Cell-penetrable nanobodies (transbodies) that inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR leading to the impediment of human lung adenocarcinoma cell motility and survival

Most patients suffering from non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression. Currently, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that act as the ATP-analogs and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to EGFR-ectodomain that block intracellular signaling are used for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Unfortunately, adverse effects due to the TKI off-target and drug resistance occur in a significant number of the treated patients while some NSCLC genotypes do not respond to the therapeutic MAbs. Thus, a more effective remedy for the treatment of EGFR-overexpressed cancers is deemed necessary. In this study, VH/V_HH displayed-phage clones that are bound to recombinant EGFR-TK were fished-out from a humanized-camel VH/V_HH phage display library. VH/V_HH of three phage-infected Escherichia coli clones (VH18, V_HH35, and VH36) were linked molecularly to nonaarginine (R9) for making them cell penetrable. R9-VH18, R9-V_HH35, and R9-VH36 were cytotoxic to human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) at the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) 0.181 ± 0.132, 0.00961 ± 0.00516, and 0.00996 ± 0.00752 μM, respectively, which were approximately 1000-fold more effective than small molecular TKIs. R9-VH18 and R9-VH36 also delayed cancer cell migration in a scratch-wound assay. Computerized homology modeling and intermolecular docking revealed that VH18 and V_HH35 used CDR3 to interact with EGFR-TK residues close to the catalytic site, which might sterically hinder the ATP-binding of the TK; VH36 used CDR2 to bind at the asymmetric dimerization surface, which might disrupt EGFR dimerization leading to inhibition of intracellular signaling. The humanized-cell penetrable nanobodies have a high potential for developing further towards a clinical application.     

Disorder‐Induced Open‐Circuit Voltage Losses in Organic Solar Cells During Photoinduced Burn‐In

The photoinduced open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) loss commonly observed in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells made from amorphous polymers is investigated. It is observed that the total charge carrier density and, importantly, the recombination dynamics are unchanged by photoinduced burn‐in. Charge extraction is used to monitor changes in the density of states (DOS) during degradation of the solar cells, and a broadening over time is observed. It is proposed that the V_oc losses observed during burn‐in are caused by a redistribution of charge carriers in a broader DOS. The temperature and light intensity dependence of the V_oc losses can be described with an analytical model that contains the amount of disorder broadening in a Gaussian DOS as the only fit parameter. Finally, the V_oc loss in solar cells made from amorphous and crystalline polymers is compared and an increased stability observed in crystalline polymer solar cells is investigated. It is found that solar cells made from crystalline materials have a considerably higher charge carrier density than those with amorphous materials. The effects of a DOS broadening upon aging are suppressed in solar cells with crystalline materials due to their higher carrier density, making crystalline materials more stable against V_oc losses during burn‐in.     

Protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation of naked cuticle homolog 2 stimulates cell‐surface delivery of transforming growth factor‐α for epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation

The classic mode of G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR)‐mediated transactivation of the receptor tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation occurs via matrix metalloprotease (MMP)‐mediated cleavage of plasma membrane‐anchored EGFR ligands. Herein, we show that the Gαs‐activating GPCR ligands vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) transactivate EGFR through increased cell‐surface delivery of the EGFR ligand transforming growth factor‐α (TGFα) in polarizing madin‐darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Caco‐2 cells. This is achieved by PKA‐mediated phosphorylation of naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2), previously shown to bind TGFα and direct delivery of TGFα‐containing vesicles to the basolateral surface of polarized epithelial cells. VIP and PGE₂ rapidly activate protein kinase A (PKA) that then phosphorylates NKD2 at Ser‐223, a process that is facilitated by the molecular scaffold A‐kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12). This phosphorylation stabilized NKD2, ensuring efficient cell‐surface delivery of TGFα and increased EGFR activation. Thus, GPCR‐triggered, PKA/AKAP12/NKD2‐regulated targeting of TGFα to the cell surface represents a new mode of EGFR transactivation that occurs proximal to ligand cleavage by MMPs.      

