应用鱼类完整性评价体系评价辽河流域健康

根据2009年8月辽河流域33个站点采集的鱼类数据(参照点8个,观测点25个),通过参数指标值分布范围、相关关系和判别能力分析,从23个侯选指标中筛选出了辽河流域的鱼类完整性指数(F-IBI)构成指标体系。该体系包括鱼类总种类数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、中上层鱼类百分比、底层鱼类百分比、鱼类个体总数、杂食性鱼类百分比、耐受性鱼类百分比、敏感性鱼类百分比和产粘性卵鱼类百分比共9个生物参数。分别采用1、3、5赋值法和比值法计算各站点的IBI分值,并根据参照点IBI分值的25%分位数值确定健康等级标准,对小于25%分位数值的分布范围进行3等分,提出了辽河流域河流鱼类完整性评价标准,分为健康、一般、差、较差4个等级。两种方法评价结果虽不完全相同,但趋势基本一致。Pearson相关分析表明IBI值与生境状况、水质状况、栖息地环境质量显著相关,其中与海拔、栖息地评分呈显著正相关,与CODCr、氯化物、总溶解颗粒物、含沙量、硬度、电导率呈显著负相关。     

漓江中下游基于鱼类生物完整性指数的河流健康评价体系

2014年4月—2015年1月,按季度对漓江中下游进行了4次鱼类物种采样调查,通过对22个初选指标的筛选,建立了基于鱼类生物完整性指数(IBI)的河流健康评价体系,最终确定了7个评价指标,即鱼类总物种数、鲤科鱼类占总类数的百分比、亚科鱼类种数、亚科鱼类种数、杂食性鱼类数量百分比、敏感性鱼类占总类数的百分比、耐受性鱼类占总类数的百分比。采用1、3、5赋值法计算各采样点IBI值,并将鱼类完整性划分为6个等级对河流进行评价,具体为:极好(58~60)、较好(48~52)、一般(40~44)、较差(28~34)、极差(12~22)、无鱼(0)。结果显示,漓江中下游以及各分段河流(桂林段、阳朔段、平乐段)的鱼类IBI总分均在40分以上,处于一般或一般以上水平。     

浑河流域2010-2014年的鱼类群落和水生态健康变化分析

为了解浑河流域鱼类群落结构的变化趋势和水生态健康变化,分别于2010年和2014年对浑河流域46个采样点进行了鱼类和环境因子调查。其中2010年采集到鱼类15039尾,隶属于6目9科32种;2014年采集到鱼类10483尾,隶属于6目10科41种。Mann-Whitney U检验表明从2010年到2014年鱼类总物种数、香农多样性指数、底层物种数百分比、植食性和肉食性个体数百分比等鱼类特征参数显著上升。典型对应分析（CCA）结果表明,2010年显著影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子为流速、电导率、河流等级和钙离子浓度;而2014年显著影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子则为电导率、河流等级和氨氮浓度。2010年和2014年的鱼类完整性指数（FIBI）评分分别为48.7624.82和50.4117.35,与2010年的评价结果相比,2014年F-IBI结果稍有改善,其中极好和好的点位数分别少3个和1个,一般的点位数多9个,而极差和差的点位分别少4个和1个。     

鲥鯸淀鱼类群落特征与生物完整性评价

鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI,fish-index of biotic integrity)被广泛应用于河湖健康评价,可为水域生态修复和保护提供重要科学依据。于2018年10月—2019年7月在白洋淀区的典型湖泊鲥鯸淀开展鱼类群落采样,结合鱼类生物完整性指数评价体系和ABC曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves),综合评价鱼类群落组成特征和水域健康状况。共发现鱼类30种,隶属4目10科,其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多,共21种,占鱼类总物种数目的70%。F-IBI评价结果表明,在鲥鯸淀的采样站点中,鱼类生物完整性评为"好～优"等级共有3个点;评价为"好"等级共有3个点;评价为"一般～好"等级共有4个点;评价为"一般"等级共有5个点;评价为"差～一般"等级共有8个点;评价为"差"等级共有3个点;没有点位评价为"优"和"极差"等级。总体上,春季和秋季呈现"一般～好",夏季呈现"差～一般"。ABC曲线结果显示,季度性汇总、春季和夏季所得的ABC曲线展现出明显的交叉趋势,表明总体状态、春季和夏季均呈现中度干扰状态;秋季的数量优势度曲线位于生物量优势度曲线之上,表...     

