蚯蚓堆制处理对农业有机废弃物的化学及生物学影响的主成分分析

在实验室可控条件下,以碳氮比28.7∶1的农业有机废弃物（牛粪和稻秆）为赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)的培养基质,研究蚯蚓的堆制作用对有机物料的化学及生物学特性的影响.结果表明： 蚯蚓堆制处理30 d后,基质pH值、碳氮比显著降低,全磷显著升高,而全氮、碱解氮、可溶性碳、速效磷、微生物生物量碳、呼吸速率和微生物熵分别提高8.5%、2.6%、18%、63%、212%、44%和300%,有机质、呼吸熵分别降低5.0%和21.9%.蚯蚓堆制处理后物料具有较高的转化酶、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,较低的过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性.多元数据分析结果显示,自然堆制和蚯蚓堆制处理物料的化学和生物学特性均呈现显著的差异性.蚯蚓堆制处理优于自然堆制处理,可以明显改善有机物料的化学、生物学性质,是一种高效率处理农业有机废弃物的技术.     

施肥对杉木林土壤酶和活性有机碳的影响

以中亚热带地区的5年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林为研究对象,探讨施肥对土壤酶活性和活性有机碳含量的影响,实验包括对照(CK)、施氮肥(200 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、施磷肥(50 kg P·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、施氮磷肥(200 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和50 kg P·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))等4个处理。结果表明:在表层(0~10 cm)土壤中,施NP肥处理的土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别比CK降低了40.2%和36.5%,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性比施P肥处理降低了31.1%;亚表层(10~20 cm)土壤中,施N肥处理的脲酶活性显著低于CK;施N肥、P肥和NP肥处理的蔗糖酶活性分别比CK降低了46.9%、37.8%和42.4%;施NP肥处理的过氧化氢酶活性比施P肥处理降低了22.6%;在表层土壤中,施N肥、P肥处理的土壤水溶性有机碳含量分别比CK降低24.1%和29.4%;施NP肥处理的微生物生物量碳显著低于CK;土壤活性有机碳组分在不同土层之间差异显著,均表现为表层土壤活性有机碳含量高于亚表层土壤。相关性分析结果显示:蔗糖酶活性与硝态氮含量呈极显著负相关,表明施NP肥增加了硝态氮含量,一定程度上抑制了蔗糖酶的活性;水溶性有机碳与脲酶活性呈显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量碳与脲酶、过氧化氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关。研究表明,水溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性的降低可能会抑制土壤碳的释放,从而增加土壤碳的固定。     

机插配合控释掺混肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

在浙江黄泥田进行两年田间试验,研究了不同栽培与施肥方式结合对水稻产量和成熟期土壤养分、微生物生物量碳、氮以及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响.结果表明: 机插配合控释掺混肥处理的水稻平均产量比手插配合常规化肥处理高16.3%,比直播配合控释掺混肥处理高27.0%,与手插配合控释掺混肥处理无显著差异;与手插配合常规化肥相比,机插配合控释掺混肥处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量分别提高了21.6%、13.6%和41.6%,土壤微生物生物量碳提高了27.1%,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高了50.0%、22.2%和46.2%.表明机插配合控释掺混肥技术是一种值得推广的高效水稻轻简栽培方式.     

鱼蛋白有机液肥对小粉土酶活性和微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

采用恒温土壤培养方法,研究了4种不同鱼蛋白有机液肥施用量[0(对照)、0.5、1.5、2.5 ml·kg-1]条件下小粉土酶活性和微生物生物量碳、氮的变化,及其与土壤养分的相关关系.结果表明:在整个培养过程中,不同鱼蛋白有机液肥施用量处理下土壤pH值变化范围为7.07～7.31,与对照无显著差异;土壤磷酸酶活性显著增强,分别为对照的1.27、1.90、1.96倍;土壤脲酶活性分别比对照提高39.81%、78.06%、173.24%;蛋白酶活性比对照提高56.37%、108.29%、199.98%;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均随肥料添加量的增加而逐渐增大,分别为对照的1.67、3.95、4.74倍和1.21、2.43、4.06倍.土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性以及土壤微生物生物量碳、氮在不同施用量处理下达到峰值点的时间不同.土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤养分均呈显著正相关.施用鱼蛋白有机液肥可以显著促进小粉土微生物的生长及酶活性的提高,从而促进土壤有机质的分解转化和速效养分的释放.     

