我国暖季型草坪草锈病的研究进展

锈病是暖季型草坪草上的一种重要病害,可明显降低暖季型草坪草的观赏价值和使用价值.综述了目前我国暖季型草坪草锈病的病原物、症状及发生情况、发病规律以及防治方面的研究进展,对目前我国暖季型草坪草锈病研究中存在的问题加以分析,并对暖季型草坪草锈病研究前景加以展望.     

NaCl胁迫对6种暖季型草坪草新选系生长的影响

利用水培法研究了NaCl胁迫对沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella'Z123')、结缕草(Z.japonica'Z080')、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon'C291')、海雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum'P006')、假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides'E126')和钝叶草(Stenotaphrum secundatum'S004')6种暖季型草坪草新选系生长的影响,并对它们的抗盐能力进行了评价。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的提高,6个选系的叶片枯黄率均增大,但不同选系的变化幅度有显著差异;6个选系抗NaCl能力从强到弱依次为'Z123'、'C291'、'P006'、'S004'、'Z080'、'E126'。5g.L-1NaCl对选系'C291'、'S004'和'Z080'地上部分和根系生长有促进作用,而对选系'Z123'、'P006'和'E126'则有抑制作用;随NaCl浓度的提高,除选系'E126'的根冠比迅速下降外,其他选系的根冠比均增加或缓慢下降;各选系的枝叶含水量均随NaCl浓度提高而下降,但选系'S004'、'P006'和'E126'的枝叶含水量均高于选系'C291'、'Z123'和'Z080'。     

暖季型草坪草AMF 侵染与孢子密度季节动态研究

以广州地区常见暖季型草坪草(地毯草Axonopus compressus、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon、结缕草Zoysia japonica)为研究对象, 通过测定植物根系AMF 侵染率、根际土壤AMF 孢子密度以及土壤理化性质, 探讨AMF 侵染率和孢子密度的季节动态变化特征, 以及与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明: (1)三种草坪草的根系AMF 侵染以菌丝侵染为主, 总体表现为夏季最高, 秋季和冬季次之, 春季最低, 囊泡侵染率较低, 很少丛枝侵染; (2)季节对根际土壤AMF 孢子密度有一定的影响, 草坪草根际土壤孢子密度最大值多出现在夏季或冬季, 而春季和秋季则较低; (3)对于土壤因子, AMF 菌丝侵染率与土壤有机质含量成极显著正相关, 而囊泡侵染率与电导率成显著正相关, 与全氮和全磷成极显著负相关; 对于气候因子, AMF 总侵染率和菌丝侵染率均与月均气温和月均降水成极显著正相关。     

部分暖季型草坪草品种(系)在沿海滩涂的生长适应性及其对土壤盐度的影响

采用8个指标(密度、质地、均一性、盖度、耐旱性、萎蔫率、烧伤率及生长量)对12个暖季型草坪草品种(系)在江苏省沿海滩涂上的生长适应性进行了评价,并以电导率为指标分析了12个品种(系)对种植地土壤盐度的影响.结果表明,12个品种(系)8个评价指标的变异系数为32.51%～40.76%,差异不大;12个品种(系)在8个评价指标方面的排序不一致,但总体上各指标中得分最高的前3位均包含了海雀稗'P006'(Paspalum vaginatum 'P006' )和沟叶结缕草'Z014' (Zoysia matrella 'Z014' ),而得分最低的均为狗牙根[Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. ]的品种(系).12个品种(系)中,海雀稗'P006'综合排名第1,生长适应性最好;沟叶结缕草'Z014'、结缕草'Z080'(Z. japonica 'Z080' )和中华结缕草'Z008' (Z. sinica 'Z008' )的综合排名分别为第2、第3和第4位,生长适应性也较好;而8个狗牙根品种(系)的得分排在第5至第12位,生长适应性较差.从2006年7月至2007年11月,12个品种(系)种植地的土壤平均电导率均随时间的延长出现一定的波动,但总体上呈现逐渐下降的趋势并达到相对一致的水平,且均明显小于空白地的土壤平均电导率.不同品种(系)对种植地土壤的脱盐作用有一定的差异,其中,狗牙根'C807'的脱盐效应最佳,在所有供试品种(系)中排序第1;而海雀稗'P006'和沟叶结缕草'Z014'也具有一定的脱盐效应,在所有供试品种(系)中分别排在第6和第7位.综合分析结果显示,海雀稗'P006'和沟叶结缕草'Z014' 对盐碱地的适应性较强并具有一定的脱盐效应,可作为滩涂绿化和盐碱地土壤改良的优良草种;而狗牙根'C807'可以作为滩涂绿化和土壤改良的先锋草种.     