基于底栖生物完整性指数的赣江流域河流健康评价

底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)是最为广泛应用的水生态系统健康评价指数之一。根据2009-2010年期间赣江流域60个采样点的底栖动物数据(15个参照点, 45个受损点), 对17个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析, 确定了B-IBI指数体系由总分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物%和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲, 将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点的B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定赣江流域河流健康评价标准。评价结果表明, 赣江流域60个采样点中19个为健康, 19个为亚健康, 14个为一般, 8个较差。综合来看, 赣江流域河流处于健康-亚健康状态: 上游各支流中绵水、贡江、上犹江和桃江为健康状态, 章水、濂水、梅江和平江为较差状态; 中游各支流健康评价结果多为健康-亚健康状态, 而乌江为较差状态; 下游各支流为健康-亚健康状态; 赣江干流上健康评价的结果均为健康。       

应用生物完整性指数评价水生态系统健康的研究进展

生物完整性指数(IBI)法是评价水生态系统健康的一种重要且被广泛应用的方法.本文综述了生物完整性指数的指示物种选择原因、构建方法以及在水生态系统健康评价中的应用,并总结了现阶段生态系统评估常用的鱼类完整性指数（F_IBI）、底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数（B_IBI）和着生藻类完整性指数（P_IBI)中候选生物状况参数指标,提出了使用微生物完整性指数(M_IBI)评价水生态系统健康的可行性和必要性.     

底栖硅藻应用于河流生态系统健康评价的研究进展

硅藻是水生态系统中最重要的初级生产者之一, 不仅为生态系统中其他消费者提供碳源, 也因分布广泛、种类多、世代时间短等特点, 通常被认为是水环境及生态系统良好的指示生物。文章介绍了河流生态系统健康及生物完整性的概念, 综述了硅藻尤其是底栖硅藻在水生态系统中的自身特点及作用; 概述了硅藻在生物监测中广泛应用的前提: 对环境因子的响应和国内外对硅藻及硅藻指数在河流生态监测中的研究进展; 介绍了广泛应用的硅藻指数及基于硅藻的生物完整性指数的原理及构建方法; 指出了硅藻及硅藻指数在生物监测及评价中可能所存在的问题, 并提出了今后我国在这个领域后期需开展的工作。     

广西河池地区河流基于鱼类的生物完整性指数筛选及其环境质量评估

为促进生物完整性评价法在中国的应用,加强珠江上游广西河池地区河流环境质量监测,该研究以鱼类为研究对象,初步构建了包含21个指标在内的广西河池地区河流基于鱼类的生物完整性评价的指标体系。根据鱼类调查所收集数据,结合历史资料的记录,对这些指标进行筛选和赋值,最终确立了6个指标,用于建立适合广西河池地区河流的基于鱼类的生物完整性指标体系;应用此指标体系对该地区部分河流(河段)进行了评价。评价的结果表明,小环江鱼类完整性为好;红水河、龙江和大环江为一般;刁江为极差。评价的结果与河流受人为干扰的实际情况相吻合,研究构建的评价体系可供河池周边地区使用和借鉴。生物完整性评价是水域环境质量监测的重要手段,为使生物完整性评价更加科学和客观,应加强生物完整性与环境因子之间关系的研究。     

