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1.
A Decision Support Framework for Sustainable Waste Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article describes a decision support framework for the evaluation of scenarios for the integrated management of municipal solid waste within a local government area (LGA).
The work is initially focused on local government (i.e., municipal councils) in the state of Queensland, Australia; however, it is broadly applicable to LGAs anywhere. The goal is to achieve sustainable waste management practices by balancing global and regional environmental impacts, social impacts at the local community level, and economic impacts. The framework integrates life-cycle assessment (LCA) with other environmental, social, and economic tools. For this study, social and economic impacts are assumed to be similar across developed countries of the world. LCA was streamlined at both the life-cycle inventory and life-cycle impact assessment stages.
For this process, spatial resolution is introduced into the LCA process to account for impacts occurring at the local and regional levels. This has been done by considering social impacts on the local community and by use of a regional procedure for LCA data for emissions to the environment that may have impacts at the regional level.
The integration follows the structured approach of the pressure-state-response (PSR) model suggested by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This PSR model has been extended to encompass nonenvironmental issues and to guide the process of applying multiple tools.
The framework primarily focuses on decision analysis and interpretation processes. Multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) is used to assist with the integration of qualitative and quantitative information. MAUT provides a well-structured approach to information assessment and facilitates objective, transparent decisions. A commercially available decision analysis software package based on MAUT has been used as the platform for the framework developed in this study. 相似文献
The work is initially focused on local government (i.e., municipal councils) in the state of Queensland, Australia; however, it is broadly applicable to LGAs anywhere. The goal is to achieve sustainable waste management practices by balancing global and regional environmental impacts, social impacts at the local community level, and economic impacts. The framework integrates life-cycle assessment (LCA) with other environmental, social, and economic tools. For this study, social and economic impacts are assumed to be similar across developed countries of the world. LCA was streamlined at both the life-cycle inventory and life-cycle impact assessment stages.
For this process, spatial resolution is introduced into the LCA process to account for impacts occurring at the local and regional levels. This has been done by considering social impacts on the local community and by use of a regional procedure for LCA data for emissions to the environment that may have impacts at the regional level.
The integration follows the structured approach of the pressure-state-response (PSR) model suggested by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This PSR model has been extended to encompass nonenvironmental issues and to guide the process of applying multiple tools.
The framework primarily focuses on decision analysis and interpretation processes. Multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) is used to assist with the integration of qualitative and quantitative information. MAUT provides a well-structured approach to information assessment and facilitates objective, transparent decisions. A commercially available decision analysis software package based on MAUT has been used as the platform for the framework developed in this study. 相似文献
2.
Yoshinori Kobayashi Hideki Kobayashi Akinori Hongu Kiyoshi Sanehira 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2005,9(4):131-144
Eco-efficiency at the product level is defined as product value per unit of environmental impact. In this paper we present a method for quantifying the eco-efficiency using quality function deployment (QFD) and life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA). These well-known tools are widely used in the manufacturing industry.
QFD, which is one of the methods used in product development based on consumer preferences, is introduced to calculate the product value. An index of the product value is calculated as the weighted average of improvement rates of quality characteristics. The importance of customer requirements, derived from the QFD matrix, is applied.
Environmental impacts throughout a product life cycle are calculated based on an LCIA method widely used in Japan. By applying the LCIA method of endpoint type, the endpoint damage caused by various life-cycle inventories is calculated. Willingness to pay is applied to integrate it into a single index.
Eco-design support tools, namely, the life-cycle planning (LCP) tool and the life-cycle assessment (LCA) tool, have already been developed. Using these tools, data required for calculation of the eco-efficiency of products can be collected. The product value is calculated based on QFD data stored in the LCP tool and the environmental impact is calculated using the LCA tool.
Case studies of eco-efficiency are adopted and the adequacy of this method is clarified. Several advantages of this method are characterized. 相似文献
QFD, which is one of the methods used in product development based on consumer preferences, is introduced to calculate the product value. An index of the product value is calculated as the weighted average of improvement rates of quality characteristics. The importance of customer requirements, derived from the QFD matrix, is applied.
