BCG-CpG-DNA对重组HBsAg免疫原性的影响

为了研究BCG-CpG-DNA对重组HBsAg免疫原性的影响,了解其佐剂功能。采用不同剂量BCG-CpG-DNA与不同剂量重组(汉逊酵母)表达的HBsAg或Al-HBsAg混合免疫小鼠,与同剂量铝佐剂疫苗对比,以放射免疫法检测抗-HBs中和抗体水平和抗体持续时间,ELISA法检测抗体亚类。结果显示,BCG-CpG-DNA和HBsAg混合,抗-HBs的中和抗体水平达到或高于同剂量铝佐剂疫苗;BCG-CpG-DNA和Al-HBsAg混合,抗-HBs的中和抗体水平高于同剂量铝佐剂疫苗,并有统计学显著意义(P<0.05);添加BCG-CpG-DNA组抗体水平4周时增加不明显,到10周则显著地高于同剂量铝佐剂疫苗组,IgG2a抗体水平也高于相应的对照组。实验结果表明BCG-CpG-DNA对HBsAg有较好的免疫佐剂作用,并和AL佐剂有协同作用。     

氢氧化铝佐剂氨水法配制工艺优化

目的:优化氢氧化铝佐剂氨水法配制工艺,提高佐剂质量。方法:优化配制工艺,包括配制过程中增加除菌过滤,提高搅拌转速,恒温等;再将优化前后配制的佐剂进行氨含量、pH、粒径、沉降率、内毒素等检测,根据检测结果进行对比。结果:优化后的氢氧化铝佐剂外观蓝白色悬液,平均粒径分布在275-435nm之间,氨含量检测1/5000,pH在4.7±0.2范围内,不易发生沉淀,内毒素5IU/mg铝,且处于无菌保存状态。结论:工艺优化提高了氢氧化铝佐剂质量,减少了批间差异。     

氢氧化铝佐剂制备工艺的建立及其在鼠疫疫苗中的免疫效果评价

目的建立氢氧化铝佐剂制备工艺,并吸附抗原配制鼠疫疫苗,对其进行免疫效果评价。方法采用氯化铝与氢氧化钠反应生成氢氧化铝胶体,通过优化制备工艺,制备出纳米级铝佐剂,并对其进行连续4批质量检测,将其与丹麦ALH铝佐剂在吸附率、沉降率、粒径、配制鼠疫疫苗安全性及免疫原性方面进行比较。结果 4批次氢氧化铝含量平均值为18.67 mg/mL,氯化钠含量平均值为29.60 mg/mL,平均pH为5.66;各批次氢氧化铝佐剂沉降率及吸附率检测结果均符合《中华人民共和国药典》2020版(四部)的检测要求;粒径控制已达到纳米级,平均值为100～600 nm;配制鼠疫疫苗安全性检测结果合格,20200404批铝佐剂与ALH铝佐剂分别配制鼠疫疫苗免疫NIH小鼠,20200404疫苗组V抗体IgG、IgG1抗体效价均高于ALH疫苗组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.000 5);20200404疫苗组V抗体IgG2a抗体效价与ALH疫苗组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);20200404疫苗组与ALH疫苗组F1抗体IgG、IgG1、IgG2a抗体效价差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论成功建立了氢氧化铝佐剂制备工艺,为制备鼠疫疫苗用铝佐剂奠定了基础。     

胸腺素α原作为乙型肝炎表面抗原佐剂的研究

目的：研究胸腺素α原（ProTα）作为佐剂对重组乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）诱导小鼠产生乙型肝炎表面抗体（抗-HBs）的影响。方法：以纯系BALB/c小鼠为免疫对象,分组情况为：①HBsAg组（1μgHBsAg）;②0.1μgProTα＋1μgHBsAg组;③0.5μgProTα＋1μgHBsAg组;④1μgProTα＋1μgHBsAg组;⑤铝佐剂组（1μgVacon疫苗）;⑥1μgPro-Tα＋1μgVacon疫苗组;每组10只小鼠,分别于0、2周各肌肉注射免疫1次。采用ELISA法检测血清抗-HBs滴度（即IgG亚类IgG1和IgG2a）。结果：与单独注射HBsAg组相比,1μgProTα＋1μgHBsAg组抗-HBs总抗体滴度明显增高（P〈0.05）,抗体持续时间更长,且ProTα可以平衡Th1和Th2免疫反应;2组间IgG1/IgG2a差异显著（P〈0.05）。与铝佐剂相比,ProTα增强了小鼠对HBsAg的反应性,提高抗-HBs阳转率。结论：ProTα在增强小鼠抗-HBs产生的同时,提高细胞免疫反应,提示ProTα是一种很有潜力的HBsAg佐剂。     

