核酸杂交技术及其在登革病毒中的应用

<正>一、引言 核酸杂交技术是一种发展很快、应用极广的分子生物学方法。它利用核苷酸碱基互补配对的原理,通过一段已知特异性的核酸分子,标记上特定的示踪物质作为探针,在液相或固相中与待测标本中的特异性核酸反应,探针与标本核酸的互补单链经氢键作用而形成双链。然后,通过一定的程序显示杂交双链的存在、状态、大小或数量进行检测。故核酸杂交亦称分子杂交(moiecular hybridization)。     

芯片杂交中核酸靶样品的制备优化

样品来源、基因含量、检测方法和分析目的的不同,采用的核酸分离、扩增和标记方法各异。核酸样品制备条件的优化处理主要包括核改的单链化处理,片段化和标记方法。根据具体情况选用合适的处理方法,可显提高基因芯片检测的特异性和重现性。     

简介核酸杂交技术在医学上的应用

近年,上海一家儿童医院应用引进的一种“人类凝血因子探针”,对一例血友病B高危孕妇进行产前诊断获得成功,使孕妇中止妊娠,从而防止了一名目前尚无理想治疗方法的血友病B患儿出生。应用基因探针的核酸杂交技术,虽然问世才十年光景,却已被誉为“二十世纪生物学一项重要成就”和“继罗、科赫(R.Koch)之后     

DNA芯片的制作原理及其应用

综述了DNA芯片制作原理和杂交信号检测方法及发展趋势,对DNA芯片在研究基因结构和基因表达等方面的应用进行了分析。     

核酸杂交技术在微生物生态学上的应用

由于自然界中大部分的微生物种类到目前为止仍不可培养,传统基于培养和纯种分离的技术在研究微生物生态时面临很大障碍。分子生物学的进展为诸多长期困扰微生物学研究的问题提供了解决办法。核酸杂交技术已被证实在微生物系统分类的微生物生态等领域的研究具有巨大潜力并已被广泛应用。综述核酸杂交技术的基本原理、实际应用及其主要优点和局限性,以及提高其检测灵敏度和特异性的方法,并对该技术的应用前景作了探讨。     

DNA芯片制作原理及其杂交信号检测方法

文章讨论了ＤＮＡ芯片的制作原理和杂交信号的检测方法。依其结构,ＤＮＡ芯片可分为两种形式,ＤＮＡ阵列和寡核苷酸微芯片。ＤＮＡ芯片的制作方法主要有光导原位合成法和自动化点样法。ＤＮＡ芯片与标记的探针或ＤＮＡ样品杂交,并通过探测杂交信号谱型业实现ＤＮＡ序列或基因表达的分析。适应于ＤＮＡ芯片的发展,同时出现了许多新型的杂交信号检测方法。主要有激光荧光扫描显微镜、激光扫描共焦显微镜、结合作用ＣＣＤ相机的荧光     

核酸杂交技术在环境微生物检测中的应用

核酸杂交技术在环境微生物检测中的应用胡稳奇,张志光（湖南师范大学生物系,长沙４１０００６）核酸分子杂交技术是７０年代发展起来的一种崭新的分子生物学技术,即根据ＤＮＡ分子碱基互补配对的原理,以一特异性的ｃＤＮＡ探针与待测样品的ＤＮＡ或ＲＮＡ形成杂交分子...     

Digoxigenin标记核酸探针分子杂交技术探讨

Dig标记和检测试剂盒中的封阻试剂配制成0.05%、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%六种浓度,65～68℃温度时,溶解时间分别为10、15、20、35、40、45分钟;预杂交,在免疫测定中进行封阻,背景反应最小,其次是不预杂交,在免疫测定中进行封阻,再次是预杂交,在免疫测定中不封阻;标记探针保存在-20℃,至少可稳定18个月,同一探针重复使用三次可获得满意效果.以上结果表明,DigDNA标记和检测系统将代替~(32)p标记及其检测系统.     

DNA芯片制作原理及其杂交信号检测方法

文章讨论了DNA芯片的制作原理和杂交信号的检测方法。依其结构,DNA芯片可分为两种形式,DNA阵列和寡核苷酸微芯片。DNA芯片的制作方法主要有光导原位合成法和自动化点样法。DNA芯片与标记的探针或DNA样品杂交,并通过探测杂交信号谱型来实现DNA序列或基因表达的分析。适应于DNA芯片的发展,同时出现了许多新型的杂交信号检测方法。主要有激光荧光扫描显微镜、激光扫描共焦显微镜、结合使用CCD相机的荧光显微镜、光纤生物传感器、化学发生法、光激发磷光物质存储屏法、光散射法等。     

DNA微阵列(或芯片)技术原理及应用

DNA微阵列或芯片(DNA microarray or chip)技术是近年发展起来的又一新的分子生物学研究工具.它是利用光导化学合成、照相平板印刷以及固相表面化学合成等技术,在固相表面合成成千上万个寡核苷酸探针,或将液相合成的探针由微阵列器或机器人点样于尼龙膜或硅片上,再与放射性同位素或荧光物标记的DNA或cDNA杂交,用于分析DNA突变及多态性、DNA测序、监测同一组织细胞在不同状态下或同一状态下多种组织细胞基因表达水平的差异、发现新的致病基因或疾病相关基因等多个研究领域.     