草坪蒸散研究进展

草坪蒸散量是指导草坪合理灌溉的重要指标。自20世纪中叶以来,以节水为目的的草坪蒸散研究越来越受到人们的重视。草坪蒸散研究的内容主要包括相互关联的3个方面：草坪蒸散率的测定与比较,草坪蒸散机制的研究和草坪节水灌溉的研究。草坪蒸散率在不同草种间存在不同程度的差异。暖季型草坪草和冷季型草坪草相比普遍具有较低的草坪蒸散率。暖季型草坪草的夏季日平均最大蒸散率为3.0-9.0mm,而冷季型草坪草的为3.6-12.6mm。密度大,生长缓慢的杂交狗牙根、结缕草、野牛草和假俭草的耗水量很低,细羊茅的耗水量中等,而草地早熟禾、高羊茅、1年生早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖的耗水量很大。同种草坪草的不同品种的草坪蒸散率存在差异。有些草种内品种间差异的程度高达64％,不亚于种间。冷季型草坪草品种的蒸散率与留茬量显著相关,但环境因子对品种的蒸散率影响很大,品种的蒸散特性不稳定。与冷季型草坪草相比,暖季型草坪草的种内品种间蒸散率的差异和谐较小。草坪的冠层是草坪蒸散的一个主要外部条件,具有较低蒸散率的草坪往往具备高冠层阻力和低叶面积。土壤水分不受限制时,不同的暖季型草坪草种间的草坪蒸散率与叶片背面的气孔密度显著负相关。但在种内品种间没有表现出相关性。冷季型草坪草种间和种内的叶片气孔数目和草坪的蒸散率不相关。草坪的作物系数是确定最适灌溉量的关键参数,线性梯度灌溉系统比小型蒸渗仪提供的草坪作物系数更接近于实际。当草坪的质量维持在可接受的水平时,以彭曼公式推测的苜蓿的潜在蒸散量为参照蒸散量,高羊茅草坪的作物系数为0.60-0.80,草地早熟禾草坪的作物系数为0.50-0.80。基于草坪冠层温度的作物水分胁迫系数（CWSI）是确定灌溉时机的比较合理的指标。CWSI在不同的季节和不同的草种间表现不稳定,并且这种方法的节水效果也表现不一,还处于发展阶段。草坪蒸散的研究在我国几乎处于空白状态,开展我国的草坪蒸散研究,寻求适合的草坪节水途径已势在必行。     

草坪草总RNA几种提取方法的比较

分别采用DEPC水法、TRIzol法、CTAB-LiCl沉淀法、SDS-酚法、SDS提取液抽提法以及异硫氰酸胍法等6种方法提取草坪草总RNA,通过检测对各种方法的提取效果进行比较分析。结果表明,DEPC水法是最经济、操作最简单的一种方法,并且提取的RNA质量较好、可靠性高、易于大量制备,是提取草坪草RNA比较理想的方法之一,建议使用该方法。利用TRIzol法提取到的28S rRNA亮度约为18S rRNA的两倍,效果较好,操作简单,符合分子生物学实验要求。CTAB-LiCl沉淀法、SDS-酚法、SDS提取液抽提法也获得较高质量的RNA,但存在不同程度的DNA污染。异硫氰酸胍法提取RNA有明显的蛋白质污染,且RNA部分降解,此种方法不予采用。     

几种草坪草的引种栽培试验研究

通过对引种栽培的8种草坪草的物候期、覆盖度、再生速度、品质特性及抗逆性等方面进行分析研究和综合评价,筛选出适合北方温带环境条件下栽培的几种优良草坪草品种——新哥来德(Poa pratensis cv．Nugtade)、枪手股(P.pratensis cv．BlueChip)、午夜(P．pratensis cv．Midnight)、帕特(Agrostis tenuis cv．Putter)、贝克(碧西)(Festuca arundinacea cv．Plxie)等。对陕西关中草坪草的引种和适地栽植提供一定的理论依据。     