HBV感染中抗-(抗-HBs)独特型抗体的研究

1.75％聚乙二醇(MW6000)沉淀血清免疫复合物后,采用ELISA法检测上清中抗独特型抗体〔抗-(抗-HBs)〕。56例急性HBV感染患者血清IgM抗-(抗-HBs),第一周检出率最高(60.00％),1个月后大部分阴性,IgG抗-(抗-HBs)维持时间略长。IgM抗-(抗-HBs)较HBsAg/IgM和IgM抗-HBc消失早,将有利于急性HBV感染的诊断。27例CAH和29例CPH,IgM和IgG抗-(抗-HBs)阳性率约为38～52％,两型间无显著差异(p>0.5)。3例无症状HBsAg携带者和12例HBsAg血清疫苗接受者血清,抗-(抗-HBs)阴性。115例HBV感染者中,IgM抗-(抗-HBs)阳性者HBsAg阳性率(93.62)显著高于IgM抗-(抗-HBs)阴性者(52.31％),p<0.005;反之,HBsAg阳性血清IgM抗-(抗-HBs)阳性率(55.5S％)显著高于HBsAg阴性血清(9.68％),p<0.005;IgM抗-(抗-HBs)阳性和阴性血清的HBVDNA阳性率有显著差异(p<0.025),IgG反应到类似的结果。以上资料表明,抗-(抗-HBs)提示了一些HBV感染患者体内可能存在一种缺陷的反馈机制,导致抗-HBs产生不足而容许更活跃的HBV复制。本文证明了HBV感染患者血清中存在的抗-(抗-HBs)可能是共同决定簇“a”特异性的,还表明抗-HBs人抗-Id反应可能被纯化人血清HBsAg抑制,提示人抗-(抗-HBs)与抗-HBs结合的位点可能在HBsAg与抗-HBs结合位点内或在其附近,这和一些动物抗-(抗-HBs)的研究结果是一致的。     

重组HBsAg的纯化及动物免疫原性研究

用乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA转染工程细胞株MT-5,收获培养上清液,经超过滤浓缩、PEG沉淀和3次超速离心,得到纯化的HBsAg。经SDS-PAGE银染色后,纯化的HBsAg显示两条多肽,分子量分别为23k和27k,与血源HBsAg的多肽成分相同,为HBsAg的两条特异性多肽。经PAGE银染色结果显示,纯化的HBsAg中杂蛋白含量符合疫苗制备要求。用上述方法提纯HBsAg,回收率可达44.1％以上。 将纯化的HBsAg吸附于氢氧化铝佐剂,免疫Balb/c小鼠,并与血源HBsAg对照,抗体半数阳转剂量(ED50)分别为0.501μg和0.832μg,说明基因工程HBsAg的免疫原性似优于血源HBsAg。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原疑难判定血清的研究

用中国药品生物制品检定所检定合格的国内外HBsAg EIA试剂及ABBOTT抗-HBs、抗-HBc EIA试剂,对所收集的13份HBsAg疑难判定血清进行检测,并用PCR方法检测血清中HBV DNA,结果显示国内外HBsAg试剂对部分HBV DNA阳性样品的检出率差异较大,提示这些样品可能为S基因突变株或HBsAg含量较低,因此,HBsAg EIA试剂的敏感度仍有待进一步提高,并应进一步研制检测S基因突变株的HBsAg诊断试剂。     

不同方法检测血清HBV DNA的比较研究

采用夹心斑点杂交法、PCR-EB定性及Amp-lisensor定量法对HBsAg与抗-HBs同时阳性、HBsAg阳性、抗-HBs阳性和HBsAg与抗-HBs均阴性的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染者检测血清HBV DNA.结果三种方法的阳性率分别为29.1%、47.7%和80.2%;各组HBV DNA含量分别是106.13±1.86、106.08±1.82、104.12±1.40和105.07±1.21(拷贝/ml).结论是Amplisensor法检测HBV DNA具有更高的敏感性;抗-HBs阳性的HBV感染者血清中仍可检出HBV DNA.     

