论儿童心理发展的复合性条件反射

巴甫洛夫关于动物高级神经活动“两个信号系统”的学说,使人们认识到儿童心理的发展是以其神经系统后天性条件反射的建立为标志的。但先天性条件反射在儿童心理发展过程中的地位和作用及其与后天性条件反射的关系却仍被忽视。通过分析儿童先天性条件反射的存在形式、形成机制和表达条件,从广义生态学的理论角度,发现其与后天性条件反射的关系先天性条件反射是后天性条件反射建立的基础,后天性条件反射是先天性条件反射表达的条件,它们互为因果复合一体。儿童心理的发展是先天性条件反射和后天性条件反射综合作用、世代演替、不断累进的结果。据此,本研究把这两个不可分割的条件反射称为“复合性条件反射”。     

论儿童心理发展的复合性条件反射

巴甫洛夫关于动物高级神经活动“两个信号系统”的学说,使人们认识到儿童心理的发展是以其神经系统后天性条件反射的建立为标志的。但先天性条件反射在儿童心理发展过程中的地位和作用及其与后天性条件反射的关系却仍被忽视。通过分析儿童先天性条件反射的存在形式、形成机制和表达条件,从广义生态学的理论角度,发现其与后天性条件反射的关系：先天性条件反射是后天性条件反射建立的基础,后天性条件反射是先天性条件反射表达的条件,它们互为因果复合一体。儿童心理的发展是先天性条件反射和后天性条件反射综合作用、世代演替、不断累进的结果。据此,本研究把这两个不可分割的条件反射称为“复合性条件反射”。     

论儿童心理发展的复合性条件反射

巴甫洛夫关于动物高级神经活动“两个信号系统”的学说,使人们认识到儿童心理的发展是以其神经系统后天性条件反射的建立为标志的。但先天性条件反射在儿童心理发展过程中的地位和作用及其与后天性条件反射的关系却仍被忽视。通过分析儿童先天性条件反射的存在形式、形成机制和表达条件,从广义生态学的理论角度,发现其与后天性条件反射的关系：先天性条件反射是后天性条件反射建立的基础,后天性条件反射是先天性条件反射表达的条件,它们互为因果复合一体。儿童心理的发展是先天性条件反射和后天性条件反射综合作用、世代演替、不断累进的结果。据此,本研究把这两个不可分割的条件反射称为“复合性条件反射”。     

小脑皮层在兔瞬膜条件反射过程中的调制作用

以音调结合气流刺激兔角膜的训练建立瞬膜条件反射,在条件反射率刚达90%,连续出现三组的学习初始阶段,电解损毁小脑半球第六小叶皮层使 D-I 核的学习相关性电活动和瞬膜条件反射消除,但不影响“非条件”反射,而在经一周巩固训练的动物,损毁小脑皮层上述区域不发生影响。D-I 核的细胞自发电活动在学习初期和记忆巩固时期也有所不同。在学习后期,D-I 核的细胞自发电活动频率减低,和在学习初期与损毁小脑皮层后的频率变化相似。实验结果表明:在瞬膜条件反射过程中,以小脑皮层为主导,对瞬膜条件反射的产生和D-I 核的学习相关性电活动具有调制作用。随着记忆巩固过程,D-I 核脱离皮层的控制而发展成为这一学习模式的记忆痕迹基础部位。     

短尾蝮操作性条件反射训练探究

操作性条件反射训练是研究动物认知行为的重要方法,目前这一方法在经典模式动物中的应用较成熟,但在蛇类等爬行动物上鲜有报道。蝮亚科Crotalinae蛇类特有的红外感知觉系统受到了动物学、神经生物学和仿生学研究的关注,有效的操作性条件反射训练是揭示生物红外成像机制的关键方法。本实验以短尾蝮Gloydius brevicaudus为被试动物,采用Y迷宫考察了操作性条件反射训练的3种惩罚刺激方案。训练结果表明,水、高温、敲击刺激均不能使短尾蝮学会将Y迷宫路径选择与目标信号进行稳定关联。研究证明,基于现有惩罚刺激的训练方案对短尾蝮的条件反射习得效果弱于既有研究的其他实验动物。     

兔海马乙酰胆碱敏感神经元在瞬膜条件反射不同阶段中的作用

本工作应用经典瞬膜条件反射和电生理学的方法,研究海马中的胆碱能传递在学习和记忆过程中的作用。实验在11只新西兰白兔上进行。音调和气流刺激角膜的结合训练过程中,在海马背部记录到和瞬膜条件反射的发展平行,并先于条件反射行为的神经元放电增加。在条件反射形成初期阶段,侧脑室注射胆碱受体阻断剂——QNB 后,海马的学习相关性电活动受到阻抑,瞬膜条件反射消失,但非条件瞬膜反射仍然存在。条件反射巩固后,QNB 仍然使海马的学习相关性电活动受到阻抑,但瞬膜条件反射不受影响。实验证明,在瞬膜条件反射形成过程中起主导作用的海马神经元是对乙酰胆碱敏感的神经元,但在条件反射巩固以后,海马以下水平的脑结构发展了在这种简单学习模式中的功能自主性。     

