硫酸软骨素快速提取法研究

采用先高温蒸煮后加稀碱与酶解相结合 ,并用氯仿反萃取的方法提取硫酸软骨素 ,与其它提取方法相比较 ,缩短了一半工艺流程 ,同时提高了纯度和提取率 ,减轻了碱法提取所带来的环境污染。     

硫酸软骨素研究现状

硫酸软骨素是从动物软骨中提取的黏性多糖,在医药、化妆品和食品工业上有广泛的用途,市场前景广阔。本对硫酸软骨素的性质和用途做了简要的介绍,并阐述了近几年硫酸软骨素生产工艺的发展状况。     

硫酸软骨素快速提取法研究

硫酸软骨素是用于治疗冠心病、神经系统疼痛及链霉素引起的肝脏障碍和肝炎辅助治疗的药物,来源于动物的软骨。本文采用先高温蒸煮后加稀碱与酶解相结合的方法提取药物,并用氯仿反萃取,较其他方法缩短了原工艺一半流程,提高了纯度,减轻了碱盐提取所带来的环境污染。     

膜分离技术在硫酸软骨素分离方面的应用

介绍了硫酸软骨素的生产工艺 ,应用膜分离技术对现有工艺进行了改进 ,使硫酸软骨素纯度达 95 .2 % ,收率提高3% ,并且简化了操作     

鹿茸硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖的分离纯化研究

报道了用DEAE-纤维素(DE-23)离子交换柱层析从鹿茸二杠中分离、纯化及鉴定硫酸软骨素的方法.首先用适量蒸馏水浸泡鹿茸二杠并将其捣碎,离心取沉淀用盐酸胍浸提,浸提液对尿素液透析后经DEAE-纤维素(DE-23)离子交换柱层析,吸附大量的硫酸软骨素;再用含盐尿素溶液梯度洗脱、分离后,经软骨素酶消化及琼脂糖凝胶电泳, 与硫酸软骨素标准品比较,证实得到的物质为纯的硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖,其得率约为48.77%.该方法使硫酸软骨素分离纯化一步完成,大大简化了纯化步骤.     

硫酸软骨素提取工艺的研究

硫酸软骨素是生物界广泛存在的酸性粘多糖,广泛存在于动物的器官软骨。以猪器官软骨为原料,采用碱提取和酶解相结合的方法提取硫酸软骨素,利用正交实验对碱提取过程中的温度,碱浓度以及提取时间等三个关键因素进行优化,并对硫酸软骨素成品的相关指标进行检测。正交实验结果表明,最佳的碱提取条件为：温度40℃、提取时间8h、碱提取浓度为0．15g／mL。在此条件下获得的碱提取液,通过酶解、脱色、醇沉、干燥,得到白色硫酸软骨素成品,总得率为20％,各项指标均符合国家部颁标准,达到出口要求。     

硫酸软骨素酶产生菌的筛选及酶的分离纯化

利用平板快速筛选法,从鱼腹中筛选到一株产生硫酸软骨素酶的细菌YH311,通过生物特性和生化反应试验考察,初步鉴定为温和气单胞菌（Aeromonas sobria）。培养至36h时,该菌株产酶达到高峰期,培养液的酶活力达09U/mL。利用超声波破碎菌体细胞,分别测定培养液和菌体细胞的酶活力,发现培养液的酶活力要远远大于菌体细胞的酶活力,显示该酶为分泌型表达,属于胞外酶。发酵液经离心后,上清液用硫酸铵分级沉淀,再分别经过CMCellulose、QAEsephadex A50和Sephadex G150层析柱进行逐级分纯,并跟踪酶活,最后获得硫酸软骨素酶。SDSPAGE检测为单一条带,其分子量约为80kD。     