离心力对制备沉积物间隙水中化合物浓度的影响

研究了离心力对间隙水化合物浓度的影响.将腐殖质掺入东湖沉积物样品,按泥:水=1:4(体积)比室温下静置30d,随后掺入铜,泥:水=1:4(体积)比静置10d,得到总有机碳含量在1.47%-.72%、铜含量在120-2700mg/kg(干重)的试验沉积物样品,用离心法制备沉积物中的间隙水.离心参数为3000r/min、200r/min、9000r/min、1000r/min和12000r/min,4 ℃下离心20min.间隙水中化合物浓度分析表明,随离心力升高,间隙水中铜、铁、总有机碳(TOC)含量逐渐降低,钙的含量略有增加,而锰的含量不受离心力变化的影响.根据上述分析结果,确定在腐殖质对沉积物中铜的毒性影响研究中,制备沉积物间隙水的适宜离心条件为:12000r/min、4℃下离心20min.       

CpG联合铝佐剂增强RBD-Fc重组蛋白诱导小鼠免疫反应效果的研究

由严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引起的2019冠状病毒病（Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）大流行对全球健康和经济构成了严重威胁,SARS-CoV-2关切变异株（Variants of concern,VOCs）的出现更增加了疫苗研发的难度,因此,优化设计对突变株具有广谱免疫反应的疫苗显得尤为重要。本研究选取具有大量显性中和表位的受体结合域（Receptor-binding domain,RBD）蛋白作为目标抗原,在SARS-CoV-2经典株RBD序列的基础上引入多个VOCs的关键突变位点,将其与人IgG1 Fc片段融合表达,并结合CpG单佐剂、氢氧化铝单佐剂或CpG与氢氧化铝复合佐剂两剂次免疫小鼠,比较CpG联合铝佐剂相比单独使用铝或CpG佐剂诱导细胞免疫和体液免疫反应的增强作用,同时观察小鼠产生抗不同VOCs活病毒的交叉中和抗体滴度。结果显示,与单佐剂相比,RBD-Fc蛋白结合CpG与氢氧化铝复合佐剂免疫小鼠可产生最高的IgG结...     

Hepatitis B markers in southern Altaĭ inhabitants of the village of Mendur-Sokkon (the Republic of Altaĭ). HBsAg subtyping in hepatitis B virus isolates with monoclonal antibodies

Blood samples taken from 231 native inhabitants of the village of Mendur-Sokkon located in the Republic of Altai (South-Western Siberia, Russia) were tested for the presence of virus hepatitis B (HBV) markers. 31 samples (13.4%) were found to contain HBsAg, 111 samples (48.05%) were found to contain total anti-HBc antibodies, 123 samples (53.24%) were found to contain anti-HBs antibodies and 15 blood samples (6.49%), anti-HBc antibodies without anti-HBs antibodies and HBsAg. The age-dependent distribution of the occurrence of HBV markers among the aboriginal population of the South Altal remained unchanged (69.9 +/- 7.9%) for the last 50 years. The vertical and horizontal routes of HBV transmissions were noted. The data obtained in this study are indicative of a highly endemic character of HBV of the territory of Mendur-Sokkon. HBsAg-positive blood samples were taken for HBsAg subtyping with the use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Two subtypes of HBsAg were detected: ayw1-2 and ayw3varB with the occurrence of 92.6% and 7.4%, i.e. distributed in the ratio 25/2.     

