佛教寺庙常见植物

以佛教寺庙常见园林植物为例,采用趣味故事的形式介绍植物在园林美化、生态服务中的实用功能,以及陶冶心灵、传播佛教文化的精神文化功能;不~．-j-以普及植物学常识,还能培养学生对植物学的兴趣,为教师在植物学教学中提供有效的参考。     

树种多样性和土壤微生物多样性对人工林生产力的影响

林分生产力通常会随着树种多样性增加而增加,但不同营养级生物多样性以及树种和土壤微生物多样性之间的相互作用如何影响生产力目前尚不清楚。以亚热带不同丰富度和树种组成的人工林为研究对象,从物种、功能性状、遗传三个维度的树种多样性以及土壤真菌和细菌系统发育多样性,探究了中国亚热带人工林树种多样性和土壤微生物多样性对林分生产力的影响。研究发现,林分生产力随树种功能多样性(FD)(P<0.001)、比叶面积群落加权均值(CWM-SLA)(P<0.01)、树种系统发育多样性(PD)(P<0.05)和土壤真菌多样性(PDF)(P<0.01)的增加而显著增加,分别解释了林分生产力总变异的12.86%、6.80%、3.67%和3.08%。FD和CWM-SLA可分别通过增加土壤真菌、细菌多样性而间接提高林分生产力。研究结果表明多营养级生物多样性是维持高水平林分生产力的基础,树种多样性和土壤微生物多样性之间的自上而下的级联效应在调节生态系统生产力方面发挥着重要作用。     

紫茎泽兰迹地上不同替代植物群落植物多样性的变化

对20世纪80年代初期在云南双柏县紫茎泽兰迹地上人工营建的3类替代植物群落的结构、物种组成与多样性进行了调查,并与当地未受紫茎泽兰危害的云南松天然老龄林和未经治理的紫茎泽兰群落进行了比较.结果表明,3个替代群落木本植物物种丰富度指数为25～28,Shannon-Wiener指数为1.06～2.34,Simpson指数为0.36～0.86,Pielous均匀度指数为0.32～0.73;草本植物的多样性指数分别为6～8、1.51～1.97、0.74～0.84、0.84～0.90,明显高于未经治理的紫茎泽兰地的多样性指数.经过20年的恢复和保护,各个替代植物群落林木生长良好,林分郁闭度和植物多样性明显提高.替代群落中又以云南松+木荷+兰桉群落多样性最大.但是,现阶段这些替代植物群落多样性仍低于云南松天然老龄林.因此,对这些人工恢复的替代植物群落,特别是云南松人工林,在加强保护的同时,应注意引进、培育乡土阔叶植物和一些乡土的喜阴草本植物种类,提高群落物种多样性,促进紫茎泽兰迹地上人工重建植被的进一步恢复和持续发展.     

植物遗传多样性及保护研究进展

根据国内外最近资料和作者的研究体会,综述目前生物多样性的概念、研究方法和研究动态,文章比较了应用形态、分类、同功酶、ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ方法研究栎树的最新结果,介绍了研究目标和采用方法的相互关系,分子生物学方法在生物多样性,尤其是遗传多样性研究中的应用。结合概念、方法和结果的讨论,文章最后介绍一些有关生物多样性保护方面的理论和方法以及国际国内生物多样性保护研究的发展动态。     

替代指标在生物多样性快速评价中的应用

生物多样性评价工作是生物多样性保护的基础,而替代指标的应用是在环境影响评价中实现生物多样性快速评价的重要方法之一.本文介绍了生物多样性替代指标的概念,分析了不同生物类群之间广泛存在的相关性,总结了大尺度上兽类、鸟类、维管束植物物种数的经验比例(1:5:50).对目前可供使用的生物多样性替代指标进行了系统整理和分类,将其划分为生物类替代指标(包括指示类群、功能类群和珍稀濒危类群)和生境类替代指标(包括环境因子、景观格局和自然圣境).对不同指标的替代机理、有效性、使用方法和适用范围等进行了归纳,探讨了增强生物多样性替代指标应用有效性和评价精度的主要途径.研究可为保护地规划、生物多样性监测和环境影响评价等领域开展生物多样性快速评价,以及环境评价制度中生物多样性影响评价的完善提供参考.     