对硫酸软骨素传统提取方法的改进

软骨中硫酸软骨素与蛋白质结合成蛋白多糖,并与胶原蛋白结合在一起。本文采用先高温蒸煮,后加稀碱与酶解相结合提取该药物,ＴＣＡ沉淀蛋白质后,高岭土吸附,再用氯仿连续反萃取,使产品质量达到优级纯,较其他方法缩短了原工艺流程,提高了纯度,减轻了碱－盐提取所带来的环境污染。     

发酵法生产硫酸软骨素的研究进展

硫酸软骨素是一种典型的硫酸化糖胺聚糖,具有多种药物活性,广泛应用于药品、保健品及化妆品行业。硫酸软骨素是动物软骨中蛋白聚糖的主要成分和少数几种细菌的荚膜多糖,因此可利用动物提取法和发酵法进行生产。以下综述了硫酸软骨素的发酵生产及其合成机制的研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖在脑发育中的作用

蛋白聚糖 (ＰＧ)是一种或多种糖胺聚糖链 (ＧＡＧ)和核心蛋白共价结合形成的复合物 ,硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖 (ＣＳＰＧ)即核心蛋白与硫酸软骨素 (ＣＳ)链共价交连的一类蛋白聚糖 ,不同的核心蛋白与ＣＳ链相连形成不同的ＣＳＰＧ。聚集蛋白聚糖家族 (ａｇｇｒｅｃａｎｆａｍｉ ｌｙ) ,磷酸蛋白聚糖 (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｃａｎ) ,神经蛋白聚糖Ｃ(ｎｅｕｒｏｇｌｙＣ)是哺乳动物脑发育中的 3种经典的ＣＳＰＧ。其它如星形软骨素蛋白聚糖(ａｓｔｒｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｎ) ,饰胶蛋白聚糖 (ｄｅｃｏｒｉｎ) ,睾丸蛋白聚糖 (ｔｅｓｔｉｃａｎ) ,细胞蛋白聚糖 …     

Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant,Anticholinesterase, and Antibacterial Activity of Microbial Chondroitin Sulfate and Commercial Chondroitin Sulfate

Chondroitin synthesis was performed using the recombinant Escherichia coli(C2987) strain created by transforming the plasmid pETM6-PACF-vgb, which carries the genes responsible for chondroitin synthesis, kfoA, kfoC, kfoF, and the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb). Then, Microbial chondroitin sulfate (MCS)’s antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and antibacterial activity were compared with commercial chondroitin sulfate (CCS). The antioxidant studies revealed that the MCS and CCS samples could be potential targets for scavenging radicals and cupric ion reduction. MCS demonstrated better antioxidant properties in the ABTS assay with the IC50 value of 0.66 mg than CCS. MCS showed 2.5-fold for DPPH and almost 5-fold for ABTS⋅+ (with a value of 3.85 mg/mL) better activity than the CCS. However, the compounds were not active for cholinesterase enzyme inhibitions. In the antibacterial assay, the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of MCS against S. aureus, E. aerogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae (0.12, 0.18, 0.12, 0.18, and 0.18 g/mL, respectively) were found to be greater than that of CCS (0.42, 0.48, 0.36, 0.36, and 0.36 g/mL, respectively). This study demonstrates that MCS is a potent pharmacological agent due to its physicochemical properties, and its usability as a therapeutic-preventive agent will shed light on future studies.     

Mast Cells Produce a Unique Chondroitin Sulfate Epitope

The granules of mast cells contain a myriad of mediators that are stored and protected by the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that decorate proteoglycans. Whereas heparin is the GAG predominantly associated with mast cells, mast cell proteoglycans are also decorated with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate (CS). This study investigated a unique CS structure produced by mast cells that was detected with the antibody clone 2B6 in the absence of chondroitinase ABC digestion. Mast cells in rodent tissue sections were characterized using toluidine blue, Leder stain and the presence of mast cell tryptase. The novel CS epitope was identified in rodent tissue sections and localized to cells that were morphologically similar to cells chemically identified as mast cells. The rodent mast cell-like line RBL-2H3 was also shown to express the novel CS epitope. This epitope co-localized with multiple CS proteoglycans in both rodent tissue and RBL-2H3 cultured cells. These findings suggest that the novel CS epitope that decorates mast cell proteoglycans may play a role in the way these chains are structured in mast cells.     