Specific Amino Acid Substitutions in the S Protein Prevent Its Excretion In Vitro and May Contribute to Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is defined as low plasma level of HBV DNA with undetectable HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) outside the preseroconversion window period. The mechanisms leading to OBI remain largely unknown. The potential role of specific amino acid substitutions in the S protein from OBI in HBsAg production and excretion was examined in vitro. HBsAg was quantified in culture supernatants and cell extracts of HuH-7 cells transiently transfected with plasmids containing the S gene of eight HBsAg⁺ controls and 18 OBI clones. The intracellular (IC)/extracellular (EC) HBsAg production ratio was ∼1.0 for the majority of controls. Three IC/EC HBsAg patterns were observed in OBI strains clones: pattern 1, an IC/EC ratio of 1.0, was found in 5/18 OBI clones, pattern 2, detectable IC but low or undetectable EC HBsAg (IC/EC, 7.0 to 800), was found in 6/18 OBIs, and pattern 3, low or undetectable IC and EC HBsAg, was found in 7/18 clones. Intracellular immunofluorescence staining showed that in pattern 2, HBsAg was concentrated around the nucleus, suggesting retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. The substitution M75T, Y100S, or P178R was present in 4/6 pattern 2 OBI clones. Site-directed-mutagenesis-corrected mutations reversed HBsAg excretion to pattern 1 and, when introduced into a control clone, induced pattern 2 except for Y100S. In a control and several OBIs, variants of a given quasispecies expressed HBsAg according to different patterns. However, the P178R substitution present in all cloned sequences of two OBI strains may contribute significantly to the OBI phenotype.     

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) infection in a hemodialysis unit. II. Factors affecting host immune response to HBsAg.

Serum from 86 hemodialysis patients, 105 healthy hospital staff "at risk" and 160 regular hospital staff was screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs). The combined prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBs was higher in the staff of the artificial kidney unit (57.7%) than in the hemodialysis patients (33.7%). The healthy subjects with HBsAg infection responded significantly more often by producing anti-HBs compared with the hemodialysis patients. Twelve of 29 (41.4%) hemodialysis patients with HBsAg infection produced anti-HBs, while 17 (58.6%) remained positive for HBsAg. This differential response could not be attributed to age, sex, time spent undergoing hemodialysis, delayed cutaneous reactivity or response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). However, a much larger proportion of patients with HBsAg than with anti-HBs had previously received blood transfusions (88.2% v. 33.3%). Our results indicate that development of the chronic HBsAg carrier state or production of anti-HBs in uremic patients may be influenced by the route of immunization or the dose of antigen, or both. Although uremic patients maintain normal in vitro response to PHA and PWM, they may have depressed immunity in vivo because of a decreased total number of T-lymphocytes.     

Retrospective review of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus in several population groups

Nine different groups of individuals studied from 1969 to 1985 were tested for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) markers. In 8 groups only HBsAg in serum was tested, in another group: tissular HBsAg, and in two of those groups: serum HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Mean HBsAg prevalence in groups similar to general population was 0.64%; 5% in cirrhotics; HBV prevalence in haemophiliacs was 18.87% by testing serum for HBsAg and anti-HBs; serum HBsAg prevalence in Viral Chronic Active Hepatitis was 43.24%; and Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC) group had a prevalence for HBV of 13.04% when only tissular HBsAg was tested, and 54.29% when serum HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were tested in all patients. Costa Rica has a low HBV markers prevalence only similar to what is found in industrial developed countries.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B viral markers in Vietnamese blood donors

Serum samples were assayed using radioimmunoassay in 573 Vietnamese blood donors living in Hano? (North Viet Nam). 66 (11.5%) subjects were HBsAg-positive. Of these 66 HBsAg carriers, 17 (25,8%) were positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and 43 (65.1%) for antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe). 22 (3.8%) subjects were positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) alone. 402 (70.2%) subjects were positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). This anti-HBs percentage increased with age. Only 83 (14.5%) subjects were negative for all hepatitis B viral (HBV) markers. This no HBV markers percentage decreased with age. The chi 2 test showed a non significant difference for frequencies of HBsAg, anti-HBc alone, anti-HBs but a significant one for frequencies of no HBV markers in men and women.     

Determination of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen by means of immune adherence hemagglutination.

A simple and rapid method utilizing immune adherence hemagglutination has been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAG) was prepared from Dane particles that had been isolated from plasma of asymptomatic antigen carriers. The method was specific and about 10 times more sensitive than the conventional complement-fixation method. A total of 215 serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors were surveyed for HBsAG and anti-HEc, as well as for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAG (anti-HBs). Anti-HBc was found in 36 serum samples, at a prevalence rate higher than that of anti-HBs (31/215)...     