慢性动脉血压监测模型在惊恐条件反射中的应用

目的：探索一种新的、可靠的模型,用于惊恐条件反射的相关研究。方法：通过使用条件刺激(声音)和非条件刺激(足部电击)相结合的方法,可使动物对条件刺激产生惊恐反应。同时对动脉血压进行长期监测并测定利多卡因阻断杏仁基底外侧核群前后的血压变化。结果：该惊恐条件反射建立后(需经4d训练),单独给予动物条件刺激即可引起血压明显升高。我们将它作为条件反射已形成的标志。此时,用利多卡因阻断杏仁基底外侧核群的作用,单独给予动物条件刺激不再引起血压明显升高。结论：慢性动脉血压监测模型在惊恐条件反射的研究中是一种可靠的动物模型。     

奖励性操作条件反射实验在学习记忆研究中的应用

动物行为学是用于评价动物学习记忆的基本实验手段,广泛应用于生理病理机制研究及药效评价。评价大小鼠学习记忆行为检测方法根据实验原理可分为惩罚性、自发性和奖励性三类,其中奖励性操作条件反射实验是基于奖励性原理和斯金纳条件反射原理的行为学检测方法,为检测动物学习记忆中的高级认知功能提供了一种更全面更精细的检测手段,尤其适合于现代高科技条件下执行复杂操作任务时的认知作业能力评价。本文对奖励性操作性条件反射实验的发展历程、实验装置、实验方法及应用领域等方面进行了概述,为此类方法今后在国内学习记忆行为学领域的研究与应用提供参考。     

尾核内注入GABA、Picrotoxin对家兔食物性运动条件反射的影响

于家兔尾核头部分别注入γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)3mg/5μl、GABA 转氨酶的抑制剂氨氧乙酸(AOAA)10μg/5μl 及 GABA 受体阻断剂印防已毒素(Picrotoxin)0.5μg/5μl 后,可暂时抑制食物性条件反射的出现,但一般运动、摄食等机能无明显障碍。作为对照,在尾核头部注入生理盐水或士的宁不影响条件反射的出现,注射 Picrotoxin 等于内囊区及海马也不影响条件反射活动。实验结果表明,尾核头部 GABA 能突触传递与实现条件反射活动有关。     

尾壳核内注射脑啡肽和bestatin对大鼠操作式条件反射的影响

在条件反射箱内训练雌性Wistar大鼠建立操作式防御性条件反射。训练时灯光先出现15s,然后结合给予脚掌电击8s。每天训练30次。如果动物能在灯光出现15s内按下反应键以避免电击,即谓建立了条件反应。在条件反应率(CR)连续5d达到80％以上后,即进行双侧尾壳核埋植套管手术。术后2—3d,向双侧尾壳核内注射甲硫氨酸脑啡肽(MEK)或bestatin(一种氨基肽酶抑制剂)。注射后30min,2h,24h,48h分别进行条件反射测验(每轮30次)。尾壳核内注射生理盐水作自身对照。实验结果表明:生理盐水注射后,CR仍保持在80％以上。MEK(60ng)或bestatin(10μg)注射后30min和2h,CR显著下降。2h测验时伴有条件反应潜伏期(L)延长。CR及L两项指标于注射后24h和48h恢复至对照水平。纳洛酮(2mg/kg)腹腔注射能阻断bestatin的效应。MEK或bestatin尾壳核内注射后对自发活动无明显影响。上述结果提示尾壳核的脑啡肽有可能参与条件反射再现的调节。bestatin可能通过增加内源性脑啡肽而产生类似MEK对条件反射的作用。     

Strength and conditioning practices of Major League Baseball strength and conditioning coaches

This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of Major League Baseball strength and conditioning (MLB S&C) coaches. The response rate was 70.0% (21 of 30). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 3.6 parameters of fitness, with body composition testing being the most commonly assessed parameter. All coaches use a variety of flexibility development strategies. All coaches use speed development strategies, with form running drills being the most common. Twenty of 21 (95.2%) coaches employ plyometric exercises with their athletes. Eighteen of 21 (85.7%) of MLB S&C coaches follow a periodization model (PM). Five of 21 coaches (23.8%) indicated that their athletes use Olympic-style lifts. The squat and its variations and the lunge and its variations were most frequently identified as the first and second most important exercises used to train the athletes. This survey provides detailed information about strength and conditioning practices at the most competitive level of baseball and serves as a review, as well as a source of applied information and new ideas.     

Strength and conditioning practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning coaches

This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning (NBA S&C) coaches. The response rate was 68.9% (20 of 29). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments from coaches providing additional information. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness, with body composition testing being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility development strategies. Results reveal that 17 of 20 (85.0%) of NBA S&C coaches follow a periodization model. Nineteen of 20 coaches (95.0%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts. All coaches employed plyometric exercises with their athletes. The squat and its variations, as well as the Olympic-style lifts and their variations, were the most frequently used exercises. The survey serves as a review and a source of applied information and new ideas.     

