微流控线性加载低温保护剂减少猪MⅡ期卵母细胞的渗透损伤

在卵母细胞低温保存中,通常需要加载冷冻保护剂来抑制冰晶对细胞的损伤,但高浓度冷冻保护剂的加载会对细胞造成渗透损伤.为了减小细胞的渗透损伤,本文设计并制作了适合卵母细胞冷冻保护剂加载的微流体装置,研究了微流控线性加载30%(v/v)二甲基亚砜(Me2SO)低温保护剂时细胞内保护剂浓度变化、细胞体积变化,以及对细胞存活率与发育率的影响,并与传统的加载方法(一步法、分步法)做了比较.结果表明:微流控法能够实现卵母细胞冷冻保护剂的连续线性加载,避免了卵母细胞体积的骤变,显著减小了细胞的渗透损伤,提高了细胞的存活率.其中细胞的最小渗透体积减小为0.86V0,细胞的存活率达到92.8%,比一步法高33%,比两步法高16.3%,但与四步法之间无显著性差异.经孤雌激活后体外培养,细胞的卵裂率和囊胚率分别达到75.8%和27.4%,都显著高于一步法和分步法(P0.05).因此,微流控线性加载低温保护剂能够显著减小细胞的渗透损伤,为卵母细胞低温保存技术提供新思路.     

小鼠睾丸组织慢速冷冻保存工艺的优化研究

目的 冷冻保存睾丸组织用于后期移植,是除精子冻存以外保持男性生育力的另一有效途径。本文对块状睾丸组织常用的慢速冷冻降温程序进行了改进。方法 通过缩短保护剂加载时间、提高第一阶段的冷却速率、第二阶段直接投入液氮等方法对小鼠睾丸组织进行冷冻保存。在不同温度对小鼠睾丸组织冻存体系进行诱导冰晶成核并冻存,降低睾丸组织慢速冷冻保存所需保护剂浓度。结果 改进的两步法冻后组织内生殖细胞的凋亡阴性率均较高,其中精原细胞98.4%、精母细胞99.2%、精子细胞88.4%、支持细胞98.1%,显著高于常用慢速冷冻组,与对照组均无显著性差异。相比于未置核组, -10℃置核可显著提高5% DMSO保护剂慢速冷冻保存的冻后效果,生殖细胞的凋亡阴性率为精原细胞82.9%、精子细胞92.1%、精母细胞93.2%及支持细胞88.9%,与较高浓度保护剂10% DMSO组冻存结果无显著性差异,说明置核能够降低所需保护剂的浓度,降低毒性损伤。结论 本研究通过改进两步法和置核提高了小鼠睾丸组织冻后的质量,为临床上人睾丸组织的冻存提供参考。     

葡萄藻冷冻保藏的研究

为给微藻大规模培养生产生物燃料提供稳定可靠的种质资源,本研究以葡萄藻为研究对象,建立了一套葡萄藻快速高效冷冻保藏的方法.通过对不同冷冻保护剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甲醇(MeOH)、乙二醇(EG)、丙二醇(PG)和甘油(Gly)的毒性测试和冷冻保藏效果的比较,结果表明在以6% MeOH作为冷冻保护剂的条件下葡萄藻的存活...     

不同防冻剂对兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻保存的影响

干细胞冷冻保存是干细胞研究和临床应用中的必需技术。为提高兔胚胎干细胞在慢速冻存过程中的保存效果，比较了二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和乙二醇(ethylene glycol，EG)对兔胚胎干细胞冷冻保护效果。对冷冻复苏后的细胞进行台盼蓝染色，并研究其胚胎干细胞分子特性，结果表明DMSO比EG具有更好的冷冻保护效果。再在以10% DMSO为基础的防冻液中添加膜稳定剂海藻糖(trehalose)或谷氨酰胺(glutamine)，细胞冷冻复苏后结果显示，谷氨酰胺对兔胚胎干细胞有明显的冷冻保护作用，使细胞存活率从71%提高到83.7%。当谷氨酰胺浓度为0、5、10、20、40 mmol/L分别加入防冻液中后，20 mmol/L的谷氨酰胺具有最佳的冷冻保护效果。以上结果得出兔胚胎干细胞慢速冷冻的防冻液改进配方为：在胚胎干细胞培养液中添加10% DMSO＋20 mmol/L谷氨酰胺。     