《中国21世纪议程》与生物多样性保护

《中国２１世纪议程》与生物多样性保护王葆青（国家科委社发司,北京１００８６４）我很高兴参加首届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会。众所周知,《２１世纪议程》和《生物多样性公约》都是１９９２年联合国环发大会通过的两个重要文件,受到国际社会的广泛关注。继...     

中国履行生物多样性公约的成就和展望

2004年是生物多样性公约实施10周年。中国于1993年1月7日作为第7个国家正式加入“公约”。接着就由国家环境保护总局牵头组建国家履约协调组和许多联络点,下设办公室负责日常工作。可见,国家对生物多样性工作的重视和认真的态度。10年来,中国在履约方面做了大量工作,成绩显著。例如,完成了“中国生物多样性国情研究报告”和“中国生物多样性保护行动计划”等一大批重要文件,建立了“生物多样性委员会”、“生物多样性保护基金会”和相应的科学与教育部门,开展了许多科研项目和讲授相关的课程,出版了系列丛书和“中国生物多样性”学术刊物,重视开展学术交流,建立了生物多样性数据库和相关的管理政策,生物多样性保护实体和产业日益增加和发展等就是明显的事例。履约10年的经验在于下列三个方面(1)保护和发展必须密切结合;(2)“统一协调、分散管理”的方针需要进一步完善;(3)基础性和综合性研究需要加强。展望未来,只有在加强基础和综合研究以及提高管理水平方面下一番功夫,履约工作才能取得更大的成绩。     

中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

中国生物多样性保护优先区域生物多样性调查和评估方法

我国高度重视生物多样性保护,而开展本底调查是生物多样性保护的基础。但以往研究对苔藓、生物多样性相关传统知识等关注不够,而且调查大部分集中在生物多样性丰富区域。随着我国社会经济的快速发展,全国土地利用格局和生态环境发生了巨大变化,已有的部分调查成果数据与实际情况不符,难以满足我国生物多样性保护管理需求,因此亟待组织开展全国生物多样性调查与评估工作。在整理历史和现有生物多样性调查技术的基础上,推荐采用网格法开展全国生物多样性调查,按照10 km×10 km分辨率,将全国划分为97109个调查网格;制定了陆生高等植物、植被、陆生哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖类和爬行类、昆虫、大型真菌、内陆鱼类、内陆浮游生物、内陆大型底栖无脊椎动物、内陆周丛藻类以及生物多样性相关传统知识12个类群县域生物多样性调查评估技术规定;建立了全国统一、动态更新、信息共享的生物多样性数据库和信息化管理平台。从调查内容规范、评估指标体系和技术要求等方面探讨了陆域生态系统与物种调查、重点河流水生生物调查、重点物种调查、生物多样性相关传统知识调查技术方法,并构建生物多样性综合评估指标体系,规范了生物多样性保护优先区域生物多样性调查和评估。技术方法在横断山南、武陵山、太行山、西双版纳等生物多样性保护优先区域得到应用,同时北京、江苏、浙江和湖北等省份和祁连山、武夷山等区域也采用该技术体系开展调查,网格法得到逐步推广,并获得大量的生物多样性基础数据,为我国生物多样性保护和可持续利用、生物多样性公约履约等提供了基础数据。     

中国特有濒危树种毛红椿核心和边缘居群的遗传多样性

选用8对多态的微卫星引物, 研究了毛红椿(Toona ciliata var. pubescens)核心居群和边缘居群的遗传多样性。研究结果显示, 边缘居群的观察等位基因数和有效等位基因数并不比核心居群低, 甚至更高。普通广布和稀有地方等位基因在所有居群中均有分布, 而普通地方和稀有广布等位基因分别仅在5个和3个居群中有分布。从4种类型等位基因总数上看, 边缘居群高于核心居群, 特别是边缘居群的稀有地方等位基因数量明显多于核心居群。边缘居群的平均期望杂合度和观察杂合度都高于核心居群。核心居群间的基因分化系数为0.1520, 边缘居群间为0.3045, 边缘居群与核心居群的遗传分化差异达到显著水平。核心居群间基因流大于1, 而边缘居群间基因流小于1, 说明核心居群间基因交流频繁, 边缘居群由于片段化和地形影响, 基因流较小。Mantel检验结果显示, 居群间遗传距离与地理距离的相关性不显著, 说明地理距离对毛红椿居群遗传分化的影响不显著。     