Environmental impacts throughout a product life cycle are calculated based on an LCIA method widely used in Japan. By applying the LCIA method of endpoint type, the endpoint damage caused by various life-cycle inventories is calculated. Willingness to pay is applied to integrate it into a single index.
Eco-design support tools, namely, the life-cycle planning (LCP) tool and the life-cycle assessment (LCA) tool, have already been developed. Using these tools, data required for calculation of the eco-efficiency of products can be collected. The product value is calculated based on QFD data stored in the LCP tool and the environmental impact is calculated using the LCA tool.
Case studies of eco-efficiency are adopted and the adequacy of this method is clarified. Several advantages of this method are characterized. 相似文献
3.
Goal, Scope and Background Green Productivity (GP) is a new paradigm in sustainable manufacturing where resource conservation and waste minimization
constitute the strategy in simultaneously enhancing environmental performance and productivity. This productivity approach
to the sustainability of industries requires the adoption of clean production technology and the development of appropriate
indicators and instruments to measure environmental performance in a continuous improvement strategy that focuses on the manufacturing
stage of the product life cycle. The analysis may be expanded to include the entire life cycle with increasing details on
impacts, improvement strategies and indicators.
Methods The study proposes a methodology for GP assessment that integrates the essential components of life cycle assessment (LCA)
and multicriteria decision analysis specifically the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). LCA provides a systematic and holistic
perspective for GP analysis that spans inventory, impact and improvement assessment. The AHP is utilized as a decision framework
and valuation tool for impact and improvement assessment to come up with priority weights. Indicators are derived and measured
from a streamlined LCA focused on a number of parameters within the gate-to-gate analysis to demonstrate the GP concept in
relation to resource utilization and waste minimization. An input-output approach using a suitable material balance in a scenario
analysis provides the basis of GP performance measurement.
Results and Conclusion The diagnostic model is applied on a semiconductor assembly/packaging operation. From the streamlined life cycle inventory,
impact factors were derived for water resource depletion (WRD), energy resource depletion (ERD), human toxicity-air (HTA),
human toxicity-land (HTL), human toxicity-water (HTW), aquatic ecotoxicity (ETA) and terrestrial ecotoxicity (ETT). Valuation
of impact factors using the AHP showed the high significance of ETT, HTL, WRD and ERD. This especially reflects the impact
of the industry on the solid waste problem as a result of emissions to land associated with human toxicity and ecotoxicity
effects and the intensive use of water and energy resources. Using scenario analysis, the effect of implementing a process-based
improvement technique on a product-specific operation was determined and the highest values in GP are for energy utilization,
water utilization and terrestrial ecotoxicity.
Recommendation and Perspective Expert system technology was explored in developing a diagnostic prototype that emulates how human experts diagnose green
productivity of manufacturing processes. The aim was to investigate how such a diagnosis could be performed in an intelligent
fashion that it is also easily accessible as a decision support for industries. The expert system model will provide flexibility
in testing the relationships of environmental performance and productivity parameters as well as in preserving and disseminating
valuable human expertise in GP program implementation. This is a continuing research effort that is building the knowledge
base for GP assessment. It will include case studies over a wider range or level of detail regarding the impacts and improvement
techniques and the other stages of the product life cycle. 相似文献
4.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is generally described as a tool for environmental decision making. Results from attributional LCA (ALCA), the most commonly used LCA method, often are presented in a way that suggests that policy decisions based on these results will yield the quantitative benefits estimated by ALCA. For example, ALCAs of biofuels are routinely used to suggest that the implementation of one alternative (say, a biofuel) will cause an X% change in greenhouse gas emissions, compared with a baseline (typically gasoline). However, because of several simplifications inherent in ALCA, the method, in fact, is not predictive of real‐world impacts on climate change, and hence the usual quantitative interpretation of ALCA results is not valid. A conceptually superior approach, consequential LCA (CLCA), avoids many of the limitations of ALCA, but because it is meant to model actual changes in the real world, CLCA results are scenario dependent and uncertain. These limitations mean that even the best practical CLCAs cannot produce definitive quantitative estimates of actual environmental outcomes. Both forms of LCA, however, can yield valuable insights about potential environmental effects, and CLCA can support robust decision making. By openly recognizing the limitations and understanding the appropriate uses of LCA as discussed here, practitioners and researchers can help policy makers implement policies that are less likely to have perverse effects and more likely to lead to effective environmental policies, including climate mitigation strategies. 相似文献
5.