火烧对马尾松林土壤酶活性和有机碳组分的影响

土壤酶参与土壤有机质矿化过程,林火能通过改变土壤中微生物的群落结构等来改变土壤酶的活性,进而影响土壤有机碳的动态过程。土壤有机碳库是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,火烧会使土壤有机碳组分发生变化,研究火烧后土壤有机碳组分的变化对于土壤有机碳库的管理具有重要意义。以我国中亚热带典型马尾松人工林火烧迹地为研究对象,通过对比研究,探讨了火烧对土壤酶活性和土壤有机碳组分的影响以及两者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,火烧后一年0—10 cm土层土壤p H值明显升高(P0.05),土壤总碳含量显著降低(P0.05),土壤全氮含量平均降低17.5%(P0.05)。0—10 cm土层和10—20 cm土层土壤含水量均显著低于对照(P0.05)。(2)相比对照,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在0—10 cm土层显著降低(P0.05),土壤酚氧化物酶活性和过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。(3)火烧后一年0—10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、土壤颗粒性有机碳、土壤易氧化碳含量比对照分别降低26.4%、30.9%和2.69%,但无显著差异,土壤溶解性有机碳含量则显著降低(P0.05);两个土层土壤不稳定有机碳含量和粘粒有机碳含量变化不显著。     

采伐剩余物对林地表层土壤生化特性和酶活性的影响

对福建省大武夷山常绿阔叶林野外站三明观测点的35年生米槠天然更新次生林皆伐后采伐剩余物进行不同处理(火烧LB、保留LR)后表层土壤(0—10 cm)主要生化特性、芳香性指数、腐殖化程度以及酶活性进行研究。结果表明:半年后,与LB相比,LR土壤可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮和微生物量碳含量分别增加92%、105%和39%,土壤有效磷含量和代谢熵值下降42%和68%,土壤酸性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素水解酶活性增加了3.3倍、2.8倍和2.1倍,酚氧化酶活性下降了34%(P0.05)。LR土壤芳香性指数(4.99±2.39)较低,腐殖化指数(1.72±0.01)较高,但与LB均无显著差异(P0.05)。1a后,LB除土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性略有降低外,其他3种土壤酶活性较半年前均显著上升。土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳氮、有效磷、土壤碳矿化速率和土壤腐殖化指数较半年时显著下降,其中土壤可溶性有机碳含量减少近80%,代谢熵减少近68%(P0.05)。LR土壤芳香性指数(10.58±0.34)较半年前显著增加(P0.05)。处理1a后LB土壤有效磷含量(1.71±0.12)mg/kg显著高于LR,但LR土壤可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮含量和土壤碳矿化速率较LB仍明显更高(P0.05)。可见,采伐剩余物不同处理对森林土壤质量存在不同程度的影响,保留采伐剩余物有利于改善林地水热条件和养分循环,对地力的维持有利。     

施蚯蚓粪对日光温室土壤及番茄产量与品质的影响

设施蔬菜化肥过量施用造成土壤劣化、土传病虫害发生严重,从而导致蔬菜产量和品质下降。蚯蚓粪在改善土壤环境和促进蔬菜生长、提高产量和品质方面具有良好的效果。本试验在日光温室采用等量撒施和沟施两种方式研究了增施蚯蚓粪对土壤养分、酶活性、微生物数量及番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明: 与不施蚯蚓粪的对照相比,撒施蚯蚓粪和沟施蚯蚓粪处理均改善了土壤环境,显著增加了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾等养分含量;显著提高了蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌数量,降低了真菌数量。沟施蚯蚓粪处理明显促进了植株地上部的生长,撒施效果不显著。蚯蚓粪处理明显增强了植株根系活力,提高了叶片的光合作用和叶绿素含量,促进了植株氮和钾含量的积累。撒施和沟施蚯蚓粪处理的番茄产量比对照分别提高了22.7%和32.6%。沟施处理果实中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C和可滴定酸含量分别提高了66.1%、11.0%、122.6%和29.9%,硝酸盐含量降低了65.7%,而撒施处理对番茄果实品质提升效果不明显。     