Device Characteristics of an 11.4% CZTSe Solar Cell Fabricated from Sputtered Precursors

Kesterite is an attractive material for absorber layers in thin film photovoltaics. Solar cells based on kesterite have shown a substantial progress over the last decade; nevertheless, further improvements in device efficiency are pending due to the open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) deficit (i.e., difference between the maximum V _oc that can be achieved according to Shockley–Queisser limit and actual V _oc from the device). In this study, the optoelectronic properties of the author's internal record Cu₂ZnSnSe₄ solar cell, which shows a power conversion efficiency of 11.4%, are presented. The device measurements reveal a V_oc deficit of 337 mV, which is one of the lowest V _oc deficits in the literature. Moreover, an unusual behavior for kesterite is observed: (i) photon energy of the photoluminescence emission and (ii) the extrapolated V _oc for 0 K are both matching the band gap region of the absorber. These results indicate a significant improvement in the recombination characteristics and absorber quality in comparison to other kesterite devices in literature.     

Donor‐Acceptor Interfacial Interactions Dominate Device Performance in Hybrid P3HT‐ZnO Nanowire‐Array Solar Cells

The adsorption of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on metal oxide surfaces is a promising route to control electronic characteristics and surface wettability. Here, arylphosphonic acid derivatives are used to modulate the surface properties of vertically oriented ZnO nanowire arrays. Arylphosphonate‐functionalized ZnO nanowires are incorporated into hybrid organic‐inorganic solar cells in which infiltrated poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) serves as the polymer donor. Strong correlations between device short‐circuit current density (J _sc) and power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) with ZnO surface functionalization species are observed and a weak correlation in the open‐circuit voltage (V _oc) is observed. Inverted solar cells fabricated with these treated interfaces exhibit PCEs as high as 2.1%, primarily due to improvements in J _sc. Analogous devices using untreated ZnO arrays having efficiencies of 1.6%. The enhancement in J _sc is attributed to surface passivation of ZnO by SAMs and enhanced wettability from P3HT, which improve charge transfer and reduce carrier recombination at the organic‐inorganic interface in the solar cells.     

Growth Kinetics of Three Species of Tetrahymena On Solid Agar*

A nutrient-agar method without liquid overlay has been developed for cultivation of ciliates. Three species of Tetrahymena-T. pyriformis strain W, T. rostrata strain UNI, and T. vorax strain V₂S, representing the 3 main groups of Tetrahymena species, were used; however the method should apply to other ciliates. Growth on the surface of the agar was facilitated by an optimal surface-to-volume ratio yielding a high density of ciliates (5.8 × 10₅ cells/cm² for T. pyriformis at 25 C) and short generation times (3 h for T. pyriformis at 30 C). At the highest density achieved, the cells became irregularly hexagonal and formed a monolayer “tissue” on the agar. Ciliates grown on agar were like those in liquid culture, typical oral ciliature, food-vacuole formation, and typical cortical patterns being retained. Advantages of this method include high cell density, easy recovery, and optimal O₂ supply. the organisms can also be cultivated on the surface of sterile cellulose-nitrate filters, facilitating in situ fixation and staining as well as transfer into different media by transfer of filters with cells, without prior centrifugation and resuspension.     

Molecular Understanding of the Open‐Circuit Voltage of Polymer:Fullerene Solar Cells

The origin of open‐circuit voltage (V_OC) was studied for polymer solar cells based on a blend of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and seven fullerene derivatives with different LUMO energy levels and side chains. The temperature dependence of J–V characteristics was analyzed by an equivalent circuit model. As a result, V_OC increased with the decrease in the saturation current density J₀ of the device. Furthermore, J₀ was dependent on the activation energy E_A for J₀, which is related to the HOMO–LUMO energy gap between P3HT and fullerene. Interestingly, the pre‐exponential term J₀₀ for J₀ was larger for pristine fullerenes than for substituted fullerene derivatives, suggesting that the electronic coupling between molecules also has substantial impact on V_OC. This is probably because the recombination is non‐diffusion‐lmilited reaction depending on electron transfer at the P3HT/fullerene interface. In summary, the origin of V_OC is ascribed not only to the relative HOMO–LUMO energy gap but also to the electronic couplings between fullerene/fullerene and polymer/fullerene.     