Product design-for-environment (DfE) has traditionally relied on life-cycle assessment (LCA) as a primary means of assessing environmental performance. To date, LCA has focused on static inventory and impacts of material streams during the stages of resource extraction, component manufacture, product use, and end of life at a high level of aggregation. Improvement analysis, though theoretically an important stage of LCA, is practically very challenging to implement using LCA alone. One reason for this is that the focus on detailed characterization of material streams does not facilitate a development of an understanding of the mechanistic relationship between design intent and material, manufacturing, and use-phase potential impacts. As the product development community transitions from sequential design to more streamlined concurrent design, interactive design tools are needed as a supplement to assessment tools in order to facilitate tradeoffs among environmental and other factors. This article presents an environmental analysis approach based on detailed process modeling which evaluates components from a functional design point of view. From a manufacturer's perspective, local potential effects in aggregate are often as important as global potential impacts. Furthermore, impacts often relate to explicit trade-offs between different life-cycle stages, such as production and use. In this article, the influence of functional design and manufacturing specifications (surface tolerance and finish) on localized potential impacts is illustrated through two different mechanical component (steel roller bearing and rotating shaft) case studies. Detailed analytical tools are key in enabling optimization and trade-offs by designers and process planners. The functional modeling approach is an important complement to LCA in providing a well-defined view of environmental performance. 相似文献
6.
Friederike Ziegler Andreas Emanuelsson John Lucas Eichelsheim Anna Flysjö Vaque Ndiaye Mikkel Thrane 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2011,15(4):527-538
Southern pink shrimp (Penaeus notialis) are an important Senegalese export commodity. Artisanal fisheries in rivers produce 60%. Forty percent are landed in trawl fisheries at sea. The shrimp from both fisheries result in a frozen, consumer‐packed product that is exported to Europe. We applied attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impact of the two supply chains and identify improvement options. In addition to standard LCA impact categories, biological impacts of each fishery were quantified with regard to landed by‐catch, discard, seafloor impact, and size of target catch. Results for typical LCA categories include that artisanal fisheries have much lower inputs and emissions in the fishing phase than does the industrial fishery. For the product from artisanal fisheries, the main part of the impact in the standard LCA categories occurs during processing on land, mainly due to the use of heavy fuel oil and refrigerants with high global warming and ozone depletion potentials. From a biological point of view, each fishery has advantages and drawbacks, and a number of improvement options were identified. If developing countries can ensure biological sustainability of their fisheries and design the chain on land in a resource‐efficient way, long distance to markets is not an obstacle to sustainable trading of seafood products originating in artisanal fisheries. 相似文献
7.
Enda Crossin Karli Verghese Simon Lockrey Hieu Ha Gordon Young 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2020,24(4):791-803
We present a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the operation of Casey Station in Antarctica. The LCA included quantifying material and energy flows, modeling of elementary flows, and subsequent environmental impacts. Environmental impacts were dominated by emissions associated with freight operations and electricity cogeneration. A participatory design approach was used to identify options to reduce environmental impacts, which included improving freight efficiency, reducing the temperature setpoint of the living quarters, and installing alternative energy systems. These options were then assessed using LCA, and have the potential to reduce environmental impacts by between 2% and 19.1%, depending on the environmental indicator. 相似文献
8.