DMSO浓度及降温速率对组织工程化真皮超低温保存效果的影响

组织工程化真皮的超低温保存技术是皮肤组织工程的重要组成部分,对皮肤组织库的建立有重要意义。低温保存与低温保护剂的种类、浓度、降温复温程序及低温保护剂的添加与去除方式有着密切的关系。实验目的：研究DMSO浓度及降温速率对组织工程化真皮超低温保存效果的影响。实验方法：以培养一定时间的组织工程化真皮为试材,以不同浓度的DMSO溶液为低温保护液,以不同的降温速率降温保存,以四唑盐(MTT)比色法检测细胞存活率,辅以光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析。实验表明：降温速率为1℃／min,DMSO浓度为1．4mol／L时可获得在实验范围内较高的细胞存活率,为75％,超低温保存后的扫描电镜照片表明其细胞形态最为接近新鲜状态,细胞与支架材料的黏附也很紧密,这与细胞存活率的研究结果有很好的相关性。     

低浓度二甲基亚砜保护SSMC7721细胞冻存后活力

目的研究二甲基亚砜作为冻存保护剂对SSMC7721细胞冻存复苏后细胞生长相对活力和凋亡的影响。方法选择传代培养处于对数生长期SSMC7721细胞,体积分数2%、5%、10%和20%DMSO分别冻存10d、30d后复苏,采用倒置显微镜形态学观察、MTT法测定细胞相对活力、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,综合分析不同浓度DMSO冻存不同时间复苏对SSMC7721的影响。结果各浓度DMSO冻存SSMC7721对细胞生长和凋亡均有影响。20%DMSO对SSMC7721细胞影响明显,细胞培养不易贴壁逐渐脱落,浓度低于5%时,细胞生长状态良好;10%和20%DMSO细胞相对活力急剧下降;随着DMSO浓度增加和冻存时间延长,细胞凋亡率明显上升,存活率明显下降,5%DMSO冻存的凋亡率10.24%,20%DMSO冻存的凋亡率93.49%。结论 2%~5%DMSO冻存肝癌SSMC7721细胞,复苏后培养有较好的细胞相对活力,能有效减少细胞凋亡,起到的冻存保护剂作用。     

菌种保藏方法对裂殖壶菌生长及发酵性能的影响

考察保护剂、保藏温度及预冷冻方法对Schizochytrium sp.HX-308菌种存活率及发酵性能保持的影响。结果显示:在-80℃低温保藏6个月后,渗透性保护剂的细胞存活率均比非渗透性保护剂高了5%,其中用60%(质量分数)海藻糖的保护剂最终的株细胞存活率达到80.02%,明显优于其他保护剂。采用液氮-196℃保藏菌种(两步预冷冻法、60%海藻糖保护剂),存储6个月后存活率高达90.70%,生物量、油产量和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)产量分别达到了61.65、26.41和11.10 g/L,为最优的保藏方法,为裂殖壶菌的实验室研究及工业化生产提供了一种长期安全的保藏法。     

仙客来愈伤组织的超低温保存

为了避免连续继代造成仙客来愈伤组织的变异, 对仙客来愈伤组织进行了超低温冷冻保存研究。以继代后处于对数生长期的愈伤组织为实验材料, 首先在含有不同蔗糖浓度的培养基上预培养不同时间, 转至不同的冰冻保护剂中直接液氮冷冻或-20oC预冷冻2 h, 然后液氮超冷冻保存, 37oC水浴迅速解冻, 并用相应蔗糖浓度的液体培养基洗涤, 以中性红染色测定细胞的存活率, SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果表明: 预培养基中蔗糖浓度、预培养时间、降温方式、冷冻保护剂等对解冻后材料相对存活率存在不同程度的影响, 筛选出4%蔗糖浓度预培养3 d、9号保护剂、0oC停留30 min后直接冷冻为超低温保存的最佳方案, 通过简单的方法获得了较好的愈伤组织保存效果。     