Modulation of membrane properties of lung cancer cells by azurin enhances the sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapy and decreased β1 integrin-mediated adhesion

In lung cancer, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is one of the main targets for clinical management of this disease. The effectiveness of therapies toward this receptor has already been linked to the expression of integrin receptor subunit β₁ in NSCLC A549 cells. In this work we demonstrate that azurin, an anticancer therapeutic protein originated from bacterial cells, controls the levels of integrin β₁ and its appropriate membrane localization, impairing the intracellular signaling cascades downstream these receptors and the invasiveness of cells. We show evidences that azurin when combined with gefitinib and erlotinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitors which targets specifically the EGFR, enhances the sensitivity of these lung cancer cells to these molecules. The broad effect of azurin at the cell surface level was examined by Atomic Force Microscopy. The Young 's module (E) shows that the stiffness of A549 lung cancer cells decreased with exposure to azurin and also gefitinib, suggesting that the alterations in the membrane properties may be the basis of the broad anticancer activity of this protein. Overall, these results show that azurin may be relevant as an adjuvant to improve the effects of other anticancer agents already in clinical use, to which patients often develop resistance hampering its full therapeutic response     

Cryopreservation of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar sperm: effects on sperm physiology

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of freezing on the function in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar spermatozoa. The semen was frozen in Cortland's medium + 1.3M dimethyl sulphoxide + 0.3M glucose + 2% bovine serum albumin (final concentration) in a ratio of 1:3 (semen:cryoprotectant) as the treatment (T) and fresh semen as the control (F). Straws of 0·5 ml of sperm suspension were frozen in 4 cm of N₂L. They were thawed in a thermoregulated bath (40° C). After thawing, the percentage of spermatozoa with fragmented DNA [transferase dUTP (deoxyuridine triphosphate) nick‐end labelling (TUNEL)], plasma membrane integrity (SYBR‐14/PI) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨMMit, JC‐1) were evaluated by flow cytometry and motility was evaluated by optical microscope under stroboscopic light. The fertilization rates of the control and treatment semen were tested at a sperm density of 1·5 × 10⁷ spermatozoa oocyte^?1, by observation of the first cleavages after 16 h incubation at 10° C. In the cryopreserved semen (T), the mean ± s.d . DNA fragmentation was 4·8 ± 2·5%; plasma membrane integrity 75·2 ± 6·3%; mitochondrial membrane potential 51·7 ± 3·6%; motility 58·5 ± 5·3%; curved line velocity (V_CL) 61·2 ± 17·4 µm s^?1; average‐path velocity (V_AP) 50·1 ± 17·3 µm s^?1; straight‐line velocity (V_SL) 59·1 ± 18·4 µm s^?1; fertilization rate 81·6 ± 1·9%. There were significant differences in the plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, motility, fertilization rate, V_CL, V_AP and V_SL compared with the controls (P < 0·05). Also the mitochondrial membrane potential correlated with motility, fertilization rate, V_CL and V_SL (r = 0·75; r = 0·59; r = 0·77 and r = 0·79, respectively; P < 0·05); and the fertilization rate correlated with V_CL and V_SL (r = 0·59 and r = 0·55, respectively).     