Linear Programming (LP) is a powerful mathematical technique that can be used as a tool in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In
the Inventory and Impact Assessment phases, in addition to calculating the environmental impacts and burdens, it can be used
for solving the problem of allocation in multiple-output systems. In the Improvement Assessment phase, it provides a systematic
approach to identifying possibilities for system improvements by optimising the system on different environmental objective
functions, defined as burdens or impacts. Ultimately, if the environmental impacts are aggregated to a single environmental
impact function in the Valuation phase, LP optimisation can identify the overall environmental optimum of the system. However,
the aggregation of impacts is not necessary: the system can be optimised on different environmental burdens or impacts simultaneously
by using Multiobjective LP. As a result, a range of environmental optima is found offering a number of alternative options
for system improvements and enabling the choice of the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO). If, in addition, economic
and social criteria are introduced in the model, LP can be used to identify the best compromise solution in a system with
conflicting objectives. This approach is illustrated by a real case study of the borate products system.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
9.
Jong-Hwan Eun Ji-Ho Son Jeong-Min Moon Jong-Shik Chung 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(4):364-373
Background, aim, and scope As the sustainability improvement becomes an essential business task of industry, a number of companies are adopting IT-based
environmental information systems (EIS). Life cycle assessment (LCA), a tool to improve environmental friendliness of a product,
can also be systemized as a part of the EIS. This paper presents a case of an environmental information system which is integrated
with online LCA tool to produce sets of hybrid life cycle inventory and examine its usefulness in the field application of
the environmental management.
Main features Samsung SDI Ltd., the producer of display panels, has launched an EIS called Sustainability Management Initiative System (SMIS).
The system comprised modules of functions such as environmental management system (EMS), green procurement (GP), customer
relation (e-VOC), eco-design, and LCA. The LCA module adopted the hybrid LCA methodology in the sense that it combines process
LCA for the site processes and input–output (IO) LCA for upstream processes to produce cradle-to-gate LCA results. LCA results
from the module are compared with results of other LCA studies made by the application of different methodologies. The advantages
and application of the LCA system are also discussed in light of the electronics industry.
Results and discussion LCA can play a vital role in sustainability management by finding environmental burden of products in their life cycle. It
is especially true in the case of the electronics industry, since the electronic products have some critical public concerns
in the use and end-of-life phase. SMIS shows a method for hybrid LCA through online data communication with EMS and GP module.
The integration of IT-based hybrid LCA in environmental information system was set to begin in January 2006. The advantage
of the comparing and regular monitoring of the LCA value is that it improves the system completeness and increases the reliability
of LCA. By comparing the hybrid LCA and process LCA in the cradle-to-gate stage, the gap between both methods of the 42-in.
standard definition plasma display panel (PDP) ranges from 1% (acidification impact category) to −282% (abiotic resource depletion
impact category), with an average gap of 68.63%. The gaps of the impact categories of acidification (AP), eutrophication (EP),
and global warming (GWP) are relatively low (less than 10%). In the result of the comparative analysis, the strength of correlation
of three impact categories (AP, EP, GWP) shows that it is reliable to use the hybrid LCA when assessing the environmental
impacts of the PDP module. Hybrid LCA has its own risk on data accuracy. However, the risk is affordable when it comes to
the comparative LCA among different models of similar product line of a company. In the results of 2 years of monitoring of
42-in. Standard definition PDP, the hybrid LCA score has been decreased by 30%. The system also efficiently shortens man-days
for LCA study per product. This fact can facilitate the eco-design of the products and can give quick response to the customer's
inquiry on the product's eco-profile. Even though there is the necessity for improvement of process data currently available,
the hybrid LCA provides insight into the assessments of the eco-efficiency of the manufacturing process and the environmental
impacts of a product.
Conclusions and recommendations As the environmental concerns of the industries increase, the need for environmental data management also increases. LCA shall
be a core part of the environmental information system by which the environmental performances of products can be controlled.
