β乳球蛋白基因（βlg）的表达调控及其应用

β乳球蛋白（BLG）是反刍动物乳汁中的主要乳清蛋白,BLG表达受到βlg核心启动子,LCR,MAR等顺式作用元件和激素,转录因子等反式作用因子的调控,利用βlg启动子已在乳腺成功表达外源基因,但乳腺组织特异性表达外源基因时尚存在异位表达,差异表达,表达水平低和表达受位置效应影响等问题,构建表达载体时充分考虑βlg启动子和远端调控元件,有可能使上源基因获得,高效,特异的表达。     

肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的顺式作用元件及转录因子的鉴定

研究发现,质膜-细胞骨架连接蛋白Ezrin在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,而且Ezrin的表达上调与肿瘤细胞的移动侵袭相关,但是调控ezrin基因转录的分子机制却不清楚.为了探明ezrin基因的转录调控机制,以肺癌细胞A549为材料,首先采用双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测ezrin基因5′侧翼嵌套缺失序列和位点突变序列的转录活性,鉴定肺癌细胞中ezrin基因的基本启动子区以及关键的顺式作用元件Sp1结合位点(-75/-69)和AP-1结合位点(-64/-58).其次,利用凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析证明,肺癌细胞核蛋白提取物能够与ezrin基因含有关键顺式作用元件的DNA序列结合,形成DNA-核蛋白复合物,而且Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点与重组蛋白rhSp1和rhAP-1的结合具有位点特异性.最后,利用瞬时转染实验证实,转录因子Sp1和AP-1(由c-Jun和c-Fos组成的异源二聚体)分别通过Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点,增强ezrin基因基本转录活性,而且,过表达转录因子Sp1、c-Jun或c-Fos上调了Ezrin蛋白表达.研究确定,肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的关键顺式作用元件是Sp1结合位点(-75/-69)和AP-1结合位点(-64/-58),与之作用的转录因子Sp1和AP-1对于ezrin基因的转录激活作用至关重要.     

肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的顺式作用元件及转录因子的鉴定

研究发现,质膜-细胞骨架连接蛋白Ezrin在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,而且Ezrin的表达上调与肿瘤细胞的移动侵袭相关,但是调控ezrin基因转录的分子机制却不清楚．为了探明ezrin基因的转录调控机制,以肺癌细胞A549为材料,首先采用双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测ezrin基因5′侧翼嵌套缺失序列和位点突变序列的转录活性,鉴定肺癌细胞中ezrin基因的基本启动子区以及关键的顺式作用元件Sp1结合位点 (-75/-69) 和AP-1结合位点 (-64/-58)．其次,利用凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析证明,肺癌细胞核蛋白提取物能够与ezrin基因含有关键顺式作用元件的DNA序列结合,形成DNA-核蛋白复合物,而且Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点与重组蛋白rhSp1和rhAP-1的结合具有位点特异性．最后,利用瞬时转染实验证实,转录因子Sp1和AP-1 (由c-Jun和c-Fos组成的异源二聚体) 分别通过Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点,增强ezrin基因基本转录活性,而且,过表达转录因子Sp1、c-Jun或c-Fos上调了Ezrin蛋白表达．研究确定,肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的关键顺式作用元件是Sp1结合位点 (-75/-69) 和AP-1结合位点 (-64/-58),与之作用的转录因子Sp1和AP-1对于ezrin基因的转录激活作用至关重要．     

乳腺生物反应器的表达优化策略

乳腺生物反应器是指将外源基因导入动物基因组并在动物乳腺中特异性表达,利用动物乳腺合成、分泌蛋白的功能,在其乳汁中获得外源蛋白的技术。乳腺生物反应器凭借其高表达、低成本以及合成蛋白质的结构接近天然蛋白质等优势而被视为药用和营养蛋白生产的一次技术革新,然而由于外源基因随机整合以及重组蛋白表达不稳定等问题极大地限制了其应用。本文结合乳腺生物反应器的发展现状,从利用基因编辑技术、筛选合适的外源基因整合位点以及改进外源基因调控序列3个方面对乳腺生物反应器优化策略进行了综述,以期为提高乳腺生物反应器生产重组蛋白的表达提供理论借鉴。     

顺式调控元件对“头对头”基因对共表达的影响

转录调控是生物学过程中最关键的环节之一, 其中顺式调控元件在基因表达调控中发挥了极其重要的作用. 本研究通过对公共顺式调控元件的活性和行为进行分析, 从而推断“头对头”基因对共表达的原理. 用网络组分分析法估测顺式调控元件在不同条件下对基因启动子及其活性的影响. 结果揭示了生物系统如何利用这些调控元件调控“头对头”基因对的表达模式和整个转录调控系统.     