基于周丛藻类群落结构的新疆额尔齐斯河生态健康评价

周丛藻类对水环境变化较为敏感,可迅速而灵敏的反映水质健康状况。本研究于2019年对额尔齐斯河周丛藻类群落结构和水环境特征进行了系统调查,并运用周丛藻类生物完整性指数(Periphytic algae index of biotic integrity, P-IBI)对生态健康进行了评价。结果表明:额尔齐斯河周丛藻类有6门41属102种,以硅藻门为主。周丛藻类密度和生物量的时间变化趋势为:9月>7月>5月,空间分布趋势为中下游>上游、支流>干流。主成分分析(PCA)与典范对应分析(CCA)显示,影响周丛藻类群落结构的主要环境因子有水温、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、pH、悬浮物,不同月份的环境影响因素有所差异。额尔齐斯河周丛藻类多样性指数(H′)、丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)的平均值分别为3.52、3.02、0.75,显示额尔齐斯河流域整体水质为寡污或无污。P-IBI分析结果显示:5个采样点为健康状态,1个采样点为亚健康状态,3个采样点为一般状况,1个采样点极差,表明额尔齐斯河整体生态健康状况趋于良好。本研究可为额尔齐斯河的水环境监测提供...     

长江生物多样性变迁—鱼类

<正>长江流域内共记录鱼类378种,其中纯淡水鱼类339种,占我国淡水鱼总数的1/3。长江中还栖息着149种珍稀的特有鱼类。长江流域渔产量约占全国淡水渔业产量的2/3。长江流域自然资源捕捞量1954年曾达到45万吨,到八十年代初下降到20余万吨,近几年捕捞量维持在6万吨左右;六十年代长江主要经济鱼类的产量约占总产量的28%,     

A review of conservation status of freshwater fish diversity in China

China harbors a high species diversity of freshwater fishes not shared with any of its neighboring nations. Freshwater fish diversity in the country has been under severe threat from human activities over the past decades, thus conservation freshwater fishes and ecosystems is urgently needed. To accumulate baseline data for guiding protection actions, the third red list assessment of Chinese freshwater fishes was carried out. Among Chinese freshwater fishes assessed, there are 355 at-risk species (22.3% of the total), including 69 ranked as Critically Endangered, 97 as Endangered, and 189 as Vulnerable. Two species are classified as Extinct and one as Regionally Extinct. China's threat level seems to be lower than the known average level found in the IUCN's global assessment of freshwater fishes, but this is an artifact of a high rate of species classified as Data Deficient. Conservation of freshwater fishes is presently facing a grim situation in China. Imperilment of Chinese freshwater fishes is primarily attributed to habitat loss and degradation arising from human perturbations, particularly river damming. Despite the adoption of protected areas setting up, captive breeding and release, and a fishing moratorium, conservation efforts for freshwater fishes are compromised by disproportional attention in China's biodiversity conservation, baseline data deficiency, insufficiently designed protection networks, and inefficient or inadequate implementation of conservation strategies. To achieve the objectives of Chinese freshwater fish conservation, it is proposed to conduct a national-scale survey of fish diversity and reassess their at-risk status, develop systematic conservation planning of freshwater fish diversity and ecosystems, prioritize strategies for protected areas development, perform genetic-based captive breeding for releasing in concert with other protection actions, and implement flexible fishing moratorium strategies in different water bodies.     

Heavy metal concentrations in,and human health risk assessment of,three commercially valuable fish species in the lower Niger River,Nigeria

The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V in water, sediment and the gill, liver and muscle tissues of Synodontis resupinatus, Heterotis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus, all commercially important fish species of the lower Niger River, were investigated in 2015. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected for six months and heavy metals were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Fe ranked highest in water and sediment, with concentrations of 2.74 mg l^?1 and 61.60 mg kg^?1, respectively. Metals followed the magnitude of Fe > Mn > Ni > V > Pb in the water and Fe > Mn > V > Ni > Pb in the sediments. Metal concentrations were higher in the tissues of S. resupinatus compared with H. niloticus and C. gariepinus. Fe was also highest in the gills, liver and muscle of the three fish species. Its highest concentration of 132.97 mg kg^?1 dry weight was recorded in the gills of S. resupinatus. Bioconcentration factors of metals ranged from 8.79 for Mn in H. niloticus muscle to 67.99 for Ni in S. resupinatus gills. The fish species studied pose no health risk for all metals studied, because the target hazard quotient was less than 1 and the estimated daily intakes of the metals were below the reference doses.     

