碱基编辑器的开发及其在细菌基因组编辑中的应用

碱基编辑器是近两年发展起来的新型基因组编辑工具,它将碱基脱氨酶的催化活性和CRISPR/Cas系统的靶向特异性进行结合,催化DNA或RNA链上特定位点的碱基发生脱氨基反应,进而完成碱基的替换。碱基编辑器分为DNA和RNA碱基编辑器两大类,其中DNA碱基编辑器分为两种:胞嘧啶碱基编辑器和腺嘌呤碱基编辑器;前者可以实现胞嘧啶到胸腺嘧啶的转换,而后者则可以将腺嘌呤突变为鸟嘌呤。由于DNA碱基编辑器不会造成DNA的双链断裂(DSB),也不依赖于宿主的非同源末端修复和同源重组途径,因此,大大减少了DSB相关的编辑副产物,如小片段插入或缺失等。基于CRISPR/Cas系统的RNA碱基编辑器,可以实现RNA链上腺嘌呤核苷到次黄苷的转换。本文对不同类型碱基编辑器的开发过程、适用范围和编辑特点等进行梳理,并对其在细菌基因组编辑中的应用进行了介绍;最后简要探讨了细菌中碱基编辑器的缺点以及将来可能的研究方向。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌中基于CRISPR/Cas9的多位点碱基编辑系统的优化

作为新型的基因组编辑工具,碱基编辑技术结合了CRISPR/Cas系统的定位功能和碱基脱氨酶的编辑功能,可实现特定位点的碱基突变,具有不产生双链DNA断裂,无需外源模板且不依赖染色体DNA同源重组的优势.目前,研究者们已在重要的工业生产菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)中开发了多种碱...     

碱基编辑器在基因治疗中的潜在安全性风险及解决方案研究进展

碱基编辑器(base editor, BE)是一种由脱氨酶与人工核酸结合蛋白结合形成的基因编辑工具,可以对单个碱基进行定点替换,以达到改变核酸序列的目的。其主要特点是能够在不产生核酸完全断裂的条件下,进行高效的碱基编辑,BE在动植物育种以及遗传性疾病的基因治疗领域已经显示出巨大的应用价值。目前已报道的碱基编辑器包括胞嘧啶碱基编辑器、腺嘌呤碱基编辑器、糖苷酶碱基编辑器、双碱基编辑器、线粒体碱基编辑器以及RNA编辑器等。然而,各种碱基编辑器中含有的两个主要功能元件,即脱氨酶和人工核酸结合蛋白,均有脱靶效应,为本技术的广泛应用带来严重的安全隐患。本文通过对不同碱基编辑工具的种类特点、疾病模型治疗现状以及安全性问题和解决方案进行综述,希望对后续的碱基编辑技术的优化研究提供参考。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌碱基编辑的条件优化

近年来,基于CRISPR/Cas9的碱基编辑技术因其具有不产生DNA双链断裂、无需外源DNA模板、不依赖宿主同源重组修复的优势,已经逐渐发展成为一种强大的基因组编辑工具,在动物、植物、酵母和细菌中得到了开发和应用。研究团队前期已在重要的工业模式菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌中开发了一种多元自动化的碱基编辑技术MACBETH,为进一步优化该方法,提高碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的应用效率,本研究首先在谷氨酸棒杆菌中构建了基于绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的检测系统:将GFP基因的起始密码子ATG人工突变为ACG,GFP无法正常表达,当该密码子的C经编辑后恢复为T,即实现GFP蛋白的复活,结合流式细胞仪分析技术,可快速衡量编辑效率。然后,构建针对靶标位点的碱基编辑工具,经测试,该位点可成功被编辑,在初始编辑条件下碱基编辑效率为(13.11±0.21)%。在此基础上,通过对不同培养基类型、诱导初始OD600、诱导时间、诱导物浓度进行优化,确定最优编辑条件是:培养基为CGXII,初始OD600为0.05,诱导时间为20 h,IPTG浓度为0.01 mmol/L。经过优化,编辑效率达到(30.35±0.75)%,较初始条件提高了1.3倍。最后,选取原编辑条件下编辑效率较低的位点,进行了优化后编辑条件下的编辑效率评估,结果显示,不同的位点在最优编辑条件下的编辑效率提高了1.7–2.5倍,进一步证实该优化条件的有效性及通用性。研究结果为碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中更好的应用提供了重要的参考价值。     