接种蚯蚓对秸秆还田土壤碳、氮动态和作物产量的影响

通过为期 2年的小区 (2 .8m× 1.0m)试验 ,研究了旱作水稻 小麦轮作条件下接种蚯蚓对施用玉米秸秆 (第一季用量 15 0 0g·m-2 ,以后各季为 75 0g·m-2 )农田土壤碳、氮动态和作物产量的影响 .结果表明 ,接种 10条·m-2 或 2 0条·m-2 环毛蚓 (Pheretimasp .)对土壤有机碳和全氮含量无显著影响 ,蚯蚓活动未造成土壤C库的衰减 ,土壤碳、氮基本维持平衡 .接种蚯蚓处理土壤N的矿化作用增强 ,矿质N含量提高 ,NO3 - N含量增加 ,而且稻季比麦季增加更为明显 .接种蚯蚓在稻、麦季均能提高微生物量碳、氮含量 ,蚯蚓具有扩大土壤微生物量N库和促进有机N矿化的双重作用 .这种作用在有效C源供应丰富的作物生长发育旺盛期更为明显 .接种蚯蚓对旱作水稻和小麦有一定的增产作用 ,其中水稻的增产幅度达 9.3% ,小麦为 5 .1% .接种蚯蚓后土壤容重明显降低 ,孔隙度显著增加 .蚯蚓在保持土壤C库平衡的同时 ,对于促进秸秆有机肥N素养分的再循环和作物生产力的提高具有重要的生态学意义 .     

福州市绿地景观土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳及酶活性

以福州市建成区自然绿地和人工管理绿地为对象,研究不同绿地景观类型土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳及土壤酶活性的差异和垂直结构。结果表明：与自然绿地景观土壤相比,人工管理绿地不同土层溶解性有机碳含量明显增加,且变异性较大,土壤微生物量碳含量平均值下降,各土层脲酶含量均低于自然绿地;土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳和酶活性均随着土壤深度的增加而降低;土壤表层过氧化氢酶活性与溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,10～20 cm土层脲酶活性与微生物量碳呈显著正相关。     

黄土高原纸坊沟流域不同植物对土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为了解不同植被类型对土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响,以黄土高原纸坊沟流域的9种植物为研究对象,选取撂荒地为参照,分析了各类植被植物根际土土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性.结果显示:(1)与撂荒地相比,经过植被恢复后,乔木和灌木植被下土壤肥力、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性均有所提高,而草本植被下土壤的碱解氮含量、微生物生物量磷、脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性却有所降低.(2)不同植被类型土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性符合灌木＞乔木＞草本的规律;土壤微生物生物量磷、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性符合乔木＞灌木＞草本的规律.(3)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤有机质、全氮及全磷含量呈极显著正相关;4种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮及碱解氮含量呈极显著正相关.研究表明,黄土高原纸坊沟流域土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性受植被类型及土壤养分等因素的共同影响,且人工灌木植被对土壤的恢复作用高于乔木和草本植被.     

Phyllocarida and the origin of the Malacostraca

Tentative homologies with Decapoda are proposed for grooves on the carapace of Echinocaris and Montecaris. Together with F.R. Schram's hoploid trend, reinforced by the discovery of a raptorial limb in Sairocaris, this may strengthen a phyllocarid origin for Eumalacostraca. Both these trends, however, may be parallelisms, and phylogenetic analysis is required. Pleopods are here proved to have been present in additional Archaeostraca, which improves their ancestral condition. E. Dahl's view of the phyllocarids as an evolutionary dead end is falsified from fossils, and the phyllocarids are supported as a stem group of the Malacostraca.     