High levels of cryptic species diversity uncovered in Amazonian frogs

One of the greatest challenges for biodiversity conservation is the poor understanding of species diversity. Molecular methods have dramatically improved our ability to uncover cryptic species, but the magnitude of cryptic diversity remains unknown, particularly in diverse tropical regions such as the Amazon Basin. Uncovering cryptic diversity in amphibians is particularly pressing because amphibians are going extinct globally at an alarming rate. Here, we use an integrative analysis of two independent Amazonian frog clades, Engystomops toadlets and Hypsiboas treefrogs, to test whether species richness is underestimated and, if so, by how much. We sampled intensively in six countries with a focus in Ecuador (Engystomops: 252 individuals from 36 localities; Hypsiboas: 208 individuals from 65 localities) and combined mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, morphological, and bioacoustic data to detect cryptic species. We found that in both clades, species richness was severely underestimated, with more undescribed species than described species. In Engystomops, the two currently recognized species are actually five to seven species (a 150-250% increase in species richness); in Hypsiboas, two recognized species represent six to nine species (a 200-350% increase). Our results suggest that Amazonian frog biodiversity is much more severely underestimated than previously thought.     

Determining the relative roles of species replacement and species richness differences in generating beta‐diversity patterns

Aim To determine the relative contribution of species replacement and species richness differences to the emergence of beta‐diversity patterns. Innovation A novel method that disentangles all compositional differences (β_cc, overall beta diversity) in its two components, species replacement (β_‐3) and species richness differences (β_rich) is proposed. The performance of the method was studied with ternary plots, which allow visualization of the influence of the relative proportions of shared and unique species of two sites over each metric. The method was also tested in different hypothetical gradients and with real datasets. The novel method was compared with a previous proposal based on the partitioning of overall compositional differences (β_sor) in replacement (β_sim) and nestedness (β_nes). The linear response of β_cc contrasts with the curvilinear response of β_sor to linear gradients of dissimilarity. When two sites did not share any species, β_sim was always 1 and β_‐3 only reached 1 when the number of exclusive species of both sites was equal. β_‐3 remained constant along gradients of richness differences with constant replacement, while β_sim decreased. β_rich had a linear response to a linear gradient of richness differences with constant species replacement, whereas β_nes exhibited a hump‐shaped response. Moreover, β_sim > β_nes when clearly almost all species of one site were lost, whereas β_‐3 < β_rich in the same circumstances. Main conclusions The behaviour of the partition of β_cc into β_‐3 and β_rich is consistent with the variation of replacement and richness differences. The partitioning of β_sor into β_sim and β_nes overestimates the replacement component and underestimates richness differences. The novel methodology allows the discrimination of different causes of beta‐diversity patterns along latitudinal, biogeographic or ecological gradients, by estimating correctly the relative contributions of replacement and richness differences.     

人为干扰对风水林群落林下木本植物组成和多样性的影响

华南地区的风水林是乡村聚落的一种特色林分, 具有守护村庄的象征意义。在过去的数百年中, 风水林在乡村的社会文化习俗的影响下而受到保护, 对当地的生物多样性保育有着重要作用。为揭示人为干扰对风水林的影响, 我们选择广东省东莞市大岭山镇同一林分起源的3个具有相似地形的风水林, 研究了在不同干扰强度下其林下木本植物种类组成和物种多样性。多响应置换过程(multi-response permutation procedures, MRPP)分析表明, 人为干扰显著改变了风水林林下木本植物组成(P = 0.001, A = 0.3886), 沿着干扰由弱至强的梯度呈现出中生性植物减少、阳生性植物递增的趋势。多样性指数变化趋势为重度干扰＞中度干扰＞轻度干扰, 但没有表现出统计学意义上的差异(P＞0.05)。随着干扰强度的增大, 3个风水林群落相互间的林下物种相似性降低, 物种替代率呈增加趋势。双向聚类分析较好地反映出林下物种因受不同人为干扰强度影响而表现出在空间分布上的差异。指示种分析进一步确定了不同干扰强度下具有显著指示值(IV ≥60)的指示种。综合分析表明, 人为干扰有利于阳性物种在风水林内定居生长, 并明显地改变了林下木本植物组成, 但未能引起物种多样性的显著差异。此外, 找出对人为干扰产生关键生态响应的林下指示种, 对增进风水林的生物多样性保育以及生态系统管理有着重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