碱基编辑技术的发展与应用

碱基编辑技术,以CRISPR/Cas系统为平台,引导胞嘧啶脱氨酶或腺嘌呤脱氨酶至特定的基因组靶点,产生靶向性的C至T或者A至G的碱基转换。自碱基编辑技术问世以来,全球多个科研团队通过优化改进得到了一系列高精准性、广靶向性、小编辑框、普适性的碱基编辑器。在应用方面,碱基编辑器能够在人体细胞、动植物细胞以及胚胎中进行高效的碱基转换,在治疗人类遗传病、构建动物疾病模型、植物育种等方面具有巨大的应用潜能。本文就碱基编辑技术的发展、优化和应用等方面进行综述和展望。     

碱基编辑系统研究最新进展及应用

CRISPR系统能够在基因组DNA中完成精准编辑,但依赖于细胞内的同源重组(Homologydirected recombination,HDR)修复途径,且效率极低。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统开发的碱基编辑技术(Base editing)通过将失去切割活性的核酸酶与不同碱基脱氨基酶融合,构建了两套碱基编辑系统(Baseeditors,BE):胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(Cytosine base editor,CBE)和腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(Adenine base editor,ABE)。这两类编辑器分别能够在不产生DNA双链断裂的前提下在基因靶位点完成CT (GA)或AG (TC)的替换,最终实现精准的碱基编辑。目前碱基编辑技术已经广泛应用于基因治疗、动物模型构建、精准动物育种和基因功能分析等领域,为基础和应用研究提供了强大的技术工具。文中概括了碱基编辑技术的研发过程、技术优势、应用现状、存在问题及改进策略,以期为相关领域的科研人员了解和使用碱基编辑系统提供参考。     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的单碱基编辑技术研究进展*

基于CRISPR/Cas系统出现的单碱基编辑技术可以实现高效且简便的单个碱基的替换编辑,其原理是将胞嘧啶脱氨酶(cytosine deaminase)或腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase)与Cas9n(D10A)形成融合蛋白,通过CRISPR/Cas精准识别和定位DNA上的靶位点后,利用胞嘧啶脱氨酶或腺苷脱氨酶将靶点距离sgRNA位点基序(protospacer adjacent motif,PAM)序列端的4~7位的单个碱基发生单碱基转换或颠换。对基于CRISPR/Cas系统的单碱基编辑技术发现的历史、组成和分类、工作原理进行了概述,并总结了该系统最新进展及应用。     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的单碱基编辑技术研究进展*

基于CRISPR/Cas系统出现的单碱基编辑技术可以实现高效且简便的单个碱基的替换编辑,其原理是将胞嘧啶脱氨酶(cytosine deaminase)或腺苷脱氨酶(adenosine deaminase)与Cas9n(D10A)形成融合蛋白,通过CRISPR/Cas精准识别和定位DNA上的靶位点后,利用胞嘧啶脱氨酶或腺苷脱氨酶将靶点距离sgRNA位点基序(protospacer adjacent motif,PAM)序列端的4~7位的单个碱基发生单碱基转换或颠换。对基于CRISPR/Cas系统的单碱基编辑技术发现的历史、组成和分类、工作原理进行了概述,并总结了该系统最新进展及应用。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌中胞嘧啶碱基编辑工具的PAM拓展

碱基编辑是一种新兴的基因组编辑技术，具有不产生双键断裂、不依赖同源重组且不需要添加外源模板的优势，在真核及原核生物中得到了广泛的开发与应用。为了进一步扩展碱基编辑技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中的基因组覆盖范围，本研究将3种PAM限制较为宽松的新型Cas9突变体应用于胞嘧啶碱基编辑工具中，分别为近乎PAMless的SpRY突变体（NRN>NYN PAM）、SpG突变体（NGN PAM），以及ScCas9++蛋白（NNG PAM），实现对碱基编辑工具的PAM拓展。结合SpRY突变体的碱基编辑系统展示出了更宽松的PAM识别，除对CAT、CAC、TAA PAM的位点完全没有编辑外，对其他NRN种类的PAM位点均出现了不同程度的识别，但整体编辑效率低，难以推广应用；结合SpG突变体的碱基编辑系统可实现对所有NGN种类PAM位点的编辑，且编辑效率优于SpRY突变体，但对NGG PAM位点的编辑，相比原始Cas9蛋白，编辑效率下降9.3%-55.9%；结合ScCas9++蛋白的碱基编辑系统，除对TCG、CTG PAM的基因组位点没有编辑外，可实现对其他测试NNG PAM的基因组位点编辑，大部分位点基因组...     