Recent advances in the cryopreservation of shoot-derived germplasm of economically important fruit trees of Actinidia, Diospyros, Malus, Olea, Prunus, Pyrus and Vitis

This paper presents the advances made over the last decade in cryopreservation of economically important vegetatively propagated fruit trees. Cryopreservation protocols have been established using both dormant buds sampled on field-grown plants and shoot tips sampled on in vitro plantlets. In the case of dormant buds, scions are partially dehydrated by storage at − 5 °C, and then cooled slowly to − 30 °C using low cooling rates (c.a. 1 °C/h) before immersion in liquid nitrogen. After slow rewarming and rehydration of samples, regrowth takes place either through grafting of buds on rootstocks or excision of apices and inoculation in vitro. In the case of shoot tips of in vitro plantlets, the cryopreservation techniques employed are the following: controlled rate cooling procedures involving slow prefreezing followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen or vitrification-based procedures including encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, encapsulation–vitrification and droplet-vitrification. The current status of cryopreservation for a series of fruit tree species including Actinidia, Diospyros, Malus, Olea, Prunus, Pyrus and Vitis is presented. Routine application of cryopreservation for long-term germplasm storage in genebanks is currently limited to apple and pear, for which large cryopreserved collections have been established at NCGRP, Fort Collins (USA), using dormant buds and in vitro shoot tips, respectively. However, there are a growing number of examples of pilot scale testing experiments under way for different species in various countries. Progress in the further development and application of cryopreservation techniques will be made through a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the induction of tolerance to dehydration and cryopreservation in frozen explants.     

Evolutionary divergence of the paralogs Methoprene tolerant (Met) and germ cell expressed (gce) within the genus Drosophila

Juvenile hormone (JH) signaling underpins both regulatory and developmental pathways in insects. However, the JH receptor is poorly understood. Methoprene tolerant (Met) and germ cell expressed (gce) have been implicated in JH signaling in Drosophila. We investigated the evolution of Met and gce across 12 Drosophila species and found that these paralogs are conserved across at least 63 million years of dipteran evolution. Distinct patterns of selection found using estimates of dN/dS ratios across Drosophila Met and gce coding sequences, along with their incongruent temporal expression profiles in embryonic Drosophila melanogaster, illustrate avenues through which these genes have diverged within the Diptera. Additionally, we demonstrate that the annotated gene CG15032 is the 5′ terminus of gce.In mosquitoes and beetles, a single Met-like homolog displays structural similarity to both Met and gce, and the intron locations are conserved with those of gce. We found that Tribolium and mosquito Met orthologs are assembled from Met- and gce-specific domains in a modular fashion. Our results suggest that Drosophila Met and gce experienced divergent evolutionary pressures following the duplication of an ancestral gce-like gene found in less derived holometabolous insects.     

Systematics and evolution of the genus Torrubiella (Hypocreales, Ascomycota)

Torrubiella is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi that primarily attacks spiders and scale insects. Based on the morphology of the perithecia, asci, and ascospores, it is classified in Clavicipitaceae s. lat. (Hypocreales), and is considered a close relative of Cordyceps s. 1., which was recently reclassified into three families (Clavicipitaceae s. str., Cordycipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae) and four genera (Cordyceps s. str, Elaphocordyceps, Metacordyceps, and Ophiocordyceps). Torrubiella is distinguished morphologically from Cordyceps s. lat. mainly by the production of superficial perithecia and the absence of a well-developed stipitate stroma. To test and refine evolutionary hypotheses regarding the placement of Torrubiella and its relationship to Cordyceps s. lat., a multi-gene phylogeny was constructed by conducting ML and Bayesian analyses. The monophyly of Torrubiella was rejected by these analyses with species of the genus present in Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae, and often intermixed among species of Cordyceps s. lat. The morphological characters traditionally used to define the genus are, therefore, not phylogenetically informative, with the stipitate stromata being gained and/or lost several times among clavicipitaceous fungi. Two new genera (Conoideocrella, Orbiocrella) are proposed to accommodate two separate lineages of torrubielloid fungi in the Clavicipitaceae s. str. In addition, one species is reclassified in Cordyceps s. str. and three are reclassified in Ophiocordyceps. The phylogenetic importance of anamorphic genera, host affiliation, and stipitate stromata is discussed.     