Rear Surface Passivation for Ink-Based,Submicron CuIn(S,Se)2 Solar Cells

A N, N-dimethylformamide and thiourea-based route is developed to fabricate submicron (0.55 and 0.75 µm) thick CuIn(S,Se)₂ (CISSe) thin films for photovoltaic applications, addressing challenges of material usage, throughput, and manufacturing costs. However, reducing the absorber film thickness below 1 µm in a regular CISSe solar cell decreases the device efficiency due to losses at the highly-recombinative, and mediocre-reflective Mo/CISSe rear interface. For the first time, to mitigate the rear recombination losses, a novel rear contacting structure involving a surface passivation layer and point contact openings is developed for solution processed CISSe films and demonstrated in tangible devices. An atomic layer deposited Al₂O₃ film is employed to passivate the Mo/CISSe rear surface while precipitates formed via chemical bath deposition of CdS are used to generate nanosized point openings. Consequently, Al₂O₃ passivated CISSe solar cells show an increase in the open-circuit voltage (V_OC) and short-circuit current density when compared to reference cells with equivalent absorber thicknesses. Notably, a V_OC increase of 59 mV contributes to active area efficiencies of 14.2% for rear passivated devices with 0.75 µm thick absorber layers, the highest reported value for submicron-based solution processed, low bandgap CISSe solar cells.     

Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Extremely High Open‐Circuit Voltages and Low Voltage Losses by Suppressing Nonradiative Recombination Losses

One of the most important factors that limits the efficiencies of bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) is the modest open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) due to their large voltage loss (V_loss) caused by significant nonradiative recombination loss. To boost the performance of OSCs toward their theoretical limit, developing high‐performance donor: acceptor systems featuring low V_loss with suppressed nonradiative recombination losses (<0.30 V) is desired. Herein, high performance OSCs based on a polymer donor benzodithiophene‐difluorobenzoxadiazole‐2‐decyltetradecyl (BDT‐ffBX‐DT) and perylenediimide‐based acceptors (PDI dimer with spirofluorene linker (SFPDI), PDI4, and PDI6) are reported which offer a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.5%, 56% external quantum efficiency associated with very high V_oc (>1.10 V) and low V_loss (<0.60 V). A high V_oc up to 1.23 V is achieved, which is among the highest values reported for OSCs with a PCE beyond 6%, to date. These attractive results are benefit from the suppressed nonradiative recombination voltage loss, which is as low as 0.20 V. This value is the lowest value for OSCs so far and is comparable to high performance crystalline silicon and perovskite solar cells. These results show that OSCs have the potential to achieve comparable V_oc and voltage loss as inorganic photovoltaic technologies.     

Cell proliferation in the subependymal layer of the adult mouse in vivo and in vitro

Pulse labelling experiments with [³H] thymidine (dT) and double labelling experiments with [³H]dT and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) were carried out on cells of the subependymal layer in the brain of adult normal mice in vivo, in vivo/in vitro and in vitro. The results should (i) lead to information about cell cycle parameters of these cells in the brain of adult mice, since these cells have been studied mostly in the rat brain up to now and (ii) answer the question whether results concerning cell proliferation obtained in vivo correspond with those from brain slices incubated in vitro with or without prelabelling in vivo. In vivo an LI of 20.2 ± 2.7% (x?± SEM) and T_s= 7.2 ± 0.7h were found. Furthermore, grain count halving experiments led to a surprisingly short cycle time (T_c) of 11.2–14.2 h. The longer T_c values (18–20 h) reported in the literature for subependymal cells in the rat brain seem to be due to evaluations of different areas around the lateral ventricle without considering the migrating behaviour of these cells which is quite different regionally. The in vitro studies (with or without prelabelling in vivo) showed a significantly reduced LI due to the fact that about 20% of the S phase cells, possibly lying in the middle of S, stopped further DNA synthesis after transfer to culture. This was shown by comparing the cell fluxes at the G₁/S and S/G₂ borders of in vivo vs. in vitro studies.     

On the mechanism of a 60-Hz electric field induced growth reduction of mammalian cellsin vitro

Data on 60-Hz electric field (EF) induced reduction in growth rate of plant roots have strongly supported the hypothesis that the effect is related to an EF-induced transmembrane potential (V ⁱ _m). An investigation was undertaken to determine if this hypothesis is also applicable to 60-Hz EF-induced reductions in growth rate of mammalian cells in vitro. Human lymphoblastic (RPMI 1788) and human carcinoma (HeLa) cells were selected for study, the former having a relatively small diameter (11.2 m), and the latter having a relatively large diameter (15.4 tm). The 60-Hz EFs ranged from 430–1200 V/m in the culture medium. The growth rate of RPMI 1788 cells after 4-days was depressed by about 42% at a 60-Hz EF of 1000–1200 V/m with a response threshold occurring at 950 V/m; theV ⁱ _m at the response threshold was 8 mV There was no 60-Hz EF-induced effect on HeLa cell growth rate of aV ⁱ _m of 8 mV (60-Hz EF=700 V/m); a statistically significant effect was achieved atV ⁱ _m of 11 mV (950 V/m). The data support the hypothesis that above a threshold 60-Hz EF,V ⁱ _m acts as the initial signal leading to growth rate reductions.     