Strength and conditioning practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning coaches

This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Hockey League strength and conditioning (NHL S&C) coaches. The response rate was 76.6% (23 of 30). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.2 parameters of fitness, with tests of strength and power being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility-development strategies. Results reveal that 21 of 23 (91.3%) of NHL S&C coaches follow a periodization model (PM). Of the coaches who follow a PM, 21 of 21 (100%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts, and 21 of 21 coaches (100%) trained athletes with plyometric exercises. For those who used plyometrics with their athletes, 17 of 21 (80.1%) reported no plyometric-related injuries in the past year. Coaches who report they did not follow a PM also did not use Olympic-style lifts, plyometrics, or speed development strategies, such as assisted, resisted, or interval training, with their athletes. Finally, coaches reported that the squat and their variations, as well at the Olympic-style lifts and its variations, were most frequently used with their athletes. The survey serves as a review, as well as a source of applied information and new ideas.     

Models of classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is a basic form of associative learning in the animal kingdom. Many paradigmatic features of classical conditioning appear to be conserved throughout species and phyla and are independent of stimulus nature. This paper presents an analysis of trial-based and real-time models of classical conditioning which are mathematical abstractions of the underlying processing principles. Various models are reviewed and in a formal analysis, their capability of simulating and explaining classical conditioning is investigated. Since every existing model fails to simulate some particular conditioning phenomena and since some modelling approaches are not appropriate for detailed mathematical analysis, new model components will be introduced that overcome most of the weaknesses observed in the other models.     

Operant conditioning in invertebrates

Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior (operant conditioning) is a simple form of learning that humans share with most other animals, including invertebrates. Three model organisms have recently made significant contributions towards a mechanistic model of operant conditioning, because of their special technical advantages. Research using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster implicated the ignorant gene in operant conditioning in the heat-box, research on the sea slug Aplysia californica contributed a cellular mechanism of behavior selection at a convergence point of operant behavior and reward, and research on the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis elucidated the role of a behavior-initiating neuron in operant conditioning. These insights demonstrate the usefulness of a variety of invertebrate model systems to complement and stimulate research in vertebrates.     

Forward and backward conditioning

A discussion. The evolution of the concept of the forward and backward conditioning is traced. An attempt to define more precisely the widely distributed term such as a "feedback", is made.     

Skill-based conditioning games as an alternative to traditional conditioning for rugby league players

This study investigated the effects of skill-based conditioning games and traditional conditioning for improving speed, agility, muscular power, and maximal aerobic power in rugby league players. Sixty-nine subelite rugby league players performed either a skill-based conditioning games program (N = 32) or a traditional conditioning (i.e., running activities with no skill component) program (N = 37). Each player participated in a 9-week in-season training program, performed over 2 competitive seasons. Players performed 2 organized field-training sessions each week. Players underwent measurements of speed (10-m, 20-m, and 40-m sprint), muscular power (vertical jump), agility (L run), and maximal aerobic power (multi-stage fitness test) before and after the training period. Skill-based conditioning games induced a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in 10-m, 20-m, and 40-m speed, muscular power, and maximal aerobic power, whereas traditional conditioning activities improved 10-m speed and maximal aerobic power only. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected between the traditional conditioning and skill-based conditioning games groups for changes in 10-m speed, agility, and maximal aerobic power. Both groups won 6 of 8 matches played within the training period, resulting in a win-loss ratio of 75%. However, on average, the skill-based conditioning games group scored more points in attack (p < 0.05) and had a greater (p < 0.05) points differential than the traditional conditioning group. The results of this study demonstrate that skill-based conditioning games offer an effective method of in-season conditioning for rugby league players. In addition, given that skills learned from skill-based conditioning games are more likely to be applied in the competitive environment, their use may provide a practical alternative to traditional conditioning for improving the physiological capacities and playing performance of rugby league players.     

A skill-based conditioning games approach to metabolic conditioning for elite rugby football players

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in endurance fitness of elite-level rugby union players (n = 35) undertaking skill-based conditioning games for a 9-week preseason training period. Metabolic conditioning was conducted exclusively in the form of skill-based conditioning games in conjunction with heart rate (HR) telemetry. Two markers of cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at weekly intervals via the recording of HR responses to an intermittent multistage shuttle test. Significant differences post-training were observed for the percentage of maximal HR (% HRmax) reached during the final test stage and the percentage of HR recovery (% HR recovery) from the end of the final stage to the end of the final 1-minute rest period. Significant improvements were demonstrated for % HR recovery at week 7 (p < 0.05) and week 9 (p < 0.01), and % HRmax in the final test stage was significantly lower at weeks 4, 5, and 7 (p < 0.05) and week 9 (p < 0.01). Further improvements from mid-preseason to the end of the preseason training period were observed for % HR recovery scores in week 8 (p < 0.01) and week 9 (p = 0.012) and for % HRmax reached in the final test stage at week 9 (p < 0.05). These results indicate skill-based conditioning games were successful at improving markers of cardiorespiratory endurance for the duration of a 9-week training period in the elite-level professional rugby union players studied. The HR monitoring was demonstrated to be an effective and practical means of quantifying intensity in the conditioning games format and of tracking changes in cardiorespiratory fitness.