基于CRISPR/Cas系统的DNA碱基编辑技术及其在生物医学和农业中的应用

近年来,基于成簇的规律间隔短回文重复序列及其相关系统(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein,CRISPR/Cas)的基因编辑技术飞速发展,该系统可以利用同源定向重组(Homology directed repair,HDR)来完成其介导的精准编辑,但效率极低,限制了其在农业和生物医学等领域上的推广应用。基于CRISPR/Cas系统的DNA碱基编辑技术作为一种新兴的基因组编辑技术,能在不产生双链断裂的情况下实现碱基的定向突变,相对于CRISPR/Cas介导的HDR编辑具有更高的编辑效率和特异性。目前,已开发出了可将C碱基突变为T碱基的胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(Cytidine base editors,CBE),将A碱基突变为G碱基的腺嘌呤碱基编辑器(Adenine base editors,ABE),以及可实现碱基任意变换和小片段精准插入和缺失的Prime编辑器(Prime editors,PE)。另外,能实现C到G颠换的糖基化酶碱基编辑器(Glycosylase base editors,GBE)以及能同时编辑A和C两种底物的双碱基编辑器也已被开发出来。文中主要综述了几种DNA碱基编辑器的开发历程、研究进展及各自优点和局限性;介绍了DNA碱基编辑技术在生物医学以及农业中的成功应用案例,以期为DNA碱基编辑器的进一步优化和选择应用提供借鉴。     

Multiplex genome editing using a dCas9-cytidine deaminase fusion in Streptomyces

CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing has greatly facilitated the study of gene function in Streptomyces. However, it could not be efficiently employed in streptomycetes with low homologous recombination(HR) ability. Here, a deaminase-assisted base editor d Cas9-CDA-UL_(str) was developed in Streptomyces, which comprises the nuclease-deficient Cas9(dCas9), the cytidine deaminase from Petromyzon marinus(PmCDA1), the uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor(UGI) and the protein degradation tag(LVA tag). Using d Cas9-CDA-UL_(str) , we achieved single-, double-and triple-point mutations(cytosine-to-thymine substitutions)at target sites in Streptomyces coelicolor with efficiency up to 100%, 60% and 20%, respectively. This base editor was also demonstrated to be highly efficient for base editing in the industrial strain, Streptomyces rapamycinicus, which produces the immunosuppressive agent rapamycin. Compared with base editors derived from the cytidine deaminase rAPOBEC1, the PmCDA1-assisted base editor dCas9-CDA-UL_(str) could edit cytosines preceded by guanosines with high efficiency, which is a great advantage for editing Streptomyces genomes(with high GC content). Collectively, the base editor dCas9-CDA-UL_(str) could be employed for efficient multiplex genome editing in Streptomyces. Since the d Cas9-CDA-UL_(str) -based genome editing is independent of HR-mediated DNA repair, we believe this technology will greatly facilitate functional genome research and metabolic engineering in Streptomyces strains with weak HR ability.     

Multiplex Gene Disruption by Targeted Base Editing of Yarrowia lipolytica Genome Using Cytidine Deaminase Combined with the CRISPR/Cas9 System

The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has a tendency to use the non‐homologous end joining repair (NHEJ) over the homology directed recombination as double‐strand breaks (DSB) repair system, making it difficult to edit the genome using homologous recombination. A recently developed Target‐AID (activation‐induced cytidine deaminase) base editor, designed to recruit cytidine deaminase (CDA) to the target DNA locus via the CRISPR/Cas9 system, can directly induce C to T mutation without DSB and donor DNA. In this study, this system is adopted in Y. lipolytica for multiplex gene disruption. Target‐specific gRNA(s) and a fusion protein consisting of a nickase Cas9, pmCDA1, and uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor are expressed from a single plasmid to disrupt target genes by introducing a stop codon via C to T mutation within the mutational window. Deletion of the KU70 gene involved in the NHEJ prevents the generation of indels by base excision repair following cytidine deamination, increasing the accuracy of genome editing. Using this Target‐AID system with optimized expression levels of the base editor, single gene disruption and simultaneous double gene disruption are achieved with the efficiencies up to 94% and 31%, respectively, demonstrating this base editing system as a convenient genome editing tool in Y. lipolytica.     

Front Cover Image,Volume 116, Number 11, November 2019

CRISPR/Cas9-guided cytidine deaminase enables C:G to T:A base editing in bacterial genome without introduction of lethal double-stranded DNA break, supplement of foreign DNA template, or dependence on inefficient homologous recombination. However, limited by genome-targeting scope, editing window, and base transition capability, the application of base editing in metabolic engineering has not been explored. Herein, four Cas9 variants accepting different protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences were used to increase the genome-targeting scope of bacterial base editing. After a comprehensive evaluation, we demonstrated that PAM requirement of bacterial base editing can be relaxed from NGG to NG using the Cas9 variants, providing 3.9-fold more target loci for gene inactivation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Truncated or extended guide RNAs were employed to expand the canonical 5-bp editing window to 7-bp. Bacterial adenine base editing was also achieved with Cas9 fused to adenosine deaminase. With these updates, base editing can serve as an enabling tool for fast metabolic engineering. To demonstrate its potential, base editing was used to deregulate feedback inhibition of aspartokinase via amino acid substitution for lysine overproduction. Finally, a user-friendly online tool named gBIG was provided for designing guide RNAs for base editing-mediated inactivation of given genes in any given sequenced genome ( www.ibiodesign.net/gBIG ).     