Hybrid type of LCA is effective in controlling the usual eco-profile of the products in a company. For an industry, in particular
electronics, which imports a broad band of raw material and parts, hybrid LCA is more practicable than the classic LCA. Continuous
efforts are needed to align input data and keep conformity, which reduces data uncertainty of the system. 相似文献
10.
Günter Fleischer Karin Gerner Heiko Kunst Kerstin Lichtenvort Gerald Rebitzer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):149-156
Intention, Goal and Scope: Dealing with data gaps, data asymmetries, and inconsistencies in life cycle inventories (LCI) is
a general prohlem in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies. An approach to deal with these difficulties is the simplification
of LCA. A methodology that lowers the requirements for data quality (accuracy) for process emissions within a simplified LCA
is introduced in this article. Background: Simplification is essential for applying LCA in the context of design for environment
(DfE). The tool euroMat is a comprehensive DfE software tool that is based on a specific, simplified LCA approach, the Iterative
Screening LCA (IS-LCA). Within the scope of the IS-LCA, there is a quantitative assessment of energy-related processes, as
well as a semi-quantitative assessment of non-energy related emissions which supplement each other. Objectives: The semi-quantitative
assessment, which is in the focus of this article, aims at lowering the requirements for the quality of non-energy related
emissions data through combined use of qualitative and quantitative inventory data. Methods: Potential environmental impacts
are assessed based on ABC-categories for qualities (harmfulness) of emissions and XYZ-categories for quantities of emitted
substances. Employing statistical methods assignment rules for the ABC/XYZ-categories were derived from literature data and
databases on emissions to air, water, and soil. Statistical tests as well as a DfE case study (comparing the materials aluminum
and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy for a lightweight container to be used in an aerospace application) were conducted in order
to evaluate the level of confidence and practicality of the proposed, simplified impact assessment. Results: Statistical and
technical consistency checks show that the method bears a high level of confidence. Results obtained by the simplified assessment
correlate to those of a detailed quantitative LCA. Conclusions: Therefore, the application of the ABC/XYZ-categories (together
with the cumulative energy demand) can be considered a practical and consistent approach for determining the environmental
significance of products when only incomplete emission data is available. Future Prospects: The statistical base of the method
is expanded continuously since it is an integral part of the DfE software tool euroMat, which is currently being further developed.
That should foster the application of the method. Outside DfE, the method should also be capable of facilitating simplified
LCAs in general. 相似文献
11.
Life Cycle Based CO2 Emission Credits: Options for Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Current Tailpipe Emissions Regulation in the Automotive Industry
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Annekatrin Lehmann Markus Berger Matthias Finkbeiner 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2018,22(5):1066-1079
The current focus on the use phase in automotive carbon dioxide (CO2) legislation bares a risk of unintended consequences as often reductions in the use phase come along with increasing CO2 emissions in other life cycle (LC) phases. This study presents voluntary policy options in form of LC‐based CO2 emission credits. They were developed by desk research considering existing applications of LCA in practice (e.g., environmental reports) and feedback obtained in a structured stakeholder dialogue. A variety of credit options were identified, including rather simple ones based on life cycle thinking (LCT) and more advanced options which rely on quantitative LCA: LCT options that reward innovations leading to CO2 reductions, for example, in the production phase. LCA‐based options reward CO2 reductions along the LC (credits for an International Organization for Standardization [ISO] 14044 conforming externally reviewed LCA showing a continuous improvement) or reductions of other environmental impacts. It was shown that the credit options can be implemented throughout a simplified and robust methodology, for example, with defined rules for conducting the LCA based on international standards and established industry practice, and for calculating the credits (e.g., a credit of 1 gram [g] of CO2/km [kilometer] for savings of 10 g of CO2/km). Voluntary credit options as a complementary modality to the current automotive tailpipe‐based CO2 regulations would help to improve its efficiency and effectiveness and support and reward efforts on achieving real net CO2 emission reductions. The credit options were developed with a first focus on CO2 and automotive industry, but can generally be transferred to other environmental impacts and sectors as well. 相似文献
12.