三种草坪草的茎、叶解剖结构及其坪用性状

利用石蜡片法,对台湾草（Zoysia tenuifoia Willd.ex Trin.)、海雀稗（Paspalum vaginatum Sw.）、狗牙根[Cnodon dactylon(L.)Pers．]三种细叶暖季型草坪草的叶片有茎的解剖结构进行了研究。结果表明：叶片及茎的解剖结构与植物的耐旱性、耐践踏性和弹性等坪用特性有着密切联系。三种植物中,台湾草因叶片表皮细胞、泡状细胞、维管束鞘、机械组织有茎中纤维带的特征,而在耐旱性、耐踏踏性和弹性等坪用特性上表现出优于其他二种草坪草;狗牙根的耐旱性较强,耐踏踏性和弹性一般,海雀稗则在这几项坪用特征上均较弱。     

鸡眼草水浸提液对4种草坪草的化感作用

为探讨鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)不同部位、不同浓度水浸提液对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)等4种草坪草的化感效应和作用规律,采用培养皿纸床法,以蒸馏水为对照,研究鸡眼草剪碎的植株、未剪碎的植株、叶、茎、根、地上部分0.012 5、0.025、0.05 g/mL 3个不同浓度的水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶的种子发芽率、发芽速率、幼根长、幼苗高的化感作用。结果表明,鸡眼草水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶4种受体植物种子的萌发及幼苗生长均有较强的化感抑制作用,且对种子发芽率作用强弱顺序为:狗牙根白三叶黑麦草高羊茅,对种子发芽速率作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草高羊茅狗牙根白三叶,对幼苗苗高作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草白三叶狗牙根高羊茅,对幼苗根长作用强弱顺序为:白三叶黑麦草狗牙根高羊茅。对4种受体植物的综合化感效应以高羊茅最弱,黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶较为相近。4种受体植物所受到的抑制作用均随着水浸提液浓度的增加而增强,在同一浓度不同部位水浸提液处理下,叶、整株(剪碎)水浸提液对4种受体植物抑制作用比根、茎、整株(未剪碎)及地上部分水浸提液强。高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根3种草坪草受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草叶水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强,白三叶则受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草整株(剪碎)水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强。     

Recent advances in genetic transformation of forage and turf grasses

Summary Forage and turf grasses are critical to sustainable agriculture and contribute extensively to the world economy. Tremendous progress has been made in genetic transformation of forage and turf grasses in the past decade. The rapid advancement of cellular and molecular biology and transgenic technology provides novel methods to accelerate and complement conventional breeding efforts. This review summarizes the latest developments in genetic transformation methods and the applications of molecular techniques for the improvement of forage and turf grasses.     

二氧化硫生物学研究进展:从毒理学到生理学

本文以作者20余年的系列研究为基础,对二氧化硫(SO2)生物学研究进展进行了综述.首先,总结近年来SO2的毒理学作用及其机制的研究;其次,评述SO2作为一种新型气体信号分子的生理学作用及SO2供体方面的最新研究进展;最后介绍SO2的病理生理学作用的研究进展.     

SO2对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的诱导作用

应用蚕豆根尖微核试验,对SO2的遗传毒性效应进行了研究。结果表明：一定浓度范围内（0.108-14.00mg/m^3）,蚕豆根尖微核细胞数与SO2浓度间呈正相关,太原市大气污染严重的冬季采暖期根尖细胞微核率明显高于非采暖期;SO2浓度0.604mg/m^3处理24h和48h或2.80-28.00mg/m^3熏气处理4h可使蚕豆根尖中具有微核的细胞数明显增加,结果表明,低浓度SO2较长时间接触或高浓度短期接触均可引起蚕豆根尖细胞遗传物质的损伤,应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核实验可对大气SO2污染进行生物监测。SO2（2.80-28.00mg/m^3）熏气实验中,接触时间延长能导致根尖细胞微核率下降,2.80mg/m^3熏气组下降较快,14.00mg/m^3熏气组下降较慢,研究结果提示,在运用蚕豆根尖微核实验监测环境SO2污染时要考虑蚕豆的染毒方式,避免假阴性结果的出现。     

二氧化硫对蚕豆叶片伤害类型的研究

二氧化硫熏气处理后对蚕豆（ＶｉｃｉａｆａｂａＬ．）叶片的伤害可划为３种类型,即不可见伤害、可逆的可见伤害以及不可逆伤害。采用动态熏气的方法初步估计了３类伤害的阈值,不可见伤害阈值小于１３１．２μｇ／ｍ￣３×８ｈｓ,可见伤害阈值为１３２２．８μｇ／ｍ￣３×２ｈｓ,１３２２．８μｇ／ｍ￣３ＳＯ＿２处理时不可逆伤害阈值介于１６ｈｓ（累积小时数,下同）和２４ｈｓ之间,而以７７５．０μｇ／ｍ￣３ＳＯ＿２处理时,则介于３２ｈｓ和４０ｈｓ之间。认为超氧化物歧化酶活性作为不可见伤害和不可逆伤害的指标较为适宜,可见伤害阈值则可沿用传统的５％伤害叶面积作指标。     