Plant species richness in mountain forests of the Bavarian Alps

Abstract

Based on a stratified random sample of 93 vegetation plots (144 m²) from montane and subalpine climax forests in a representative section through the Bavarian Alps, spatial pattern and environmental correlates of species density of trees, vascular understorey and epigeic bryophytes were analysed. Detecting landscape scale patterns in beta- and gamma-diversity based on interpretation of rarefaction curves proved to be difficult in a sample that had been stratified by ecological criteria. In 144 m² plots tree species density (5 ± 2.0, max. 10) declined with elevation and increased with stand age (multiple R ² = 0.557). The latter effect can be attributed to the secular history of game management and browsing pressure, which has hindered the regeneration of species-rich tree stands since ca. 150 yr. Species density of the forest undergrowth reached remarkably high levels for vascular plants (42 ± 12.8, max. 69) and bryophytes (14 ± 6.0, max. 30) and strongly depended on cover of the respective layer in a unimodal pattern, suggesting to separate direct and indirect effects, mediated through the mass effect, in the subsequent construction of regression models. Multiple regression (R ² = 0.47) revealed that vascular species density is limited chiefly through low plant cover, which in turn decreases with tree cover, elevation and soil quality, and secondly by species pools that contain larger numbers of species requiring high pH and ample light. Cover and direct effects had roughly equal weight in controlling bryophyte species density (R ² = 0.57). Biomass depended on the proportion of conifers in the tree layer and on site quality, less fertile sites tending to have higher bryophyte cover. The increase of bryophyte species density with elevation was interpreted as an effect of a pool of largely boreal-subalpine species. The increase of species density with stand age suggests dispersal limitation and deserves further study.     

旅游干扰对九寨沟冷杉林下植物种类组成及多样性的影响

为揭示旅游活动对自然保护区生态环境的影响,作者选择九寨沟原始森林与草海两个景点,分别调查了每个景点内旅游干扰地段与未干扰地段岷江冷杉(Abiesfargesiivar.faxoniana)林林下植物种类组成的数量特征(重要值、频度、密度、盖度和高度)及物种多样性,分析了干扰对林下植物种类组成与物种多样性的影响及其差异性。结果表明:(1)旅游干扰显著改变了林下植物物种组成:耐荫喜湿的乡土植物局部消失,而喜旱耐扰动的植物种群扩大,外来和伴人植物种群侵入。(2)在原始森林景点,较重的旅游干扰明显降低了灌木与苔藓植物的频度和盖度,显著抑制了灌木与苔藓植物发育(高度、密度降低);在草海景点,较轻度的干扰只抑制了苔藓植物盖度,而灌木与草本植物没有受到显著影响,表明苔藓对旅游干扰强度更为敏感,同时也表明群落物种组成可以比频度、高度、盖度和密度更好地表达群落受干扰程度。综合分析表明,九寨沟旅游干扰与世界自然遗产保护目标即生物多样性保护有明显冲突,需要进一步强化管理,限制旅游干扰活动。     

Anthropogenic threats can have cascading homogenizing effects on the phylogenetic and functional diversity of tropical ecosystems

Determining the mechanisms that underlie species distributions and assemblages is necessary to effectively preserve biodiversity. This cannot be accomplished by examining a single taxonomic group, as communities comprise a plethora of interactions across species and trophic levels. Here, we examine the patterns and relationships among plant, mammal, and bird diversity in Madagascar, a hotspot of biodiversity and endemism, across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional axes. We found that plant community diversity and structure are shaped by geography and climate, and have significant influences on the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of mammals and birds. Patterns of primate diversity, in particular, were strongly correlated with patterns of plant diversity. Furthermore, our findings suggest that plant and animal communities could become more phylogenetically and functionally clustered in the future, leading to homogenization of the flora and fauna. These results underscore the importance and need of multi‐taxon approaches to conservation, given that even small threats to plant diversity can have significant cascading effects on mammalian and avian community diversity, structure, and function.     