水稻蜡质基因及其利用研究进展

简要介绍了水稻蜡质基因的等位基因位点及其表达特性。并从蜡质基因第1内含子核苷酸和蜡质基因剪切方式以及蜡质基因相关的顺式作用元件与反式作用因子等方面阐述了水稻蜡质基因表达调控,还概述了水稻蜡质基因的分子标记辅助选育方面的研究。从近年来的报道显示,利用反义RNA技术抑制水稻内源蜡质蛋白的表达是目前蜡质基因应用研究的主要方向。关于蜡质基因的研究,在其它作物中也都有报道。     

抗逆基因AtRPK1启动子关键顺式作用元件的研究

为确定拟南芥抗逆相关基因AtRPK1启动子的顺式功能元件,对其启动子区进行了分段克隆。通过5'端缺失方法得到203、316、604、809 bp 4个启动子片段,分别构建成p1300-pro-GUS表达载体,并转入拟南芥,进行GUS染色和GUS定量检测。通过对809 bp全长启动子转基因拟南芥GUS染色发现,转基因拟南芥的叶片、茎、花、根中均有表达,在分生能力强的组织和维管束集中的组织,AtRPK1基因启动子具有较高启动表达能力。5'端缺失启动子检测结果表明,转录起始点到启动子上游-114位点区域包含AtRPK1基因启动子的关键顺式作用元件。对启动子缺失片段转基因植株利用200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫3 h后,β-葡萄糖苷酸酶活力定量检测结果表明,在启动子上游-19位点处的GT-1顺式作用元件GAAAAA可能直接与盐胁迫应答相关。     

西瓜果实AGPL1基因启动子的序列分析

利用PCR技术从西瓜嫩叶中扩增出1.2 kb AGPL1基因启动子,通过PlantCARE和PLACE数据库对启动子序列进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,AGPL1启动子具有多个典型的TATA-Box和CAAT-Box等基本元件,以及高水平转录顺式作用元件5UTR Py-rich stretch,光响应元件ACE、ATCC-motif、Box 4、I-Box、Sp1、TCCC-motif、GAG-motif、MNF1,2个赤霉素响应元件GARE-motif、P-box,参与蛋白代谢调节的顺式作用元件O2-site,参与水杨酸反应的顺式作用元件TCA-element,厌氧诱导所需的顺式作用元件ARE、逆境胁迫响应元件TC-rich repeats、生理昼夜节律控制元件circadian等,为研究外源基因在果实中的特异表达提供参考。     

酵母基因组共表达基因簇与其上游顺式作用元件的关系

ＤＮＡ微阵列技术的快速发展开辟了从表达图谱研究基因组功能的新途径。酵母全基因组的测定和基因组表达图谱数据的发表使其成为研究真核基因转录调控机制的首选目标。运用生物信息学的工具研究了酵母基因组中基因上游顺式调控元件与基因组表达图谱的关系。结果表明,表达紧密关系的同一簇基因都具有若干特异的顺式作用元件,其表达受到相应反式调控因子的控制。找到的位点中,一部分与已知顺式作用元件相对应;另一部分可能是新的顺     

基质结合区与转基因动物的基因表达

基质结合区(MAR)在稳定转染的细胞系中的研究结果显示,能缓冲在其侧翼的染色质某些拮抗作用.这为外源基因在染色体中随机整合的转基因动物研究提供了新的方向.文章对其在转基因动物中的探索性研究及可能的机理进行综述.指出在转基因动物中,MAR的应用能导致建立独立的基因活性结构域.它对基因高效表达无疑具有重要作用.MAR可能是一种新的顺式作用元件,与增强子、启动子协同作用调节基因的表达.     

植物非生物胁迫诱导启动子顺式元件及转录因子研究进展

顺式作用元件(cix-acting element)是与结构基因串联的特定DNA序列,是转录因子的结合位点,它们通过与转录因子结合调控基因转录的精确起始和转录效率,在植物基因表达调控过程中起着重要的作用.非生物胁迫诱导基因的表达受其上游启动子顺式作用元件及转录因子的调控,目前已发现了多种与非生物胁迫相关的顺势作用元件及转录因子,如DRE元件及DREB类转录因子、MYB元件及MYB类转录因子、GT-1元件及GT-1类转录因子等.顺式作用元件及转录因子的研究对研究植物非生物胁迫相关基因的表达调控具有重要意义,综述植物非生物胁迫诱导启动子功能元件及转录因子的研究进展.     

Use of minigene systems to dissect alternative splicing elements

Pre-mRNA splicing is an essential step for gene expression in higher eukaryotes. The splicing efficiency of individual exons is determined by multiple features involving gene architecture, a variety of cis-acting elements within the exons and flanking introns, and interactions with components of the basal splicing machinery (called the spliceosome) and auxiliary regulatory factors which transiently co-assemble with the spliceosome. Both alternative and constitutive exons are recognized by multiple weak protein:RNA interactions and different exons differ in the interactions which are determinative for exon usage. Alternative exons are often regulated according to cell-specific patterns and regulation is mediated by specific sets of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors. Transient expression of minigenes is a commonly used in vivo assay to identify the intrinsic features of a gene that control exon usage, identify specific cis-acting elements that control usage of constitutive and alternative exons, identify cis-acting elements that control cell-specific usage of alternative exons, and once regulatory elements have been identified, to identify the trans-acting factors that bind to these elements and modulate splicing. This chapter describes approaches and strategies for using minigenes to define the cis-acting elements that determine splice site usage and to identify and characterize the trans-acting factors that bind to these elements and regulate alternative splicing.     