Algorithm of serologic screening and assessment of prevalence of serologically meaningful mutations of HBsAg in hepatitis B virus carriers

Algorithm of serologic screening for HBsAg-mutants in hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers with high level of HBsAg was developed which is based on the detection of defects of interactions of serum HBsAg with monoclonal anti-HBs realizing as a decrease of ELISA sensitivity in 10 times or more during serial 10-fold dilutions. During 1st stage commercial test-systems based on monoclonal antibodies was used to select serum samples with discrepancy of test results. During 2nd stage HBsAg contained in selected sera was analyzed by the panel of monoclonal and polyclonal anti-HBs conjugates using decrease in ELISA sensitivity as a criterion. Serum samples from 2510 chronic carriers of HBV with high level of HBsAg were studied. 19 samples with discrepant results were found. Subsequent characterization of HBsAg with panel of 11 monoclonal and 1 polyclonal conjugates allowed to distinguish groups of sera with specific serologic "portraits". Atypical features of HBsAg were confirmed by genotyping 9 of 19 samples. Analysis of primary nucleotide sequence revealed serologically meaningful mutations in S-gene of HBV in all 9 isolates: 3 of them contained substitution mutation G145R, 5--S143L, and one--T143M. Distribution of mutations in HBsAg corresponded with specific serologic "portraits". Prevalence of HBsAg mutations in HBV carriers with high level of HBsAg was assessed for the first time: prevalence of G145R, S143L/T143M mutations, and all serologically atypical variants was 0.12%, 0.24%, and 0.76% respectively. Developed algorithm was proposed for epidemiologic monitoring of HBsAg-mutants of HBVand control of diagnostic test-systems.     

Amino acid substitutions at positions 122 and 145 of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) determine the antigenicity and immunogenicity of HBsAg and influence in vivo HBsAg clearance

A variety of amino acid substitutions, such as K122I and G145R, have been identified around or within the a determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), impair HBsAg secretion and antibody binding, and may be responsible for immune escape in patients. In this study, we examined how different substitutions at amino acid positions 122 and 145 of HBsAg influence HBsAg expression, secretion, and recognition by anti-HBs antibodies. The results showed that the hydrophobicity, the presence of the phenyl group, and the charges in the side chain of the amino acid residues at position 145 reduced HBsAg secretion and impaired reactivity with anti-HBs antibodies. Only the substitution K122I at position 122 affected HBsAg secretion and recognition by anti-HBs antibodies. Genetic immunization in mice demonstrated that the priming of anti-HBs antibody response was strongly impaired by the substitutions K122I, G145R, and others, like G145I, G145W, and G145E. Mice preimmunized with wild-type HBsAg (wtHBsAg) or variant HBsAg (vtHBsAg) were challenged by hydrodynamic injection (HI) with a replication-competent hepatitis B virus (HBV) clone. HBsAg persisted in peripheral blood for at least 3 days after HI in mice preimmunized with vtHBsAg but was undetectable in mice preimmunized with wtHBsAg, indicating that vtHBsAgs fail to induce proper immune responses for efficient HBsAg clearance. In conclusion, the biochemical properties of amino acid residues at positions 122 and 145 of HBsAg have a major effect on antigenicity and immunogenicity. In addition, the presence of proper anti-HBs antibodies is indispensable for the neutralization and clearance of HBsAg during HBV infection.     

Clinical and Virological Characteristics of Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Coexistence of HBsAg and Anti-HBs

Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs) comprises an atypical serological profile in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In this study, in total 94 patients with coexisting HBsAg and anti-HBs and 94 age- and sex-matched patients with positive HBsAg were characterized by quantitatively measuring HBsAg and HBV DNA, sequencing large S genes, and observing clinical features. Compared with common hepatitis B patients, the patients with coexisting HBsAg and anti-HBs had lower HBsAg and HBV DNA levels. These two groups had similar rate of pre-S deletion mutations. However, in patients with coexisting HBsAg and anti-HBs, more amino acid substitutions in the a determinant of S gene were observed in HBV genotype C, but not in genotype B. Fourteen patients with coexisting HBsAg and anti-HBs were followed up for an average of 15.5 months. There were no significant changes in the levels of HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBV DNA and ALT over the follow-up period. Compared with the baseline sequences, amino acid substitutions in the MHR of HBsAg occurred in 14.3% (2/14) patients. In conclusion, coexistence of HBsAg and anti-HBs may be associated with higher frequency of mutations in the a determinant of HBV genotype C.