In vitro and in vivo biosynthesis of xanthophylls by the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa

Of the six carotenoids identified in the cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, echinenone and myxoxanthophyll are the major pigments, whilst β-cryptoxanthin and 3-hydroxy-4-keto-β-carotene are present only in trace amounts. With the exception of zeaxanthin, the other xanthophylls could be formed in vitro from [¹⁴C]phytoene in high yields, especially β-cryptoxanthin and 3-hydroxy-4-keto-β-carotene. In a time course experiment of xanthopyll biosynthesis the flow of radioactivity from [¹⁴C]phytoene was followed through the pools of phytofluene, lycopene, and β-carotene. The reaction sequence from phytoene to xanthophylls is sensitive in vitro to both difunone, an inhibitor of carotene desaturation, and CPTA, an inhibitor of cyclization.     

Intraspecific variation of the crotamine and crotasin genes in Crotalus durissus rattlesnakes

Crotamine is a small basic myotoxin peptide of Crotalus durissus venom, with β-defensin scafold and variable concentration in individual venoms. The crotamine gene was mapped to the end of chromosome 2 and the signal intensity differed significantly between the two homologues. In contrast to crotamine, the paralogous crotasin gene is scarcely expressed in the venom glands. In this study, we analyzed the crotamine concentrations in the venoms of a total of 23 rattlesnakes from diverse Brazilian localities by ELISA as well as the copy number of both crotamine and crotasin genes by real-time PCR. Crotamine was found to constitute 5–29% of venom proteins varying greatly among individual animals. The crotamine gene exists from 1 to 32 copies per haploid genome, whereas the crotasin gene is present from 1 to 7 copies. Furthermore, we observed that the crotamine concentration and crotamine gene copy number are positively correlated (r² = 0.68), implying the variation of crotamine in venom results from the variation of the gene copy number. Sequencing of 50 independent copies of crotamine and crotasin genes from four different rattlesnakes revealed the presence of six crotasin isoforms with a single amino acid difference from the original crotasin sequence, whereas only two additional crotamine isoforms were observed. Taken together, our results suggested that after duplication from a common ancestor gene, crotamine and crotasin may have diverged in such a way that the crotamine gene underwent repetitive duplication to increase its copy number, whereas the crotasin gene diversified its sequence.     

Interconversion of trans, trans and cis, trans farnesol by enzymes from Andrographis

When trans, trans-farnesol [4,8,12-¹⁴C₃,1-³H₂] is isomerized to cis, trans-farnesol by soluble enzymes from Andrographis paniculata tissue cultures, 50% of the tritium label is lost. The same loss is observed when isomerization occurs in the opposite direction. This is in accordance with the proposed mechanism for isomerization via aldehydes.     

Expression profiling of the triterpene saponin biosynthesis genes FPS, SS, SE, and DS in the medicinal plant Panax notoginseng

Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen, an economically significant medicinal plant with hemostatic and health tonic activities, has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for more than 3000 years. Triterpene saponins are responsible for most of the pharmacological activities of P. notoginseng. Here, we cloned five cDNA sequences encoding the key enzymes involved in triterpene saponin biosynthesis, namely, PnFPS, PnSS, PnSE1, PnSE2, and PnDS, and analyzed the conserved domains and phylogenetics of their corresponding proteins. Their organ-specific expression patterns in four-year-old P. notoginseng were detected by real-time PCR, showing that they were all most highly expressed in flowers. In addition, four of the genes, excluding PnSE2, were upregulated in leaves following stimulation with methyl jasmonate. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of the expression patterns of pivotal genes for triterpene saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng and provides a basis to further elucidate the molecular mechanism for the biosynthesis of these medically important compounds.