Cultivated plant species diversity in home gardens of an Amazonian peasant village in Northeastern Peru

Research on agrobiodiversity points to the importance of home gardens in situ conservation, yet few studies to date explicate the origins and dynamics of plant species diversity. In this paper, we examine inter-household variations in cultivated plant species diversity among house gardens in a traditional peasant community, near Iquitos, Peru. In-depth household interviews (n = 24) and garden/field surveys reveal that home gardens are clearly the site of highest plant diversity in farmers’ field portfolios, and that substantial differences exist in garden composition, plant diversity, and the sources of garden planting material across households. Statistical analyses indicate that home garden diversity is related strongly to specific garden characteristics, household socioeconomic features, and access to planting material including seeds, cuttings, and suckers. The role and implications of differential access to planting material in the development and maintenance of crop species diversity is signaled as an important theme for future study in economic botany.     

云南被子植物菊类分支的系统发育多样性及其分布格局

全球气候变化与人为活动等因素导致的生物多样性丧失,引起了全球各界对生物多样性保护的高度关注。传统生物多样性保护主要对物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及其分布模式开展研究,忽视了进化历史在生物多样性保护中的作用。云南是全球生物多样性热点地区的交汇区,生物多样性的保护历来受到广泛关注,为了更好地探讨云南生物多样性的保护措施,该研究以云南被子植物菊类分支物种为研究对象,基于物种间的演化关系,结合其地理分布,从进化历史的角度探讨物种、特有种、受威胁物种的种类组成及系统发育组成的分布格局,并整合自然保护地的空间分布,识别生物多样性的重点保护区域。结果表明：云南被子植物菊类分支的物种、特有种及受威胁物种的物种密度与系统发育多样性均显著正相关;通过零模型分析发现,由南向北标准化系统发育多样性逐渐降低;云南南部、东南部、西北部是云南被子植物菊类分支的重点保护区域,加强这些区域的保护,将最大化地保护生物多样性的进化历史和进化潜能。由此可见,融合进化历史信息的植物多样性格局分析不仅有助于更加深入地理解植物多样性的形成与演变,也为生物多样性保护策略的制定提供更多的思路。     

An assessment of animal species diversity in continental waters

There is a need for monitoring the status and trends of freshwater biodiversity in order to quantify the impacts of human actions on freshwater systems and to improve freshwater biodiversity conservation. Current projects carrying assessment of freshwater biodiversity focus mainly on leading-better-known groups such as fish, or identify keystone species and/or endemic freshwater systems for conservation purposes. Our purpose is to complete these existing projects by providing quantitative estimates of species number for all freshwater groups on each continent and/or major eco-regions. This article present the results of the first implementation phase carried out from September 2002 to June 2003 and which addressed only freshwater animal species. The project consisted of: (1) compiling existing data from literature, web sites and museum collections; (2) contacting scientific experts of each group to provide a ‘to the best of their knowledge, estimates of species numbers. In this study, we consider as true freshwater species, those that complete part or all of their life cycle in freshwater, and water-dependant species those that need freshwater for food or that permanently use freshwater habitats. The current order of magnitude for known freshwater animal species world wide is 100 000, of which half are insects. Among other groups, there are some 20 000 vertebrate species; 10 000 crustacean species and 5000 mollusc species that are either true freshwater or water-dependant species. The study highlighted gaps in the basic knowledge of species richness at continental and global scales: (1) Some groups such as Protozoa, nematodes or annelids have been less studied and data on their diversity and distribution is scarce. Because current richness estimates for these groups are greatly biased by knowledge availability, we can expect that real species numbers might be much higher. (2) Continents are not equal in the face of scientific studies: South America and Asia are especially lacking global estimates of species richness for many groups, even for some usually well-known ones such as molluscs or insects. The second phase of the project will address freshwater plants and algae. The present status should be considered as a first sketch of the global picture of freshwater biodiversity. We hope that this project will initiate interactive exchange of data to complete and update this first assessment.     

Global and regional tree species diversity

Aims Understanding tree species richness at a global scale and the origin and maintenance of patterns of tree species richness across the world is crucial to preserving tree species diversity. The recently published global tree database (i.e. GlobalTreeSearch) is the only source with tree lists at both global and national scales. However, our review and assessment show that many species included in GlobalTreeSearch are not tree species. In addition, several thousands of tree species in the botanical literature have not been included in GlobalTreeSearch. The exact number of tree species in the world remains unknown. This study aims to correct errors with GlobalTreeSearch and to estimate the number of tree species in the world based on a large number of regional floras.