仙客来愈伤组织的超低温保存

为了避免连续继代造成仙客来愈伤组织的变异, 对仙客来愈伤组织进行了超低温冷冻保存研究。以继代后处于对数生长期的愈伤组织为实验材料, 首先在含有不同蔗糖浓度的培养基上预培养不同时间, 转至不同的冰冻保护剂中直接液氮冷冻或-20oC预冷冻2 h, 然后液氮超冷冻保存, 37oC水浴迅速解冻, 并用相应蔗糖浓度的液体培养基洗涤, 以中性红染色测定细胞的存活率, SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果表明: 预培养基中蔗糖浓度、预培养时间、降温方式、冷冻保护剂等对解冻后材料相对存活率存在不同程度的影响, 筛选出4%蔗糖浓度预培养3 d、9号保护剂、0oC停留30 min后直接冷冻为超低温保存的最佳方案, 通过简单的方法获得了较好的愈伤组织保存效果。     

水稻悬浮细胞的超低温保存研究

本研究分析了水稻悬浮细胞的生理状态和各种冷冻前处理等因素对超低温保存后细胞存活率的影响。结果表明,继代后培养３－５天,处于对数生长期的细胞,采用二步冷冻法,超低温保存后存活率最高,采用二步冷冻法,超低温保存后存活率最高。电镜超微结构观察显示,０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,山梨醇预培养,１０％ＤＭＳＯ＋０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ山梨醇复合保护剂处理,液泡显著变小,数目明显减少,从而降低了细胞内自由水含量,数目明显减少,从     

The viability of cryopreserved PBPC depends on the DMSO concentration and the concentration of nucleated cells in the graft

BACKGROUND: DMSO is widely used as a cryoprotectant for PBPC. It is desirable to reduce the amount of DMSO without jeopardizing the quality of the stem cell product. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether recovery and survival of CD34+ cells would be significantly altered when PBPC used for autologous transplantations were cryopreserved with four different DMSO concentrations. METHODS: Apheresis samples of PBPC from 20 consecutive patients were mixed in parallel with 2%, 4%, 5% and 10% DMSO, frozen with identical cell concentrations at a controlled rate, and stored in liquid nitrogen for 6-8 weeks. PBPC samples from 11 consecutive patients were also cryopreserved with two different cell concentrations (150 and 300 x 10(6) nucleated cells/mL) to investigate the effect of increasing the cell concentrations while decreasing the DMSO concentration. The flow cytometric absolute count method, based on ISHAGE guidelines, was used to measure the absolute count of total and viable CD34+ cells in the post-thaw samples. RESULTS: PBPC cryopreserved at 150 x 10(6) cells/mL with 2% DMSO yielded significantly inferior CD34+ cell recovery (P < 0.001) and survival (P < 0.001) compared with cryopreservation with 4% and 5% DMSO. This was also observed when comparing higher cell concentrations. However, a reduced cell survival (P = 0.02) was observed when the nucleated cell concentration was increased from 150 to 300 x 10(6) cells/mL in samples cryopreserved with 5% DMSO. DISCUSSION: We conclude that 5% DMSO may be the optimal dose for cryopreserving PBPC as long as the cells have not been concentrated at much more than 200 x 10(6) nucleated cells/mL.     