A novel cis-acting element in an Arabidopsis gene is involved in responsiveness to drought, low-temperature, or high-salt stress.

Two genes, rd29A and rd29B, which are closely located on the Arabidopsis genome, are differentially induced under conditions of dehydration, low temperature, high salt, or treatment with exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). It appears that rd29A has at least two cis-acting elements, one involved in the ABA-associated response to dehydration and the other induced by changes in osmotic potential, and that rd29B contains at least one cis-acting element that is involved in ABA-responsive, slow induction. We analyzed the rd29A promoter in both transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco and identified a novel cis-acting, dehydration-responsive element (DRE) containing 9 bp, TACCGACAT, that is involved in the first rapid response of rd29A to conditions of dehydration or high salt. DRE is also involved in the induction by low temperature but does not function in the ABA-responsive, slow expression of rd29A. Nuclear proteins that specifically bind to DRE were detected in Arabidopsis plants under either high-salt or normal conditions. Different cis-acting elements seem to function in the two-step induction of rd29A and in the slow induction of rd29B under conditions of dehydration, high salt, or low temperature.     

Multiple widely spaced elements determine the efficiency with which a distal cistron is expressed from the polycistronic pregenomic RNA of figwort mosaic caulimovirus.

The polycistronic expression mechanism of the plant pararetrovirus figwort mosaic caulimovirus (FMV) depends upon cis-acting elements present in its pregenomic RNA and a trans-acting protein (P6) which is expressed from a monocistronic subgenomic RNA. Using transient expression of FMV-derived polycistronic reporter constructs in Nicotiana edwardsonii cell suspension protoplasts, we further analyzed the cis-acting elements involved in polycistronic expression. A cis-acting element located within the first 74 nucleotides of the 7,954-nucleotide pregenomic RNA appears to be essential for P6 to transactivate expression of an internal cistron. Expression of this internal cistron, in the presence of P6, is greatly enhanced by the combined presence of two cis-acting elements located at the 3' end of the polycistronic RNA. Surprisingly, deletion of the most upstream of these two 3' cis-acting elements exposed a negative-acting element located internally on the polycistronic RNA, at the 3' end of open reading frame I. The action of both this negative-acting internal element and the positive-acting 3' elements is more pronounced when the large 5' untranslated leader region is present. This indicates that the 5' untranslated leader region is central to regulation of the FMV gene expression mechanism. Although a limited set of elements suffices to direct polycistronic expression in this eukaryotic system, a complex interplay between elements is involved in the spatial regulation of the genes present on the pregenomic RNA of FMV.     

Genome organization and expression of the rat ACBP gene family

Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein (ACBP)/Diazepam-Binding Inhibitor (DBI) is a 10 kD protein which has been implicated in a surprisingly large number of biochemical functions. We have unambiguously demonstrated that ACBP binds acyl-CoA esters with high affinity andin vivo functions as an acyl-CoA ester pool former. We have molecularly cloned and characterized the rat ACBP gene family which comprises one expressed and four processed pseudogenes. One of these was shown to exist in two allelic forms. A comprehensive computer-aided analysis of the promoter region of the expressed ACBP gene revealed that it exhibits all the hallmarks of typical housekeeping genes. In addition, the promoter region harbors a number of ptential tissue specific cis-acting elements that may in part regulate the level of ACBP expression in specialized cells.     

Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation.

The cellular mechanisms involved in chronic inflammatory processes are poorly understood. This is especially true for the role of macrophages, which figure prominently in the inflammatory response. Two proteins, MRP8 and MRP14, which are expressed in infiltrate macrophages during inflammatory reactions but not in normal tissue macrophages, have been characterized. Here we report that MRP8 and MRP14 mRNAs are specifically expressed in human cells of myeloid origin and that their expression is regulated during monocyte-macrophage and granulocyte differentiation. To initiate the analysis of cis-acting elements governing the tissue-specific expression of the MRP genes, we cloned the human genes encoding MRP8 and MRP14. Both genes contain three exons, are single copy, and have a strikingly similar organization. They belong to a novel subfamily of highly homologous calcium-binding proteins which includes S100 alpha, S100 beta, intestinal calcium-binding protein, P11, and calcyclin (2A9). A transient expression assay was devised to investigate the tissue-specific regulatory elements responsible for MRP gene expression after differentiation in leukemia HL60 cells. The results of this investigation demonstrated that the cis-acting elements responsible for MRP expression are present on the cloned DNA fragment containing the MRP gene loci.     

一种快速准确构建酵母单杂交系统报道子的方法

酵母单杂交系统是根据DNA结合蛋白 (即转录因子 )与DNA顺式作用元件结合调控报道基因表达的原理来克隆编码目的转录因子的基因 ,其中构建带有不同DNA顺式作用元件的报道子是该系统的重要环节。目前 ,构建酵母单杂交系统报道子主要采用随机串联的方法 ,由于串联的顺式作用元件的个数和方向不能控制 ,所以筛选报道子费时费力。尝试采用同尾酶定向克隆的方法 ,将顺式作用元件按相同方向和所需的个数串联起来 ,减少了筛选报道子所需的时间和费用。