Effect of adherence,cell morphology,and lipopolysaccharide on potassium conductance and passive membrane properties of murine macrophage J774.1 cells

Summary The effects of adherence, cell morphology, and lipopolysaccharide on electrical membrane properties and on the expression of the inwardly rectifying K conductance in J774.1 cells were investigated. Whole-cell inwardly rectifying K currents (K _i), membrane capacitance (C _m), and membrane potential (V _m) were measured using the patch-clamp technique. SpecificK _i conductance (G _K i, whole-cell Ki conductance corrected for leak and normalized to membrane capacitance) was measured as a function of time after adherence, and was found to increase almost twofold one day after plating. Membrane potential (V _m) also increased from –42±4 mV (n=32) to –58±2 mV (n=47) over the same time period.G _K i andV _m were correlated with each other;G _L (leak conductance normalized to membrane capacitance) andV _m were not. The magnitudes ofG _K i andV _m 15 min to 2 hr after adherence were unaffected by the presence of 100 m cycloheximide, but the increase inG _K iandV _m that normally occurred between 2 and 8 hr after adherence was abolished by cycloheximide treatment. Membrane properties were analyzed as a function of cell morphology, by dividing cells into three categories ranging from small round cells to large, extremely spread cells. The capacitance of spread cells increased more than twofold within one day after adherence, which indicates that spread cells inserted new membrane. Spread cells had more negative resting membrane potentials than round cells, butG _K i andG _L were not significantly different. Lipopolysaccharide-(LPS; 1 or 10 g/ml) treated cells showed increasedC _m compared to control cells plated for comparable times. In contrast to the effect of adherence, LPS-treated cells exhibited a significantly lowerG _K i than control cells, indicating that the additional membrane did not have as high a density of functionalG _K i channels. We conclude that both adherence and LPS treatment increase the total surface membrane area of J774 cells and change the density of Ki channels. In addition, this study demonstrates that membrane area and density of Ki channels can vary independently of one another.     

Temperature Dependence of Ideality Factors in Organic Solar Cells and the Relation to Radiative Efficiency

The value and temperature dependence of the ideality factor provides essential information about the dominant recombination route in solar cells. This study presents experimental results of accurate ideality factor determination for representative organic photovoltaic cells (OPV) evaluated at different temperatures over a large current density regime. It is noted that standard dark I–V curves strongly deviate from those obtained by evaluations based on short circuit current density (J _SC)–open circuit voltage (V _OC) pairs. This is attributed to the applied external voltage in a dark I–V measurement not being representative of internal chemical potential, particularly at lower temperatures. Complementary electroluminescence measurements attest that the current density dependence of the ability of the solar cell to emit light is better correlated to the series resistance free ideality factor. For the studied set of OPV devices it is observed that the ideality factors are quite low, and with very weak temperature dependence. The J _SC–V _OC method to determine ideality factors further allows good estimates of activation energies as well as recombination current prefactors J ₀₀. The findings imply that the principal OPV non‐radiative recombination mechanism is not recombination of free carriers with trapped carriers in an exponential density of tail states as previously reported.     