Background The analysis of a wastewater treatment technology, under a expanded boundaries system which includes both the technology
and the inputs required for its operation, quantifies the overall environmental impact that may result from the treatment
of a wastewater stream. This is particularly useful for environmental policy makers being that a expanded boundaries system
tends to provide a holistic view. The former view can be highly enriched with the use of process engineering tools, such as
mathematical process modelling, process design, performance assessment and cost optimised models.
Main Features The traditional approach used to assess waste treatment technologies is contrasted with a life cycle analysis (LCA) approach.
The optimal design of a granular activated carbon adsorption (GAC) process is used as a model system to demonstrate the advantages
of LCA approaches over traditional approaches. Further sections of the paper describe a mathematical framework for the assessment
of technologies, design considerations applied in the cost optimised carbon adsorption model, the use of LCA techniques to
perform an inventory of all emissions associated to the process system and, some of its environmental impacts.
Results Economic and environmental considerations regarding the optimum process design are introduced as a basis for decision towards
the selection and operating conditions of wastewater treatment technologies. Moreover, the use of LCA has revealed that the
environmental burden associated with the wastewater treatment may produce a higher environmental impact than one that can
be caused by untreated discharges.
Conclusion The paper highlights the string advantages that environmental policy makers may have by combining LCA and process engineering
tools. Furthermore, this approach can be incorporated into other existing treatment processes or for process designers. 相似文献
13.
农业生命周期评价研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为评价产品系统全链条环境影响的有效工具,生命周期评价(LCA)方法已广泛用于工业领域。农业领域也面临着高强度的资源和环境压力,LCA在农业领域的应用应运而生。旨在综述已有农业LCA研究的基础上,鉴别农业LCA应用存在的问题,并为农业LCA未来的发展提出建议。目前农业LCA存在系统边界和功能单位界定不明晰、缺少区域清单数据库、生命周期环境影响评价模型(LCIA)不能准确反映农业系统环境影响、结果解释存在误区等方面的问题。为了科学准确地衡量农业系统的环境影响,促进农业系统的可持续发展,文章认为农业LCA应该从以下几个方面加强研究,即科学界定评价的参照系、系统边界的扩大及功能单位的合理选取、区域异质性数据库构建与LCIA模型开发、基于组织农业LCA的开发以及对于利益相关者行为的研究。 相似文献
14.
Andreas Kicherer Stefan Schaltegger Heinrich Tschochohei Beatriz Ferreira Pozo 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(7):537-543
Goal, Scope and Background The eco-efficiency analysis and portfolio is a powerful decision support tool for various strategic and marketing issues.
Since its original academic development, the approach has been refined during the last decade and applied to a multitude of
projects. BASF, as possibly the most prominent company using and developing this tool, has applied the eco-efficiency approach
to more than 300 projects in the last 7 years. One of the greatest difficulties is to cover both dimensions of eco-efficiency
(costs or value added and environmental impact) in a comparable manner. This is particularly a challenge for the eco-efficiency
analyses of products.
Methods In this publication, an important approach and field of application dealing with product decisions based on the combination
of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is described in detail. Special emphasis is put on the quantitative
assessment of the relation of costs and environmental impacts. In conventional LCA an assessment of environmental impact categories
is often made by normalization with inhabitant equivalents. This is necessary to be able to compare the different environmental
impact categories, because of each different unit. For the proposed eco-efficiency analysis, the costs of products or processes
are also normalized with adapted gross domestic product figures.
Results and Discussion The ratio between normalized environmental impact categories and normalized costs (RE,C) is used for the graphical presentation of the results in an eco-efficiency portfolio. For the interpretation of the results
of an eco-efficiency analysis, it is important to distinguish ratios RE,C which are higher than one from ratios lower than one. In the first case, the environmental impact is higher than the cost
impact, while the inverse is true in the second case. This is very important for defining which kind of improvement is needed
and defining strategic management decisions. The paper shows a statistical evaluation of the RE,C factor based on the results of different eco-efficiency analyses made by BASF. For industries based on large material flows
(e.g. chemicals, steel, metals, agriculture), the RE,C factor is typically higher than one.