Effect of cryoprotectant concentration, equilibration time and thawing procedure on survival and development of rapid frozen-thawed mature mouse oocytes

Experiments were conducted to develop a simple rapid-freezing protocol for mature mouse oocytes that would yield a high proportion of oocytes with developmental potential. The effects of concentration (3.5, 4.5 and 6.0 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) all with 0.5 M sucrose) and the duration of exposure (2.5 min vs 45 sec) of oocytes to the cryoprotectant and its extraction after thawing in 2, 3 or 4 steps of descending sucrose concentration were studied. The most effective of the rapid-freezing and thawing protocols (4.5 M DMSO; 45 sec exposure and 3-step thawing) was compared to slow freezing protocols using 1.5 M DMSO and 1.0 M 1,2 propanediol as cryoprotectants. The DMSO concentrations had an effect on survival, fertilization and embryo development using short (45 sec) but not long (2.5 min) exposure. The rate of morphological oocyte survival was significantly higher using 4.5 M DMSO than 3.5 or 6.0 M (92% vs 82 and 73%, respectively). The development of fertilized embryos to blastocysts was also significantly higher at 4.5 M than at 3.5 or 6.0 M (68% vs 42 and 53%, respectively). The extraction of cryoprotectant in 3 or 4 steps of descending sucrose concentration resulted in higher survival (P < 0.01) and fertilization than in 2 steps. The best survival, fertilization and development was achieved with the 3-step procedure. Optimal combinations of conditions were 4.5 M DMSO at 45 sec prefreeze exposure and 3-step extraction of the cryoprotectant. Oocytes frozen by conventional methods had a survival, fertilization and development to blastocyst rate significantly lower than those frozen under the optimal rapid conditions. Thus rapid freezing of mature mouse oocytes with 4.5 M DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose and short prefreeze exposure is effective and has the additional advantage of being less time-consuming than slow freezing methods.     

Protocols for thawing and cryoprotectant dilution of heart valves

PURPOSE: To reduce the time taken for thawing and removal of cryoprotectant from heart valves. METHODS: Three sets of experiments were carried out using porcine heart valves. The valves in all three experiments were first exposed to 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) by a 2-step protocol. Outcome was determined after the various experimental treatments by monitoring the outgrowth of cells from valve leaflet explants. Experiment 1-Dilution protocol. Valves exposed to 10% DMSO were subjected to 4-, 2- or 1-step dilution to remove the DMSO. Experiment 2-Warming rate. The rate of warming was increased by reducing the volume of cryoprotectant medium in which the valves were frozen. Valves were exposed to 10% DMSO, frozen in different volumes (100, 50, 25 or 0 ml) of cryoprotectant medium, and warmed in a 37 degrees C water bath. The DMSO was removed by 4-step dilution. Experiment 3-Standard vs. Modified protocol. Valves were either frozen in 100 ml 10% DMSO, thawed, and subjected to 4-step dilution (Standard) or frozen in 50 ml 10% DMSO, thawed, and the DMSO removed by single-step dilution (Modified). RESULTS: Neither the rate of warming nor the rate of dilution of DMSO had any influence on the subsequent outgrowth of valve leaflet fibroblasts. There were no differences in the outgrowth of cells from valve leaflets cryopreserved by the Standard or Modified protocols. CONCLUSION: The time taken for thawing and dilution of heart valves could be reduced from >20 min to <10 min without detriment to the viability of the leaflet fibroblasts. This should have a positive impact on valve replacement surgery as the thawing and dilution of valves are typically carried out while the patients are on cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Cryopreserving human peripheral blood progenitor cells

High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation is used in the treatment of chemosensitive malignancies. Cryopreservation of PBPC in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been the standard procedure in most institutions. Infusion of PBPC cryopreserved with DMSO can be associated with toxic reactions such as vomiting, cardiac dysfunction, anaphylaxia and acute renal failure. The grade of toxicity experienced by patients is related to the amount of DMSO present in the PBPC. Cryopreservation with lower DMSO concentrations would be expected to reduce the toxicity. In recent studies done with PBPC cells cryopreserved with 5%, 4% and 2% DMSO, using 10% DMSO as a reference control, CD34+ cells were investigated for preservation of viability, apoptosis, and necrosis. Also preservation of mature colony-forming (CFU) cells, specifically mature myeloid, erythroid progenitors, CFU-megakaryocytes and long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) were investigated, using 5% and 10% DMSO as cryoprotectant. All samples were frozen in a rate-controlled programmed freezer and stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen until used. Conclusion: 5% DMSO is the optimal concentration for cryopreserving human PBPC in vitro. Consequently, some hospitals have started using 5% DMSO as cryoprotectant for the autologous PBPC as a standard procedure.     

