中华鲟人工繁殖放流现状评价

1984-1998年,在长江葛洲坝水利枢纽下游江段,中国集团公司中华鲟研究所共捕捞663尾中华鲟亲鱼用于人工繁殖。各年的捕捞量变动在31—60尾之间。实际用于人工催产的亲鱼年利用率变动在3.1—91.7％之间。平均28.4％。催产卵的年受精率变动在0—85.0％之间,平均66.5％。年人工孵化鲟苗量变动在5—151.9万尾之间,平均54.3万尾。历年合计向长江放流初孵鲟苗4258万尾、幼鲟6.28万尾。经过多年的实践,中华鲟的人工催产,幼鲟孵化、培育和放流等方面的技术已经发展成熟。     

蓄养中华鲟的性腺发育与人工繁殖初报易继舫

中华鲟是大型溯河徊游鱼类,长江葛洲坝水利枢纽建成后对中华鲟资源产生了严重影响,有关主管部门决定采取以人工繁殖放流为主的保护措施,根据有关资料［１－３］,拟利用在坝下江段易于捕获的Ⅲ期中华鲟亲鱼,通过人工蓄养使性腺发育成熟,为中华鲟人工繁殖提供优质亲鱼。１材料与方法蓄养用Ⅲ期中华鲟全部捕于葛洲坝下江段,用车运至本所专用蓄养池,蓄养池面积８０-２５０ｍ２不等,水源采用河水和井水,水质指标符合渔业用水标准。所有蓄养鱼定期用电子吊秤称重,穿刺取性腺组织,组织切片检查性腺发育状况,确定已达到Ⅳ期末后即进行…     

THE GROWTH AND DURATION OF LIFE OF CELOSIA CRISTATA SEEDLINGS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Daily measurements of hypocotyl length were made on Celosia cristata seedlings cultured in darkness under aseptic conditions at six constant temperatures between 14.5° and 40.5°C. At 40.5° roots did not penetrate the agar and only the hypocotyls that were supported by the wall of the test tube could be measured. The growth curves were of the generalized logistic type, but of different degrees of skewness. The degree of symmetry of the growth curves was influenced by temperature. At the lower temperatures the maximal growth rate came relatively late in the grand period of growth; at successively higher temperatures it came progressively earlier. The mean total time rate of growth (millimeter per diem) was found to be a parabolic function of the temperature. The maximum rate of growth was found from the curve to be at 30.48°C. The maximum observed rate of growth, and the maximum yield, were found to be at 30°C. At all temperatures above 14.5° the maximum growth activity fell in the second quarter of the whole growth period. At all temperatures tested other than 30°, and at all parts of the growth cycle, the growth yield as measured by height of hypocotyl at any given equivalent point was less than at 30°. The total duration of life of the seedlings, and the duration of life after the end of the growth period (intermediate period) were inversely proportional to the mean total growth rate. The observations on Celosia cristata seedlings are thus in accord with the "rate of living" theory of life duration. The optimal temperature for life duration is the minimum temperature, within the range of these observations.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGG OF THE MACKEREL AT DIFFERENT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES

1. Mackerel egg development was followed to hatching at constant temperatures of 10°, 11°, 12°, 13°, 14°, 15°, 16°, 17°, 18°, 19°, 20°, 21°, 22°, and 24°C. Experiment showed that typical development could be realized only between 11° and 21°. 2. The length of the developmental period increases from 49.5 hours to 207 hours when the temperature is lowered from 21° to 10°C. 3. The calculated µ for the development of the mackerel egg is about 19,000 at temperatures above 15° and approximately 24,900 for temperatures below 15°C. 15° is, apparently, a critical temperature for this process. 4. The calculated values of µ for eight stages of development preceding hatching, i.e. 6 somites, 12 somites, 18 somites, 24 somites, three-quarters circles, four-fifths circles, five-sixths circles, and full circles, are essentially the same as the µ''s for hatching, indicating that the rate of differentiation up to hatching is governed by one process throughout. Critical temperatures for these stages approximate 15°. 5. The total mortality during the incubation period was least at 16°C. where it amounted to 43 per cent. At temperatures above and below this there was a steady increase in the percentage of mortality which reached 100 per cent at 10° and 21°.     