Conclusions and Recommendations This contribution shows that LCC and LCA may be combined in a way that they mirror the concept of eco-efficiency. LCAs that
do not consider LCC may be of very limited use for company management. For that very reason, corporations should install a
data management system that ensures equal information on both sides of the eco-efficiency coin. 相似文献
15.
Thomas E. Graedel 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》1999,3(2-3):85-93
The third stage of life-cycle assessment, interpretation analysis (and improvement analysis, one of its components), has received relatively modest attention from LCA developers, especially as regards approaches for effecting improvements. However, this latter step is crucial if the LCA is to produce environmental benefits. A structured approach to improvement analysis is proposed, in which it is recognized that decisions regarding the recommendations that flow from the first two LCA stages are based not only on the environmental aspects of the recommended actions but also on such factors as technical feasibility, economic benefit, implications for product management, and effects on customer perception. A prioritization technique based on these factors is developed, as are two prioritization diagrams, one segmented by action agent and one segmented by life stage. 相似文献
16.
Nathan L. Pelletier Nathan W. Ayer Peter H. Tyedmers Sarah A. Kruse Anna Flysjo Greg Robillard Friederike Ziegler Astrid J. Scholz Ulf Sonesson 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(6):414-421
Goal, Scope and Background In face of continued declines in global fisheries landings and concurrent rapid aquaculture development, the sustainability
of seafood production is of increasing concern. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) offers a convenient means of quantifying the impacts
associated with many of the energetic and material inputs and outputs in these industries. However, the relevant but limited
suite of impact categories currently used in most LCA research fails to capture a number of important environmental and social
burdens unique to fisheries and aquaculture. This article reviews the impact categories used in published LCA research of
seafood production to date, reports on a number of methodological innovations, and discusses the challenges to and opportunities
for further impact category developments.
Main Features The range of environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with fisheries and aquaculture production are introduced,
and both the commonly used and innovative impact categories employed in published LCA research of seafood production are discussed.
Methodological innovations reported in agricultural LCAs are also reviewed for possible applications to seafood LCA research.
Challenges and options for including additional environmental and socioeconomic impact categories are explored.
Results A review of published LCA research in fisheries and aquaculture indicates the frequent use of traditional environmental impact
categories as well as a number of interesting departures from the standard suite of categories employed in LCA studies in
other sectors. Notable examples include the modeling of benthic impacts, by-catch, emissions from anti-fouling paints, and
the use of Net Primary Productivity appropriation to characterize biotic resource use. Socio-economic impacts have not been
quantified, nor does a generally accepted methodology for their consideration exist. However, a number of potential frameworks
for the integration of such impacts into LCA have been proposed.
Discussion LCA analyses of fisheries and aquaculture call attention to an important range of environmental interactions that are usually
not considered in discussions of sustainability in the seafood sector. These include energy use, biotic resource use, and
the toxicity of anti-fouling paints. However, certain important impacts are also currently overlooked in such research. While
prospects clearly exist for improving and expanding on recent additions to environmental impact categories, the nature of
the LCA framework may preclude treatment of some of these impacts. Socio-economic impact categories have only been described
in a qualitative manner. Despite a number of challenges, significant opportunities exist to quantify several important socio-economic
impacts.
Conclusion The limited but increasing volume of LCA research of industrial fisheries and aquaculture indicates a growing interest in
the use of LCA methodology to understand and improve the sustainability performance of seafood production systems. Recent
impact category innovations, and the potential for further impact category developments that account for several of the unique
interactions characteristic of fisheries and aquaculture will significantly improve the usefulness of LCA in this context,
although quantitative analysis of certain types of impacts may remain beyond the scope of the LCA framework. The desirability
of incorporating socio-economic impacts is clear, but such integration will require considerable methodological development.