Immature bovine oocyte cryopreservation: comparison of different associations with ethylene glycol, glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide

Research on different cryoprotectants and their associations is important for successful vitrification, since greater cryoprotectant concentration of vitrification solution may be toxic to oocytes. The aim of the present research was to compare the efficiency of immature bovine oocyte vitrification in different associations of ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide (Me(2)SO). In the first experiment, oocytes were exposed to the cryoprotectant for either 30 or 60s in final solutions of EG+DMSO1 (20% EG+20% Me(2)SO) or EG+DMSO2 (25% EG+25% Me(2)SO) or EG+GLY (25% EG+25% glycerol). In the second experiment, the oocytes were vitrified in open pulled straws (OPS) using 30s exposure of final solutions of EG+DMSO1 or EG+DMSO2 or EG+GLY. Maturation rates of 30s exposure groups were not different from the control, but 60s cryoprotectant exposure was toxic, decreasing maturation rates. The vitrification with EG+DMSO2 resulted in enhanced maturation rate (29.2%) as compared with EG+DMSO1 (11.7%) and EG+GLY (4.3%) treatments. These data demonstrate that concentration and type of cryoprotectant have important effects on the developmental competence of vitrified oocytes.     

Factors affecting the uptake of DMSO by the eggs and embryos of medaka,Oryzias latipes

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to assess the uptake dynamics of the cryoprotectant DMSO by intact unfertilized eggs (stage 0), 8-cell (stage 5) and eyed embryos (stage 30) of medaka, Oryzias latipes, the relation of the internal concentration (Cin) of DMSO with fertilization and survival rates, and the effects of several factors on these processes. The factors examined were: cryoprotectant concentration (0.6, 1.2, 1.9 and 2.5 M), impregnation time (1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min), temperature (0, 5 and 20 degrees C), hydrostatic pressure (0 and 50 atm), and the osmotic conditions of the materials (normal or partially dehydrated). Cryoprotectant permeation, estimated from the initial rates of DMSO uptake, was higher in embryos than in eggs and increased with embryonic development; however, the DMSO Cin in eyed embryos reached a plateau at 1-5 min and could not be increased by prolonging impregnation. The highest fertilization and survival rates for any given DMSO Cin were obtained with high concentrations and short times of impregnation rather than low concentrations and long impregnation times. Application of hydrostatic pressure (50 atm) and exposure for 3 min to a 1 M trehalose solution prior to impregnation induced a substantial increase in the DMSO Cin of 8-cell embryos in comparison to untreated controls with no significant effect on survival. Hydrostatic pressure also promoted DMSO uptake in unfertilized eggs, but with rapid loss of viability, and was ineffective in eyed embryos. The uptake of DMSO and its toxicity to 8-cell embryos were directly proportional to the temperature of impregnation. The results of this study reveal important interactions between cryoprotectant concentration, impregnation time and the developmental stage (or type) of the materials and provide evidence that hydrostatic pressure, temperature of impregnation and the osmotic conditions of the materials can be manipulated to increase the uptake of cryoprotectant by fish eggs and embryos.     