Patterns of diversity, altitudinal range and body size among freshwater fishes in the Yangtze River basin, China

Aim To document patterns in diversity, altitudinal range and body size of freshwater fishes along an elevational gradient in the Yangtze River basin. Location The Yangtze River basin, China. Methods We used published data to compile the distribution, altitudinal range and body size of freshwater fishes. Correlation, regression, clustering and graphical analyses were used to explore patterns in diversity, altitudinal range and body size of freshwater fishes in 100‐m elevation zones from 0 to 5200 m. Results Species richness patterns across the elevational gradient for total, non‐endemic and endemic fishes were different. The ratio of endemics to total richness peaked at mid elevation. Land area on a 500‐m interval scale explained a significant amount of the variation in species richness. Species density displayed two peaks at mid‐elevation zones. The cluster analysis revealed five distinct assemblages across the elevation gradient. The relationship between elevational range size and the midpoint of the elevational range revealed a triangular distribution. The frequency distribution of log maximum standard length data displayed an atypical right‐skewed pattern. Intermediate body sizes occurred across the greatest range of elevation while small and large body sizes possessed only small elevational amplitudes. The size‐elevation relationship between the two major families revealed a very strong pattern of body size constraint among the Cobitidae with no corresponding elevational constraint and a lot of body size and elevational diversification among the Cyprinidae. Main conclusion The data failed to support either Rapoport's rule or Bergmann's rule.     

西部地区动物资源现状及持续发展对策

中国西部地区包括陕西、 宁夏、 青海、 新疆、 西藏和内蒙古西部, 其总面积占国土总面积的46.52％,人口占全国总人口的8.33％。共有陆生脊椎动物1273种,占国内2414种的52.73％。其中：两栖类81种,占国内两栖类的28.52％;爬行类119种,占34.69%;鸟类781种,占62.83％;兽类292种,占53.66%。有259种仅分布在西部地区,占西部地区陆栖脊椎动物种数的20.35％,我国大型有蹄类几乎全部集中在西部地区。这里有国家保护的陆栖脊椎动物174种,占全国333种的52.25％; 我国特有鸟、兽54种,占国内特有鸟、兽的60.67%。西部地区丰富的动物资源蕴藏着巨大的经济价值、科学研究价值和生态效益。因环境破坏,乱捕滥猎,近一个世纪以来确知已有普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)、高鼻羚羊(Saiga tatarica)、虎(Panthera tigris)和灰冠鸦雀(Paradoxornis przewalskii)4个物种在西部地区消失。朱(Napponia nippon)已成为极危种类,大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)也已接近极危种的界限。一些主要经济动物种群数量逐年下降,马麝(Moschus sifanicus)和林麝(M. berezovskii)分别以年均8.97％和8.44％的速率下降(n=12)。马鹿(Cervus elaphus),白唇鹿(C. albirostris),野牦牛(Bos gruniens)、野驴(Asinus spp.)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)、藏羚（Pantholops hodgsoni)、岩羊(Psendois nayaur)、鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)等大中型有蹄类遭大肆捕杀。1963年以后得以休养生息正在恢复的动物资源再次遭到破坏。有的种类,如盘羊(Ovis ammon)、野骆驼(Camelus ferus)种群数量分别以年10.06%和10.89％的速率增加(n=16)。为达到持续利用的目的,本文提出六项持续发展对策：加强自然保护区建设、管理;建立各省、自治区自然保护基金;保护栖息环境;迁地保护珍稀濒危物种;人工复壮孤隔种群;提倡人工驯养野生经济动物;人为扩大某些珍稀和经济动物分布区。     

黄河流域淡水鱼类多样性和保护

本文介绍了黄河流域鱼类研究的历史、淡水鱼类的物种组成、整体分布格局、特有性、濒危性, 以及鱼类多样性在黄河上、中、下游等的特点。历史上对于黄河鱼类多样性的研究, 历经了四个阶段, 从最初的零星记录一直到现阶段的深入研究。综合历史记录和野外调查, 已知黄河流域分布的淡水鱼类共计147种, 隶属于12目21科78属, 其中鲤形目种类占据绝对优势。另外, 全流域黄河特有种计有27种, 受危物种24种, 分别占总数的18.37%和16.32%。同中国主要江河相比, 黄河鱼类在高级分类阶元上的多样性较高, 但物种多样性则处在较低水平; 尽管黄河特有鱼类和受危物种比例低于全国平均水平, 但上游特有鱼类和珍稀濒危鱼类的占比很高。目前黄河鱼类多样性大幅降低, 现状调查仅能采获历史记录种类的53.06%。梯级水电开发、水资源过度利用、外来物种、水域污染和过度捕捞都是威胁鱼类多样性的重要因素, 但对各河段和支流的影响不一, 应做出有针对性的保护部署。     