Developing a CRISPR-assisted base-editing system for genome engineering of Pseudomonas chlororaphis

Pseudomonas chlororaphis is a non-pathogenic, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium that secretes phenazine compounds with broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. Currently available genome-editing methods for P. chlororaphis are based on homologous recombination (HR)-dependent allelic exchange, which requires both exogenous DNA repair proteins (e.g. λ-Red–like systems) and endogenous functions (e.g. RecA) for HR and/or providing donor DNA templates. In general, these procedures are time-consuming, laborious and inefficient. Here, we established a CRISPR-assisted base-editing (CBE) system based on the fusion of a rat cytidine deaminase (rAPOBEC1), enhanced-specificity Cas9 nickase (eSpCas9pp^D10A) and uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor (UGI). This CBE system converts C:G into T:A without DNA strands breaks or any donor DNA template. By engineering a premature STOP codon in target spacers, the hmgA and phzO genes of P. chlororaphis were successfully interrupted at high efficiency. The phzO-inactivated strain obtained by base editing exhibited identical phenotypic features as compared with a mutant obtained by HR-based allelic exchange. The use of this CBE system was extended to other P. chlororaphis strains (subspecies LX24 and HT66) and also to P. fluorescens 10586, with an equally high editing efficiency. The wide applicability of this CBE method will accelerate bacterial physiology research and metabolic engineering of non-traditional bacterial hosts.     

基因编辑之“新宠”—单碱基基因组编辑系统

近年发展起来的人工核酸酶可通过引起特定位点的DNA双链断裂实现对目的片段的有效编辑。为进一步提高碱基修改的效率和精确度,2016年研究者们利用CRISPR/Cas9识别特定DNA序列的功能,结合胞嘧啶脱氨酶的生化活性发明了将胞嘧啶高效转换为胸腺嘧啶(C>T)的嘧啶单碱基编辑系统(base editor)。这一系统虽然能精准实现嘧啶直接转换,大大提高精确基因编辑效率,但美中不足的是无法对嘌呤进行修改。近期,Nature报道了将细菌中的tRNA腺嘌呤脱氨酶定向进化形成具有催化DNA腺嘌呤底物的脱氨酶,将其与Cas9系统融合发明了具有高效催化腺嘌呤转换为鸟嘌呤的新工具—腺嘌呤单碱基编辑系统(ABEs, adenine base editors)。本文总结了单碱基编辑工具的发展历程和最新研究进展,着重介绍ABEs的研发过程,并对单碱基编辑工具今后的应用方向和研发方向进行展望。     

The ScCas9++ variant expands the CRISPR toolbox for genome editing in plants

The development of clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) variants with a broader recognition scope is critical for further improvement of CRISPR/Cas systems. The original Cas9 protein from Streptococcus canis (ScCas9) can recognize simple NNG-protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) targets, and therefore possesses a broader range relative to current CRISPR/Cas systems, but its editing efficiency is low in plants. Evolved ScCas9⁺ and ScCas9⁺⁺ variants have been shown to possess higher editing efficiencies in human cells, but their activities in plants are currently unknown. Here, we utilized codon-optimized ScCas9, ScCas9⁺ and ScCas9⁺⁺ and a nickase variant ScCas9n⁺⁺ to systematically investigate genome cleavage activity and cytidine base editing efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This analysis revealed that ScCas9⁺⁺ has higher editing efficiency than ScCas9 and ScCas9⁺ in rice. Furthermore, we fused the evolved cytidine deaminase PmCDA1 with ScCas9n⁺⁺ to generate a new evoBE4max-type cytidine base editor, termed PevoCDA1-ScCas9n⁺⁺. This base editor achieved stable and efficient multiplex-site base editing at NNG-PAM sites with wider editing windows (C₋₁–C₁₇) and without target sequence context preference. Multiplex-site base editing of the rice genes OsWx (three targets) and OsEui1 (two targets) achieved simultaneous editing and produced new rice germplasm. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ScCas9⁺⁺ represents a crucial new tool for improving plant editing.