Effect of slow freezing on morphology and developmental competence of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) immature oocytes

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,2-propanediol (PROH), each used at two concentrations (1.0 and 1.5 M) on the morphology, maturation rate and developmental capacity of usable quality immature buffalo oocytes subjected to slow freezing. The addition of the cryoprotectant before freezing and its dilution after thawing were carried out in a two- (for 1.0 M) or three-step manner (for 1.5 M). The incidence of damage was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) with the lower concentration of 1.0 M, compared to that with 1.5 M for all the three cryoprotectants examined. The proportion of immature oocytes recovered in a morphologically normal state was significantly higher (P<0.05) for DMSO than those for EG or PROH at both 1.0 and 1.5 M concentrations. Among the six combinations evaluated, that of DMSO at 1.5 M concentration was found to be superior to others. Irrespective of the type or concentration of the cryoprotectant, partial or complete loss of the cumulus mass was the most prevalent damage. Following in vitro maturation, the nuclear maturation rate was significantly higher (P<0.05) for DMSO than those for EG or PROH at both 1.0 and 1.5 M concentrations. When the in vitro matured oocytes were subjected to in vitro fertilization after slow freezing, using 1.5 M DMSO as cryoprotectant, 4.5% and 0.6% of them were able to develop to morulae and blastocysts, respectively, on Day 9 post insemination, compared to 19.2% and 10.6%, respectively, for the controls. In conclusion, DMSO was more effective than EG or PROH for the slow freezing of immature buffalo oocytes and blastocysts could be produced from immature buffalo oocytes subjected to slow freezing in 1.5 M DMSO.     

三种不同冷冻保护剂对小鼠附睾冷冻效果的比较

目的探讨三种不同冷冻保护剂对C57BL/6J小鼠附睾冷冻的效果。方法性成熟并交配过的6~8周龄C57BL/6J雄鼠附睾,分别用3种不同冷冻保护剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、丙二醇(PROH)、R18S3进行玻璃化冷冻、复苏和精子采集,观察比较三个实验组的复苏精子形态、存活率以及生殖能力。结果三组冷冻复苏分离后的精子形态完整,具有镰刀头状结构;荧光染色后PROH组精子存活率为(88.17±3.43)%,明显高于DMSO组:(61.17±10.65)%和R18S3组(16.83±6.49)%(P0.05);经辅助体外受精后均具有受精能力。获得的胚胎移植后可得到正常子代小鼠(DMSO∶PROH∶R18S3=13∶8∶17)。结论 3种冷冻保护剂均适用于C57BL/6J小鼠附睾冷冻,但PROH冷冻效果较好。     

Development of cell line preservation method for research and industry producing useful metabolites by plant cell culture

The cell culture ofAngelica gigas Nakai producing decursin derivatives and immunostimulating polysaccharides was preserved in liquid nitrogen after pre-freezing in a deep freezer at −70°C for 480 min. The effects of the cryoprotectant and pretreatment before cooling were investigated to obtain the optimal procedure for cyropreservation. When compared to mannitol, sorbitol, or NaCl with a similar osmotic pressure, 0.7M sucrose was found to be the best osmoticum for the cryopreservation ofA. gigias cells. In the pre-culture medium, the cells in the exponential growth phase showed the best post-freezing survival after cryopre-servation. A mixture of sucrose, glycerol, and DMSO was found to be an effective cryoprotectant and a higher concentration of the cryoprotectant provided better cell viability. When compared with the vitrification, the optimum cryopreservation method proposed in this study would seem to be more effective for the long-term storage of suspension cells. The highest relative cell viability established with the optimal procedure was 89%.     

不同冷冻保护剂对早期卵裂期小鼠胚胎冷冻后成活率和发育的影响

为了评价利用不同冷冻保护剂冷冻早期卵裂期胚胎的效果,用小鼠为实验动物,采用慢速冷冻、快速融解的冷冻技术,比较丙二醇、二甲基亚砜和甘油作冷冻保护剂对小鼠2-细胞、4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎冷冻后胚胎存活率和囊胚形成率的影响。发现以丙二醇和蔗糖为冷冻保护剂冷冻4-细胞、8-细胞胚胎,解冻后胚胎成活率和囊胚形成率显著高于以二甲基亚砜或甘油为冷冻保护剂。结果表明,丙二醇是一种冷冻早期卵裂期小鼠胚胎有效的冷冻保护剂。