Recommendations and Perspectives While the quantity of published LCA research for seafood production systems is clearly increasing, the influence this research
will have on the ground remains to be seen. In part, this will depend on the ability of LCA researchers to advance methodological
innovations that enable consideration of a broader range of impacts specific to seafood production. It will also depend on
the ability of researchers to communicate with a broader audience than the currently narrow LCA community. 相似文献
17.
18.
Julie Godin Jean-François Ménard Sylvain Hains Louise Deschênes Réjean Samson 《人类与生态风险评估》2004,10(6):1099-1116
The subject of this study is a spent pot lining (SPL) landfill. The aim of this study was to identify the site remediation option, among four alternatives, that minimizes overall environmental impacts based on: 1) a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA); and 2) modeling of contaminant transport in groundwater. The four options were: leaving the landfill in place (Option 1); excavation of the landfill, with on-site disposal of the excavated materials in a secure cell (Option 2); excavation of the landfill, with treatment of the SPL fraction (Option 3); and excavation of the landfill, with incineration of the SPL fraction in a cement kiln (Option 4). The LCA was performed following the guidelines provided by the International Standard Organization (ISO). Furthermore, to improve the relevance of LCA to site remediation sector, impacts caused by residual in-situ contamination were assessed by applying a simulation of contaminant transport in groundwater, using site-specific data. The LCA identified Option 1 as having the least environmental impacts. However, the transport modeling concluded that contaminant concentrations 50 years from the present could be approximately 30 to 40 times the regulatory criteria if this option is retained. In addition, this study demonstrated that LCA can be used as a screening tool to help identify significant environmental issues; the LCA identified acute and chronic water ecotoxicity categories as being the dominant impact categories of the environmental profile and consequently, it is recommended that a complete environmental risk assessment (ERA) be performed for Option 1. 相似文献
19.
Life cycle assessment of contaminated sites remediation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stephan Volkwein Hans-Werner Hurtig Walter Klöpffer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(5):263-274
For the federal state of Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany, the decision tool “Umweltbilanz von Altlastensanierungsverfahren” has
been developed and found suitable for the quantification and evaluation of environmental impacts caused by remediation of
contaminated sites. The developed tool complements the remediation toolbox of Baden-Wiirttemberg. The tool includes a streamlined
life cycle assessment (LCA) and a synopsis of the LCA results with the results of a risk assessment of the contaminated site.
The risk assessment tool is not explained here. The data base for the life cycle inventory includes several techniques used
in remedial actions. The life cycle impact assessment utilises 14 impact categories. The method allows comparisons between
remedial options for specific contaminated sites. A software tool has been developed to be available in 1999. 相似文献
20.
Verena Gswein Carla Rodrigues Jos D. Silvestre Fausto Freire Guillaume Habert Jakob Knig 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2020,24(1):178-192
The built environment is the largest single emitter of CO2 and an important consumer of energy. Much research has gone into the improved efficiency of building operation and construction products. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is commonly used to assess existing buildings or building products. Classic LCA, however, is not suited for evaluating the environmental performance of developing technologies. A new approach, anticipatory LCA (a‐LCA), promises various advantages and can be used as a design constraint during the product development stage. It helps overcome four challenges: (i) data availability, (ii) stakeholder inclusion, (iii) risk assessment, and (iv) multi‐criteria problems. This article's contribution to the line of research is twofold: first, it adapts the a‐LCA approach for construction‐specific purposes in theoretical terms for the four challenges. Second, it applies the method to an innovative prefabricated modular envelope system, the CleanTechBlock (CTB), focusing on challenge (i). Thirty‐six CTB designs are tested and compared to conventional walls. Inclusion of technology foresight is achieved through structured scenario analysis. Moreover, challenge (iv) is tackled through the analysis of different environmental impact categories, transport‐related impacts, and thickness of the wall assemblies of the CTB. The case study results show that optimized material choice and product design is needed to reach the lowest environmental impact. Methodological findings highlight the importance of context‐specific solutions and the need for benchmarking new products. 相似文献