不同温度下恩诺沙星及其代谢物在斑点叉尾鲖各组织中的残留及消除规律比较

分别在18℃和28℃水温下, 以20 mg/(kg·d)鱼体质量对斑点叉尾鲙给药恩诺沙星, 连续灌胃7d。给药后在不同的时间点取样, 用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测, 研究恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内(血液、肌肉、皮肤、肝脏和肾脏)的残留消除规律。结果表明, 恩诺沙星在不同组织、不同水温消除速率不同: 水温为18℃, 皮肤、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的消除曲线方程分别为C=1022.1e–0.034t、C=2601.3e–0.046t、C=2903.6e–0.072t和C=1186.5e–0.036t, 消除半衰期分别为31.79d、45.29d、16.15d和35.54d; 水温为28℃, 皮肤、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中的消除曲线方程分别为C=8805.5e–0.04t、C=3154e–0.08t、C=4145.1e–0.1t和C=1302.1e–0.068t, 消除半衰期分别为18.33d、6.26d、12.44d和10.34d。恩诺沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内可代谢为环丙沙星, 恩诺沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内的代谢速度较慢, 代谢物环丙沙星在斑点叉尾鲙体内的消除速度比恩诺沙星快; 在18℃水温下, 斑点叉尾鲙肉中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星完全消除需要150d以上; 在28℃水温下, 斑点叉尾鲙肉中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星完全消除需要120d。在实验条件下, 建议水温为18℃和28℃时, 休药期分别为3240℃·日和4200℃·日。     

鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征和影响因素及水质评价

为阐明鄱阳湖不同水文期浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素,研究于2017年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)在鄱阳湖湖区典型水域设置5个采样点进行浮游生物采样调查。研究期间共鉴定浮游植物8门75属186种,丰水期与枯水期均以硅藻门和绿藻门为主。共鉴定浮游动物4类76种,丰水期与枯水期均以原生动物和轮虫为主。方差分析显示:浮游植物密度与生物量在不同水文期之间的差异均为极显著(P<0.01),浮游动物丰水期密度高于枯水期,但无显著差异(P>0.05),浮游动物生物量(P<0.05)在不同水文期差异显著。冗余分析(RDA)显示:丰水期透明度和浮游生物呈显著负相关关系,电导率和浮游生物呈显著正相关。透明度、电导率与营养盐是影响丰水期浮游生物群落结构的主要环境因素,枯水期水温和溶解氧是驱动鄱阳湖浮游生物群落生态分布的主要环境因素。基于Shannon-Wiener(H′)、Margalef(d)和Pielou(J)等生物多样性指数的水质评价结果表明:鄱阳湖研究区域水质状态处于寡污-中污之间。研究揭示了2个水文期对通江湖泊浮游生物的影响:季节变化不改变湖泊浮游生物的物种组成及优势种,但...     

铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻在不同温度下的生长特性及竞争参数计算

在实验室条件下,对铜绿微囊（Microcystis aeruginosa）和四尾栅藻（Scendesmus quadricauda）分别在温度22℃、26℃和30℃下进行了纯培养和混合培养,实验结果显示温度对两种藻类的生长和竞争都有显著影响。微囊藻在22℃、26℃和30℃纯培养下的最大生物量及平均特定增长率（μ）分别为444、1180和998（&#215;104cells/mL）及0.33、0.38和0.37/d,说明微囊藻在26℃和30℃下生长较好;混合培养下的最大生物量及平均特定增长率分别为270、778和647（&#215;104cells/mL）及0.34、0.43和0.46/d,显示微囊藻在混合培养下受到了栅藻一定程度的竞争抑制。栅藻在22℃、26℃和30℃纯培养下的最大生物量及平均特定增长率分别为830、984和464（&#215;104cells/mL）及0.36、0.34和0.32/d;混合培养下的最大生物及平均特定增长率分别为538、554和387（&#215;104cells/mL）及0.43、0.40和0.39/d,说明栅藻在温度22℃、26℃下生长较好,混合培养下栅藻的生长受微囊藻影响较大。各温度下两种藻类的生长都可以用Logistic方程拟合。微囊藻对栅藻的抑制参数α分别为1.68（22℃）、0.65（26℃）和0.76（30℃）,而栅藻对微囊藻的抑制参数β依次为0.43（22℃）、0.51（26℃）和0.25（30℃）,三个温度下α均大于β,产生这一结果的原因可能是由于微囊藻与栅藻在竞争过程中不仅表现为资源竞争,同时还存在着明显的他感作用,且可推测微囊藻对栅藻的他感作用大于栅藻对微囊藻的,且在22℃时为最大。