Identification of Specific Chondroitin Sulfate Species in Cutaneous Autoimmune Disease

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis (DM) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin with accumulated dermal mucin. Earlier work has shown chondroitin sulfate (CS) accumulation within the dermis of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), and DM lesions compared with control skin. Immunohistochemistry for C4S revealed a greater density in DLE and DM lesions, whereas SCLE lesions did not differ from controls. Scleredema and scleromyxedema are attributed to increased hyaluronic acid, and lesional samples from these diseases also demonstrated accumulated dermal C4S. Interferon-γ and interleukin-1α, but not interferon-α, treatment of cultured dermal fibroblasts induced mRNA expression of CHST-11, which attaches sulfates to the 4-position of unsulfated chondroitin. These studies on possible CS core proteins revealed that serglycin, known to have C6S side chains in endothelial cells, had greater density within DM dermal endothelia but not in DLE or SCLE, following the pattern of C6S overexpression reported previously. CD44 variants expand the CS binding repertoire of the glycoprotein; CD44v7 co-localized to the distribution of C4S in DLE lesions, a finding not observed in DM, SCLE lesions, or controls. Because C4S and C6S have immunologic effects, their dysregulation in cutaneous mucinoses may contribute to the pathogenesis of these disorders.     

Reduced Sulfation of Chondroitin Sulfate but Not Heparan Sulfate in Kidneys of Diabetic db/db Mice

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are hypothesized to contribute to the filtration barrier in kidney glomeruli and the glycocalyx of endothelial cells. To investigate potential changes in proteoglycans in diabetic kidney, we isolated glycosaminoglycans from kidney cortex from healthy db/+ and diabetic db/db mice. Disaccharide analysis of chondroitin sulfate revealed a significant decrease in the 4-O-sulfated disaccharides (D0a4) from 65% to 40%, whereas 6-O-sulfated disaccharides (D0a6) were reduced from 11% to 6%, with a corresponding increase in unsulfated disaccharides. In contrast, no structural differences were observed in heparan sulfate. Furthermore, no difference was found in the molar amount of glycosaminoglycans, or in the ratio of hyaluronan/heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate. Immunohistochemical staining for the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan was similar in both types of material but reduced staining of 4-O-sulfated chondroitin and dermatan was observed in kidney sections from diabetic mice. In support of this, using qRT-PCR, a 53.5% decrease in the expression level of Chst-11 (chondroitin 4-O sulfotransferase) was demonstrated in diabetic kidney. These results suggest that changes in the sulfation of chondroitin need to be addressed in future studies on proteoglycans and kidney function in diabetes.     

Iduronic Acid in Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate: Biosynthesis and Biological Function

The ability of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) to convey biological information is enriched by the presence of iduronic acid. DS-epimerases 1 and 2 (DS-epi1 and 2), in conjunction with DS-4-O-sulfotransferase 1, are the enzymes responsible for iduronic acid biosynthesis and will be the major focus of this review. CS/DS proteoglycans (CS/DS-PGs) are ubiquitously found in connective tissues, basement membranes, and cell surfaces or are stored intracellularly. Such wide distribution reflects the variety of biological roles in which they are involved, from extracellular matrix organization to regulation of processes such as proliferation, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. They play roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, immunity, and wound healing. Such versatility is achieved thanks to their variable composition, both in terms of protein core and the fine structure of the CS/DS chains. Excellent reviews have been published on the collective and individual functions of each CS/DS-PG. This short review presents the biosynthesis and functions of iduronic acid-containing structures, also as revealed by the analysis of the DS-epi1- and 2-deficient mouse models.     