澜沧江-湄公河中上游淡水鱼类多样性

澜沧江-湄公河是东南亚最大的河流, 也是世界上淡水生物多样性最高的三大河流之一。由于特殊的地理位置和国际河流属性, 澜沧江-湄公河淡水鱼类的多样性现状仍缺乏系统的认识。本文在近20年调查的基础上, 系统整理了澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个支流或亚流域的淡水鱼类物种名录, 在此基础上对其种类组成和分布进行了分析, 并利用分类学多样性指数对澜沧江-湄公河中上游流域的物种多样性进行了评估。结果表明, 澜沧江-湄公河中上游共记录了淡水鱼类745种, 分属于2纲17目63科229属, 其中鲤形目鱼类451种, 占物种数的60.5%。分类学多样性指数显示, 从源头到中游, 淡水鱼类在分类阶元上的分布越来越均匀, 亲缘关系越来越远, 分类多样性越来越高。聚类分析(cluster analysis, CA)和多维尺度分析(multi-dimensional scaling, MDS)表明, 当Jaccard相似性系数为8.69时, 澜沧江-湄公河中上游32个亚流域可以分为源区、上游和中游3组; 相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果显示, 各组之间淡水鱼类组成差异显著(R = 0.877, P = 0.001)。相似性百分比分析(similarity percentage analysis, SIMPER)结果表明, 导致3组差异性的鱼类主要是鲤形目和鲇形目鱼类, 且随着地势阶梯的升高出现了科级、属级类群的替代。近几十年来, 随着流域各国人口的增长和经济的快速发展, 澜沧江-湄公河鱼类多样性和渔业资源面临严重威胁, 未来需加强流域内国家间合作, 在流域尺度上制定科学保护计划。     

Length-weight relationships of six fish species from the Xiangjiang River in Guangxi region,China

This study aimed to estimate the parameters of length-weight relationships (LWRs) for six freshwater fish species that inhabit in the Xiangjiang River of Guangxi region, China. The specimens were sampled in April, July, and October 2014 and in January 2015 using electrofishing (CWB-2000P, China; 12 V import, 250 V export) and traps (mesh size 8.5 mm; length 200 m) at five sampling sites. For each sampling site, a trap was settled on one nearshore zone of the river for 24 hr, and the electrofishing was applied within 30 min from downstream to upstream with 200 m long. Standard length was measured (be accurate to 0.1 cm) and total weight determined (be accurate to 0.1 g) after preservation in formaldehyde (10%). The values for the parameter b of the length-weight relationships were estimated together with the coefficient of determination scores. In addition, this study provides a new tentative LWRs for the six species.     

A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes

Electrophoretic data were analysed from 49 species of freshwater fish, 57 species of marine fish, and seven anadromous species. For each species, at least 15 individuals had been assayed for at least 15 loci in two or more subpopulations. The results showed that while average total heterozygosity ( _T ) was approximately equal in freshwater and marine species (0·062 and 0·064 respectively), subpopulation heterozygosity ( _s ) was significantly less in the former group (0·046 and 0·059 respectively). Consequently the average degree of genetic subpopulation differentiation ( _ST ) was significantly greater for freshwater species (0·222 v. 0·062). On average, it is likely that marine subpopulations exchange between 10 and 100 times more migrants per generation than freshwater subpopulations, presumably because of the relative absence of barriers to dispersal in the marine environment. The reduced values of H_s in freshwater species are likely to reflect reduced effective subpopulation sizes relative to marine species. The few andromous species that have been analysed show intermediate levels of G_ST .