Alterations of gene expression profiles induced by sulfur dioxide in rat lungs

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a ubiquitous air pollutant, presents in low concentrations in urban air and in higher concentrations in working environment. Few data are available on the effects of being exposed to this pollutant on the molecular mechanism, although some biochemical changes in lipid metabolism, intermediary metabolism and oxidative stress have been detected. The present investigation aimed at analyzing the gene expression profiles of the lungs of Wistar rats short-term (20 ppm, 6 h/day, for seven days) and long-term (5 ppm, 1 h/day, for 30 days) exposed to SO₂ by Affymetrix GeneChip (RAE230A) analysis. It was found that 31 genes, containing 18 known genes and 13 novel genes, were up-regulated, and 31 genes, containing 20 known genes and 11 novel genes, were down-regulated in rats short-term exposed to SO₂ compared with control rats. While there were 176 genes, containing 82 known genes and 94 novel genes, were up-regulated, and 85 genes, containing 46 known genes and 39 novel genes, were down-regulated in rats long-term exposed to SO₂ compared with control rats. It is suggested that: (1) SO₂ exerts its effects by different mechanisms in vivo at high-dose short-term inhalation and at low-dose long-term inhalation; (2) a notable feature of the gene expression profile was the decreased expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation in lungs of rats short-term exposed to SO₂, which shows high-dose short-term exposed to SO₂ may cause the deterioration of mitochondrial functions; (3) discriminating genes in lungs of rats long-term exposed to SO₂ included those involved in fatty acid metabolism, immune, inflammatory, oxidative stress, oncogene, tumor suppresser and extracellular matrix. The mechanism of low-dose long-term exposed to SO₂ is more complex. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanxi University (Nat Sci Ed), 2006, 29(3): 225–236 [译自: 山西大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Alterations of gene expression profiles induced by sulfur dioxide in rat lungs

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a ubiquitous air pollutant presents in low concentrations in urban air and in higher concentrations in working environment.Few data are avail-able on the effects of being exposed to this pollutant on the molecular mechanism,although some biochemical changes in lipid metabolism,intermediary metabolism and oxidative stress have been detected.The present investigation aimed at analyzing the gene expression profiles of the lungs of Wistar rats short-term (20 ppm,6 h/day,for seven days) and long.term (5 ppm,1 h/day,for 30 days) exposed to SO2 by Affymetrix GeneChip (RAE230A) analysis.It was found that 31 genes,containing 18 known genes and 13 novel genes were up-regulated,and 31 genes,containing 20 known genes and 11 novel genes,were down-regulated in rats short-term exposed to SO2 compared with control rats.While there were 176 genes,containing 82 known genes and 94 novel genes were up-regulated,and 85 genes,containing 46 known genes and 39 novel genes,were down-regulated in rats long-term exposed to SO2 compared with control rats.It is suggested that:(1) SO2 exerts its effects by different mechanisms in vivo at high-dose short-term inhalation and at low-dose long-term inhalation;(2) a notable feature of the gene expression profile was the decreased expression of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation in lungs of rats short-term exposed to SO2,which shows high-dose short-term exposed to SO2 may cause the deterioration of mitochondrial functions;(3)discriminating genes in lungs of rats long-term exposed to SO2 included those involved in fatty acid metabolism,immune,inflammatory,oxidative stress,oncogene,tumor suppresser and extracellular matrix.The mechanism of low-dose long-term exposed to SO2 is more complex.     

Regulation of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase by sulfur dioxide in primary leaves of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

SO₂ inhibited the light-induced increase of extractable adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase in greening primary leaves of bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Saxa (Radio) Stamm Vatter). In green primary leaves containing appreciable extractable adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity, SO₂ treatment for 20 h decreased the activity of the enzyme to between 10 and 20% of the initial level. After removal of SO₂ from the air, the extractable adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase activity increased after a lag, both in green and greening primary leaves, and was back to the control level after about 48 h. The sulfate concentration was increased about fourfold during SO₂ treatment. An increase in sulfate sulfur accompanied by a decrease in adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate sulfotransferase was also observed when bean seedlings, after excision of the roots, were transferred to nutrient solutions containing high sulfate concentrations, suggesting that sulfate is involved in the regulation of the enzyme.