黄鳝骨硫酸软骨素提取纯化的初步研究

在稀碱-酶解提取基础上,辅以超声波破碎从黄鳝（Monopterus albus）骨中提取硫酸软骨素（Chondroitin Sulfate,CHS）。比较了三氯乙酸（TCA）法、Sevag法和等电点法除蛋白的效果,并进行了多糖的乙醇分级沉淀实验;粗品经离子交换树脂（CM22）和透析膜（3500Da）透析进一步分离纯化。研究结果表明酶解后用TCA法除蛋白效果好,再加入除蛋白液2倍体积95％乙醇可使大部分CHS沉淀析出;精制品经鉴定含有硫酸基,CHS含量达92．31％;琼脂糖凝胶电泳和红外吸收光谱结果显示精制品与标准CHS相似,初步确定提取物为CHS类多糖。     

硫酸软骨素自组装膜上草酸钙Liesegang环的AFM研究

运用原子力显微镜（Atomic Force Microscope,AFM）研究了草酸钙在硫酸软骨素自组装膜上受控凝集结晶的现象,发现当硫酸软骨素的浓度为1.0g/L时,在云母表面形成的网状基底可以诱导过饱和的草酸钙溶液凝集结晶形成Liesegang环,这是草酸钙晶粒在膜表面扩散凝聚的结果,该环的形成和基底物的浓度以及草酸钙本身的过饱和度密切相关。表明了金属离子和硫酸软骨素分子之间复杂的相互作用与尿结石中的环状结构存在着一定的关系。从电荷聚集与晶格匹配等方面对Liesegang环的形成机理作了初步的探讨,为深入研究尿结石中环结构的形成提供了一定的实验依据。     

Effects of Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Oligosaccharides on Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated IL-6 Secretion by Macrophage-Like J774.1 Cells

The effects of two types of chondroitin sulphate (CS), CS-A and CS-C, their oligosaccharides (oligo-CSs), and disaccharides (Di-CSs) on toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 were compared using macrophage-like cell line J774.1. IL-6 secretion in the J774.1 cells was markedly increased by Pam3CS4, LPS, and CpG, the ligands to TLR1/2, 4, and 9 respectively. Among these three ligands, CpG-induced IL-6 was most clearly suppressed by CSs and their digests. Suppression of IL-6 secretion by smaller sized CS-A was stronger than that by intact CS-A, whereas no such size-dependent suppression was apparent for CS-C. Di-4S, the disaccharide unit of the CS-A digest, also showed much stronger suppression than Di-6S, the disaccharide unit of the CS-C digest, and the non-sulfated disaccharide unit, Di-0S. The suppressing activity of oligo-CSs, particularly Di-CSs, against TLR-mediated inflammation was dependent on the CS structure, including the sulfation site.     

Chondroitin Sulfate Accelerates Trans‐Golgi‐to‐Surface Transport of Proteoglycan Amyloid Precursor Protein

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a membrane protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. APP is a part‐time proteoglycan, as splice variants lacking exon 15 are modified by a chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. Investigating the effect of the GAG chain on the trafficking of APP in non‐polarized cells, we found it to increase the steady‐state surface‐to‐intracellular distribution, to reduce the rate of endocytosis and to accelerate transport kinetics from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane. Deletion of the cytosolic domain resulted in delayed surface arrival of GAG‐free APP, but did not affect the rapid export kinetics of the proteoglycan form. Protein‐free GAG chains showed the same TGN‐to‐cell surface transport kinetics as proteoglycan APP. Endosome ablation experiments were performed to distinguish between indirect endosomal and direct pathways to the cell surface. Surprisingly, TGN‐to‐cell surface transport of both GAG‐free and proteoglycan APP was found to be indirect via transferrin‐positive endosomes. Our results show that GAGs act as alternative sorting determinants in cellular APP transport that are dominant over cytoplasmic signals and involve distinct sorting mechanisms.