Exploring the Limiting Open‐Circuit Voltage and the Voltage Loss Mechanism in Planar CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells based on CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ with a band gap of 2.3 eV are attracting intense research interests due to their high open‐circuit voltage (V_oc) potential, which is specifically relevant for the use in tandem configuration or spectral splitting. Many efforts have been performed to optimize the V_oc of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ solar cells; however, the limiting V_oc (namely, radiative V_oc:V_oc,rad) and the corresponding ΔV_oc (the difference between V_oc,rad and V_oc) mechanism are still unknown. Here, the average V_oc of 1.50 V with the maximum value of 1.53 V at room temperature is achieved for a CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ solar cell. External quantum efficiency measurements with electroluminescence spectroscopy determine the V_oc,rad of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ cells with 1.95 V and a ΔV_oc of 0.45 V at 295 K. When the temperature declines from 295 to 200 K, the obtained V_oc remains comparably stable in the vicinity of 1.5 V while the corresponding ΔV_oc values show a more significant increase. Our findings suggest that the V_oc of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ cells is primarily limited by the interface losses induced by the charge extraction layer rather than by bulk dominated recombination losses. These findings are important for developing strategies how to further enhance the V_oc of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃‐based solar cells.     

In vivo inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation prevents receptor internalization

The question whether epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced receptor endocytosis requires the prior autophosphorylation via the EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase domain has been a matter of long-standing debate. In the airway epithelial cell line NCI-H292, the EGFR kinase domain inhibitor BIBW 2948 BS was found to inhibit both autophosphorylation and subsequent internalization of the endogenous EGFR with similar IC₅₀ values. Applying an ex vivo EGFR internalization assay in a clinical study, the in vivo effect of inhalatively administered BIBW 2948 BS was determined directly at the targeted receptor in airway tissues from COPD patients. In these experiments, the in vivo inhibition of the EGFR kinase domain prevented the EGF-induced internalization of EGFR.     

On the Relation between the Open‐Circuit Voltage and Quasi‐Fermi Level Splitting in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Today's perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are limited mainly by their open‐circuit voltage (V_OC) due to nonradiative recombination. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the relevant recombination pathways is needed. Here, intensity‐dependent measurements of the quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and of the V_OC on the very same devices, including pin‐type PSCs with efficiencies above 20%, are performed. It is found that the QFLS in the perovskite lies significantly below its radiative limit for all intensities but also that the V_OC is generally lower than the QFLS, violating one main assumption of the Shockley‐Queisser theory. This has far‐reaching implications for the applicability of some well‐established techniques, which use the V_OC as a measure of the carrier densities in the absorber. By performing drift‐diffusion simulations, the intensity dependence of the QFLS, the QFLS‐V_OC offset and the ideality factor are consistently explained by trap‐assisted recombination and energetic misalignment at the interfaces. Additionally, it is found that the saturation of the V_OC at high intensities is caused by insufficient contact selectivity while heating effects are of minor importance. It is concluded that the analysis of the V_OC does not provide reliable conclusions of the recombination pathways and that the knowledge of the QFLS‐V_OC relation is of great importance.     

Absence of Charge Transfer State Enables Very Low VOC Losses in SWCNT:Fullerene Solar Cells

Current state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells (OSCs) still suffer from high losses of open‐circuit voltage (V_OC). Conventional polymer:fullerene solar cells usually exhibit bandgap to V_OC losses greater than 0.8 V. Here a detailed investigation of V_OC is presented for solution‐processed OSCs based on (6,5) single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT): [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butyric acid methyl ester active layers. Considering the very small optical bandgap of only 1.22 eV of (6,5) SWCNTs, a high V_OC of 0.59 V leading to a low E_gap/q ? V_OC = 0.63 V loss is observed. The low voltage losses are partly due to the lack of a measurable charge transfer state and partly due to the narrow absorption edge of SWCNTs. Consequently, V_OC losses attributed to a broadening of the band edge are very small, resulting in V_OC,SQ ? V_OC,rad = 0.12 V. Interestingly, this loss is mainly caused by minor amounts of SWCNTs with smaller bandgaps as well as (6,5) SWCNT trions, all of which are experimentally well resolved employing Fourier transform photocurrent spectroscopy. In addition, the low losses due to band edge broadening, a very low voltage loss are also found due to nonradiative recombination, ΔV_OC,nonrad = 0.26 V, which is exceptional for fullerene‐based OSCs.