desarrollo del biogas en China son: (1) la promoción de la tecnología por el gobierno que ofrece condiciones especiales para contratar trabajadores, materiales y financiación. (2) el establecimiento de agencias especiales encargadas de los programas, de los planes y del seguimiento. (3) el establecimiento de regulaciones técnicas y normativas de calidad para la construcción de instalaciones de biogas. (4) el establecimiento de elevadas multas en caso de polución. Persisten aún, sin embargo, problemas sociales, económicos y técnicos siendo estos últimos los más importantes: la mayoria de los procesos para la obtención de biogas estan anticuados con instalaciones imperfectas y baja producción de gas. Incluso fangos ya digeridos no alcanzan las normativas de calidad establecidas por el gobierno por lo que muchos industriales han de utilizar tratamientos posteriores.

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Résumé Alliant la construction des villes et des villages avec la protection de l'environment, la Chine a déjà construit 19000 installations de biométhanisation de moyenne et grande taille. Les raisons du succès du développement de la biométhanisation en Chine sont (1) la promotion de la technologie par le gouvernement, avec des conditions spéciales pour la main-d'oeuvre, les matériaux et le financement; (2) l'éstablissement d'institutions spécialisées pour la prise en charge des programmes, la réalisation des plans et le suivi technique; (3) l'établissement de normes techniques et de standards de qualité de la construction; et (4) l'établissement de lourdes amendes contre la pollution. Cependant il existe encore de nombreux problèmes sociaux, économiques et technologiques parmi lesquels le problème technologique est un problème clef: la plupart des procédés de biométhanisation utilisés sont dépassés, l'équipement est inapproprié et les productions de gaz sont faibles. De plus les effluents méthanisés n'atteignent pas les normes de décharge exigées par le gouvernement, de sorte que beaucoup d'industriels doivent encore utiliser des post-traitements traditionnels.