噬菌体展示技术及其应用的研究进展

噬菌体展示技术因其高效、实用、便捷的优势现已广泛应用于抗原表位分析、抗体制备、药物筛选、疫苗研制以及免疫学疾病诊断、治疗等多方面的科学研究领域。现将近年来PDT的发展现状及其在生物科学领域中的应用进展综述如下。     

肽核酸与核酸分子杂交的模式及其在基因诊断领域中的应用

在发明肽核酸(peptide nucleic acid,PNA)后的短短十年间,由于PNA分子独特的生物学性能,使之可以与DNA及RNA分子通过不同的机制形成稳定的复合物,导致PNA在基因诊断领域有得天独厚的优势。本文综述了PNA与核酸分子杂交的几种不同模式以及最近几年PNA在基因诊断领域的一些最新进展。     

Interactive Fluorophore and Quencher Pairs for Labeling Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Hybridization Probes

The use of fluorescent nucleic acid hybridization probes that generate a fluorescence signal only when they bind to their target enables real-time monitoring of nucleic acid amplification assays. Real-time nucleic acid amplification assays markedly improves the ability to obtain qualitative and quantitative results. Furthermore, these assays can be carried out in sealed tubes, eliminating carryover contamination. Fluorescent nucleic acid hybridization probes are available in a wide range of different fluorophore and quencher pairs. Multiple hybridization probes, each designed for the detection of a different nucleic acid sequence and each labeled with a differently colored fluorophore, can be added to the same nucleic acid amplification reaction, enabling the development of high-throughput multiplex assays. In order to develop robust, highly sensitive and specific real-time nucleic acid amplification assays it is important to carefully select the fluorophore and quencher labels of hybridization probes. Selection criteria are based on the type of hybridization probe used in the assay, the number of targets to be detected, and the type of apparatus available to perform the assay. This article provides an overview of different aspects of choosing appropriate labels for the different types of fluorescent hybridization probes used with different types of spectrofluorometric thermal cyclers currently available.     

Simultaneous Extraction of Viral and Bacterial Nucleic Acids for Molecular Diagnostic Applications

Molecular detection of microbial pathogens in clinical samples requires the application of efficient sample lysis protocols and subsequent extraction and isolation of their nucleic acids. Here, we describe a simple and time-efficient method for simultaneous extraction of genomic DNA from gram-positive and -negative bacteria, as well as RNA from viral agents present in a sample. This method compared well with existing bacterial- and viral-specialized extraction protocols, worked reliably on clinical samples, and was not pathogen specific. This method may be used to extract DNA and RNA concurrently from viral and bacterial pathogens present in a sample and effectively detect coinfections in routine clinical diagnostics.     

环介导等温扩增核酸技术及其应用

环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,简称LAMP)是利用4个特殊设计的引物和具有链置换活性的DNA聚合酶,在恒温条件下特异、高效、快速地扩增DNA的新技术。该技术在1h内能扩增出109靶序列拷贝,扩增产物是一系列反向重复的靶序列构成的茎环结构和多环花椰菜样结构的DNA片段的混合物,电泳后在凝胶上显现出由不同大小的区带组成的阶梯式图谱。LAMP技术以其特异性强、灵敏度高、快速、准确和操作简便等优点在核酸的科学研究、疾病的诊断和转基因食品检测等领域得到了日益广泛的应用。     

A Microarray Based Genomic Hybridization Method for Identification of New Genes in Plants: Case Analyses of Arabidopsis and Oryza

To systematically estimate the gene duplication events in closely related species, we have to use comparative genomic approaches, either through genomic sequence comparison or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Given the scarcity of complete genomic sequences of plant species, in the present study we adopted an array based CGH to investigate gene duplications in the genus Arabidopsis. Fragment genomic DNA from four species, namely Arabidopsis thaliana, A. lyrata subsp. lyrata, A. lyrata subsp. petraea, and A. halleri, was hybridized to Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA, USA) tiling arrays that are designed from the genomic sequences of A. thaliana. Pairwise comparisons of signal intensity were made to infer the potential duplicated candidates along each phylo-genetic branch. Ninety-four potential candidates of gene duplication along the genus were identified. Among them, the majority (69 of 94) were A. thaliana lineage specific. This result indicates that the array based CGH approach may be used to identify candidates of duplication in other plant genera containing closely related species, such as Oryza, particularly for the AA genome species. We compared the degree of gene duplication through retrotransposon between O. sativa and A. thaliana and found a strikingly higher number of chimera retroposed genes in rice. The higher rate of gene duplication through retroposition and other mechanisms may indicate that the grass species is able to adapt to more diverse environments.     

Fabrication of Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors for the Reagentless Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Small Molecules

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to receive the results. Many patients would be better served by rapid, bedside tests. To this end our laboratory and others have developed a versatile, reagentless biosensor platform that supports the quantitative, reagentless, electrochemical detection of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins (including antibodies) and small molecules analytes directly in unprocessed clinical and environmental samples. In this video, we demonstrate the preparation and use of several biosensors in this "E-DNA" class. In particular, we fabricate and demonstrate sensors for the detection of a target DNA sequence in a polymerase chain reaction mixture, an HIV-specific antibody and the drug cocaine. The preparation procedure requires only three hours of hands-on effort followed by an overnight incubation, and their use requires only minutes.